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Transcatheter valve replacement has experienced substantial growth in the past decade and this technique can now be used for any of the four heart valves. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has overtaken surgical aortic valve replacement. Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is often performed in pre-existing valves or after prior valve repair, although numerous devices are undergoing trials for replacement of native valves. Transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement (TTVR) is similarly under active development. Lastly, transcatheter pulmonic valve replacement (TPVR) is most often used for revision treatment of congenital heart disease. Given the growth of these techniques, radiologists are increasingly called upon to interpret post-procedural imaging for these patients, particularly with CT. These cases will often arise unexpectedly and require detailed knowledge of potential post-procedural appearances. We review both normal and abnormal post-procedural findings on CT. Certain complications—device migration or embolization, paravalvular leak, or leaflet thrombosis—can occur after replacement of any valve. Other complications are specific to each type of valve, including coronary artery occlusion after TAVR, coronary artery compression after TPVR, or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after TMVR. Finally, we review access-related complications, which are of particular concern due to the requirement of large-bore catheters for these procedures. • Transcatheter valve replacement has expanded tremendously and radiologists should be familiar with post-procedural findings. • Complications after transcatheter valve replacement can include device migration, paravalvular leak, or leaflet thrombosis. • Some complications are specific to each valve, including coronary artery occlusion after TAVR or LVOT obstruction after TMVR. • Large bore catheters are required for transcatheter valve replacement and may be associated with additional complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competitive athletes of all skill levels are at risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to certain heart conditions. Prior to engagement in high-intensity athletics, it is necessary to screen for these conditions in order to prevent sudden cardiac death. Cardiac-CT angiography (CCTA) is a reliable tool to rule out the leading causes of SCD by providing an exceptional overview of vascular and cardiac morphology. This allows CCTA to be a powerful resource in identifying cardiac anomalies in selected patients (i.e. unclear symptoms or findings at ECG or echocardiography) as well as to exclude significant coronary artery disease (CAD). With the advancement of technology over the last few years, the latest generations of computed tomography (CT) scanners provide better image quality at lower radiation exposures. With the amount of radiation exposure per scan now reaching the sub-millisievert range, the number of CT examinations it is supposed to increase greatly, also in the athlete's population. It is thus necessary for radiologists to have a clear understanding of how to make and interpret a CCTA examination so that these studies may be performed in a responsible and radiation conscious manner especially when used in the younger populations. Our work aims to illustrate the main radiological findings of CCTAs and highlight their clinical impact with some case studies. We also briefly describe critical features of state-of-the-art CT scanners that optimize different acquisitions to obtain the best quality at the lowest possible dose. • Describe main causes of Sudden Cardiac Death in athletes worldwide • Illustrate radiological findings on cardiac CT examinations, underlying their clinical impact • Explain key features of state-of-the-art CT scanners in order to optimize acquisitions with lowest dose • Exhaustive visualization and description of cases [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-sectional imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis and management of various structural and functional changes that occur in the postoperative period after palliative or corrective surgical procedures performed for congenital heart diseases (CHD). Although echocardiography is the mainstay for the evaluation of CHD, it is limited by poor acoustic window post-surgery in addition to being operator dependent. Computed tomography (CT) allows for the comprehensive evaluation of the post-surgical anatomy and complications after repair for cyanotic CHD. Radiologists and cardiac imagers should be familiar with these expected changes after surgeries performed for various cyanotic CHDs, to obtain diagnostic quality cardiac CT images and to promptly recognise the abnormal post-operative appearances in this patient population. In this review, we describe the various CT features of complications that can be encountered after repair of cyanotic CHDs. • CT is the mainstay in evaluation of complications associated with post-operative CHD • Knowledge of the expected post-operative anatomy and common complications is crucial for early diagnosis and management. • Careful observation of the heart, vasculature, lungs and mediastinum form the basis of reading a post-operative CHD scan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the association of nuchal septations with chromosomal anomalies during the first trimester of pregnancy. A total of 281 patients who were diagnosed to have elevated nuchal translucency (NT > 3 mm) or nuchal septations during the first trimester from Jan. 2014 to Dec. 2016 were included. These patients were divided into three groups: 1) patients with NT thickness between 3 and 5 mm and without nuchal septations (NT 3–5 mm group, n = 124), 2) patients with NT thickness > 5 mm and without nuchal septations (NT > 5 mm group, n = 96), and 3) patients with nuchal septations (NS group, n = 61). The rate of chromosomal abnormalities was significantly higher for patients in NS group compared to those in the NT 3–5 mm group (P <.01) and NT > 5 mm group (P <.01). After controlling for maternal age, maternal BMI, ethnicity and crown-rump length, nuchal septations were reported to be significantly associated with a higher risk of chromosomal anomalies compared with NT 3–5 mm (OR = 4.97; 95% CI: 2.76–10.77; P <.01) and NT > 5 mm (OR = 3.82; 95% CI: 1.87–7.21; P <.01) (P <.01). Measurement of nuchal septations during the first trimester of pregnancy proves to be a useful ultrasound prognostic indicator of chromosomal anomalies. • Fetal nuchal translucency thickness is a traditional sensitivity screening method. • Fetal cases with nuchal septations faced more perinatal handicaps. • Nuchal septations provide more diagnostic significance on chromosomal abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present case illustrates cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional (3D) printed anatomic model findings of a coronary-cameral fistula (CCF) and double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV). A pregnant woman presented with palpitations and near syncope. A non-contrast cardiac MRI showed CCF connecting to a DCRV. Post-delivery, the patient had a contrast-enhanced MRI and 3D printed anatomic model to better evaluate her aberrant anatomy. • Pregnant patient presented with coronary-cameral fistula (CCF) and double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) cardiac anomalies. • Patient's anatomy could be explained by alterations in cardiac chamber, coronary artery and cardiac vessel development. • Patient's anatomy could be seen by multiple modalities: echocardiogram, MRI, and cardiac catheterization. • Cardiac MRI and a 3D printed anatomic model were used to better describe =the patient's CCF and DCRV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Radiologists are central to early detection of live pregnancies. • Maternal and fetal health outcomes are suffering in states with abortion bans. • Radiologists in states with abortion bans will need to anticipate confusion around first trimester ultrasound and fetal heartbeats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]