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Bone marrow transplantation is the treatment of choice for some patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Patients with high-risk disease, such as those with MDS, in second (or subsequent) complete remission or those with poor-risk cytogenetics will benefit the most from this approach. With current transplantation techniques, outcomes have improved over recent years. Although relapse and graft-versus-host disease still are important problems faced by these patients, novel approaches have been developed to decrease the risk of complications, with excellent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]