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Objectives: To test for specific anthropometric parameters to predict perioperative outcomes after thermal ablation (TA) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC)., Materials and Methods: Retrospective single center (2008-2022) analysis of 538 T1a-b RCC patients treated with TA. We tested for specific anthropometric parameters, namely skin to tumor distance (STTD), perirenal fat thickness (PFT), median psoas muscle axial area (PMAA) and median paravertebral muscle axial area (PVMAA), to predict TRIFECTA achievement: (1) absence of CLAVIEN-DINDO≥ 3 complications; (2) complete ablation; (3) absence of ≥ 30% decrease in eGFR. Univariable (ULRM) and multivariable logistic regression models (MLRM) were used for testing TRIFECTA achievement., Results: Overall, 103 patients (19%) did not achieve TRIFECTA. Of all anthropometric factors, only lower PMAA was associated with no TRIFECTA achievement (10 vs. 11 cm 2 , P = .02). However, ULRMs and MLRMs did not confirmed the aforementioned association. We than tested for the 3 specific TRIFECTA items. In separate ULRM and MLRM predicting incomplete ablation, both continuously coded STTD (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.02; CI: 1.01-1.03; P = .02) and STTD strata (STTD > 10 cm; OR: 2.1; CI: 1.1-4.1; P = .03) achieved independent predictor status. Conversely, in separate ULRM and MLRM predicting CLAVIEN-DINDO ≥3 complications, both continuously coded PFT (OR: 1.04; CI: 1.01-1.07; P = .01) and PFT strata (PFT ≥ 14 mm; OR: 3.3; CI: 1.6-10.2; P = .003) achieved independent predictor status. Last, none of the anthropometric parameters were associated with eGFR decrease ≥ 30%., Conclusion: None of the tested anthropometric parameters predicted TRIFECTA achievement. However, when the 3 specific TRIFECTA items were tested, STTD and PFT were associated with, respectively, incomplete ablation and CLAVIEN-DINDO ≥ 3 complications., Competing Interests: Disclosure None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma is rare but has a poor prognosis. Prognostic factors have been extensively studied in order to provide the best possible management for patients. We have aimed to investigate commonly available factors predictive of recurrence and survival in this patient population at high risk of death and recurrence, with an emphasis on the effects of age (using a cutoff of 70 years) on survival outcomes., Patients and Methods: From 1387 patients with clinically nonmetastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy at 21 academic hospital centers between 2005 and 2021, 776 patients were eligible and included in the study. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were built to evaluate the independent prognosticators for intravesical and extravesical recurrence, overall survival, and cancer-specific survival according to age groups. A P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: We did not find an association between groups aged <70 and >70 years old and preoperatively clinical or histopathological characteristics. Kaplan-Meier analysis was found no statistical significance between the 2 age groups in terms of intravesical or extravesical recurrence (P = .09 and P = .57). Overall survival (P = .0001) and cancer-specific survival (P = .0001) have been found to be statistically significantly associated with age as independent predictors (confounding factors: gender, tumor size, tumor side, clinical T stage, localization, preoperative hydronephrosis, tumor localization, type of surgery, multifocality of the tumor, pathological grade, lymphovascular invasion, concomitant CIS, lymph node status, necrosis, or history of previous bladder cancer)., Conclusion: This research confirms that patients aged 70 and above who undergo radical nephroureterectomy may have worse outcomes compared to younger patients, older patients needing an improved care and management of UTUC to improve their outcomes in the setting of an increase in this aged population group., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The aim of this multicenter study was to investigate the role of age (cut-off 70 years) at diagnosis in predicting oncologic behavior of pure carcinoma in situ of the bladder., Material and Methods: Inclusion criteria were: patients with pure CIS confirmed and that followed intravesical BCG treatment. Pure CIS was defined at any CIS not associated with another urothelial cancer. Exclusion criteria were: any CIS associated with invasive urothelial carcinoma. A total of 172 with pure CIS treated between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2012 at 8 academic institutions met the inclusion criteria. The maintenance schedule was generally according to the EAU guidelines at the time RESULTS: A total of 99 (57.6%) patients had an age >70 years prior to TURBT. There was no difference between clinico-pathologic features among groups (group 1, age ≤ 70 years and group 2, age > 70 years), except that patients aged ≤ 70 years presented a larger size of CIS (35.6% vs. 21.2%), P = .02. In multivariable Cox regression analyses, the same clinico-pathologic factors (age, multifocality, and recurrent tumor state) were independently associated with worse RFS. Harrell's C-index was 65.75.In multivariable Cox regression analyses in addition to age (P = .006) and multifocality (P < .001) also BMI (P = .04) was independently associated with worse PFS. Harrell's C-index was 74.71 CONCLUSION: Advanced age at diagnosis appears to be associated with an increased risk of recurrence and progression of pure carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Elderly patients might fail to respond to BCG therapy., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To investigate the use of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and other MRI features for predicting positive surgical margins (PSMs) in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified 400 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for prostate cancer between January 2015 and June 2016. ADC values of the index lesion and other preoperative magnetic resonance imaging features, including tumor site, laterality, level, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System category, European Society of Urogenital Radiology extracapsular extension score, and prostate volume, were assessed. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were performed. Performance in predicting the occurrence of PSMs was measured using the area under the curve (AUC). AUC differences were evaluated with the DeLong method. The Youden index was calculated to identify the ADC threshold to best discriminate patients with PSMs., Results: Of the 400 patients, 105 (26.2%) had PSMs after radical prostatectomy. ADC values, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System category, extracapsular extension score, tumor site, and laterality were significantly associated with PSMs (P < .001) in univariate analysis. The AUC of the predictive model based on ADC alone was 68.2% (95% confidence interval, 62.2-74.2%) and did not significantly differ from the best multivariable predictive model which combined laterality, and site with ADC to attain an AUC of 70.0% (95% confidence interval, 64.2-75.8%; DeLong P = .318). The ADC threshold that maximized the Youden index was 960.3 µm 2 /s., Conclusion: ADC values and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging features can help estimate the risk of PSMs after radical prostatectomy., Competing Interests: Disclosure Paul Summers declares a relationship with the following companies: QMRI Tech. The remaining authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: We investigated the association between synchronous metastases (SMs), histologic subtype (HS), tumor size (TS), and tumor grade (TG) in surgically treated stage T2 renal cell carcinoma (RCC)., Materials and Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2005-2015), 8344 patients with T2 RCC who had undergone radical nephrectomy were identified. The SM rates were tabulated according to the HS, TG, and TS and tested in multivariable logistic regression models., Results: According to the HS, the average SM rates were 0%, 1.4%, 4.6%, 6.4%, 12.7%, 20.0%, and 32.7% for multilocular cystic, chromophobe, papillary, TG 1-2 clear cell, TG 3-4 clear cell, collecting duct, and sarcomatoid dedifferentiation RCC, respectively. In multivariable logistic regression models predicting for SMs, HS represented the strongest predictor, followed by TG, TS, and race. When combined, HS, TG, TS, and race predicted for SMs with 70.2% accuracy compared with 62.5% with HS, 60.2% with TG, 57.8% with TS, and 53.0% with race alone. Lung only was the most common metastatic site (43.6%), followed by bone only (27.6%), liver only (4.4%), and brain only (4.4%). Of all the patients with SMs, 78.9% had a single metastatic site., Conclusions: The SM rates showed very wide variation according to the HS, TG, and TS. When HS was combined with TG, TS, and race, SMs could be accurately predicted in individual patients better than with TS alone. Thus, renal mass biopsy-derived HS and TG could improve the prediction of SMs compared with using TS alone., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The objective of this study was to test the effect of chemotherapy and/or radical cystectomy (RC) and/or radiotherapy (RT) on survival of patients with non-metastatic small-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (SCCUB)., Materials and Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry (2001-2016), we identified patients with non-metastatic (T1-4, N0, M0) SCCUB. Treatment was defined as: chemotherapy alone, chemotherapy + RC, and chemotherapy + RT. Temporal trends, cumulative incidence plots, and multivariable competing risks regression models were used., Results: Of 595 patients with SCCUB, 230 (38.5%), 159 (27%), and 206 (34.5%) were treated with chemotherapy alone, chemotherapy + RC, and chemotherapy + RT, respectively. The rates of chemotherapy + RC increased (estimated annual percentage changes [EAPC], +5.9%; P = .002). Conversely, chemotherapy alone (EAPC, -1.7%; P = .1) and chemotherapy + RT rates decreased (EAPC: -2.2%; P = .08). Overall, 5-year cancer-specific mortality (CSM) rates were 44%, 29%, and 40% for patients treated with chemotherapy alone, chemotherapy + RC, and chemotherapy + RT, respectively (P = .004). Relative to chemotherapy alone, patients treated with chemotherapy + RC experienced lower CSM (hazard ratio, 0.5; P < .001). Conversely, patients treated with chemotherapy + RT did not exhibit any CSM benefit (hazard ratio, 0.8; P = .2), when compared with chemotherapy alone., Conclusion: In contemporary patients with SCCUB with non-metastatic disease, the rates of chemotherapy + RC are increasing. Conversely, the rates of combined chemotherapy with RT and chemotherapy alone are decreasing. These patterns of treatment are in agreement with better cancer control in patients with SCCUB. In consequence, until more robust data become available, the combination of chemotherapy and RC should represent the recommended treatment strategy., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: We investigated the effect of partial cystectomy (PC) on cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and other-cause mortality (OCM) and the effect of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) during PC on CSM., Materials and Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004-2015), 11,429 cases of nonmetastatic stage pT2-T3 urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder treated with either PC or radical cystectomy (RC) were identified. All comparisons between PC and RC relied on propensity score (PS; ratio, 1:1) adjusted univariable and multivariable logistic and competing risks regression models. In contrast, all comparisons between PLND and no PLND at PC relied on inverse probability of treatment weighting-adjusted univariable and multivariable Cox regression models., Results: Within the SEER database, PC had been performed in 979 patients (8.6%). The PC annual rates decreased from 11.0% to 6.8% during the study period (P < .001). In PS-adjusted multivariable analyses focusing on CSM and OCM, no statistically significant difference between the PC and RC groups (P = .2 and P = .3, respectively). The annual PLND rates with PC (50.3%) did not vary over time (P = .3). In the overall cohort and the PC subgroup, PLND was associated with a lower CSM rate (hazard ratio, 0.56; P < .001; and hazard ratio, 0.57; P < .001, respectively)., Conclusions: A small proportion of patients with stage pT2-T3 urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder were candidates for PC. In the PS-adjusted multivariable analyses, no statistically significant differences were found in CSM or OCM between the PC and RC groups. Within the PC group, PLND had been omitted 50% of the time despite its association with lower CSM., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The present study tested cancer-specific (CSM) and overall mortality (OM) after partial cystectomy (PC) for variant histology bladder cancer (non-urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder UCUB), relative to UCUB and relative to radical cystectomy (RC)., Materials and Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry (2001-2016), we identified patients with stage T1-T2N0M0 non-UCUB and UCUB who had undergone PC or RC. Non-UCUB included adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and other histologic subtypes. First, CSM and OM after PC were compared between the non-UCUB and UCUB groups. Second, CSM and OM after PC were compared with RC in the non-UCUB group. Kaplan Meier plots and multivariable Cox regression models were used before and after inverse probability of treatment weighting., Results: Overall, 248 patients (16.3%) treated with PC had had non-UCUB. Of the 248 cases, 115 (46.5%), 50 (20%), 34 (14%), and 49 (19.5%) were adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and other histologic subtypes, respectively. The comparison between PC in the non-UCUB and PC in the UCUB group showed higher CSM (hazard ratio, 1.4; P = .03) but the same OM rates (hazard ratio, 1.1; P = .7) in the non-UCUB group. The comparison between PC and RC for the non-UCUB group showed no CSM or OM differences., Conclusions: PC for non-UCUB was associated with higher CSM compared with PC for UCUB. However, PC instead of RC for select patients with non-UCUB appears not to undermine cancer-control outcomes. Thus, the excess CSM is probably unrelated to cystectomy type but could originate from differences in the tumor biology. These results could act as hypothesis generating for the design of future trials., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Our objective was to test whether the rates of perioperative chemotherapy (CHT) administration in patients with urothelial bladder cancer (UCUB) with prostatic stromal invasion (pT4a) changed over time. Moreover, we tested the effect of CHT on overall mortality (OM), as well as on cancer-specific mortality (CSM) in this patient population., Materials and Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004-2016), we identified 1513 men with non-metastatic UCUB with prostatic stromal invasion who underwent radical cystectomy with lymph node dissection, with or without CHT administration. Estimated annual percentage change analyses, inverse probability of treatment-weighting (IPTW), Kaplan-Meier plots, Cox regression models, and landmark analyses were performed., Results: Overall, 732 (48.4%) patients with pT4a UCUB disease underwent radical cystectomy with perioperative CHT administration between 2004 and 2016. The CHT administration rate increased from 29.0% in 2004 to 64.8% in 2016 (P < .001). In IPTW-adjusted analyses, the 5-year overall survival was 47.7% versus 39.8%, and cancer-specific survival was 53.6 versus 50.1%, for with versus without CHT administration, respectively. After multivariable and IPTW-adjusted Cox regression models, administration of CHT independently predicted lower OM (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-0.73), as well as lower CSM (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.55-0.80). even after 3-month landmark analyses (OM HR, 0.64; 95% CI 0.54-0.76; CSM HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58-0.85)., Conclusions: The use of CHT in patients with pT4a UCUB increased from low to moderate in the most contemporary era. However, based on its impressive reduction in OM, as well as in CSM, further increases in CHT administration rates should be highly encouraged in this patient population., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: We examined the changes over time in other-cause mortality (OCM) rates in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa) as an indicator of patient selection., Patients and Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1987-2011), we identified patients with PCa treated with either radical prostatectomy (RP) (n = 230,969; 62.8%) or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) (n = 136,915; 37.2%). Temporal trends and multivariable Cox regression analyses assessed OCM at 5 years using stratification according to year of diagnosis (1987-1991 vs. 1992-1996 vs. 1997-2001 vs. 2002-2006 vs. 2007-2011), age group, and ethnicity., Results: In patients who had undergone RP, the OCM rates at 5 years of follow-up decreased over time from 7.9% to 2.4% (slope, -0.25%/year) versus from 15.2% to 9.9% after EBRT (slope, -0.29%/year). The greatest decrease in 5-year OCM rates over time was recorded in patients ≥ 75 years (16.0%-12.0%; slope, -0.25%/year), followed by younger age categories (70-74 years, -0.21%/year; 65-69 years, -0.17%/year; 60-64 years, -0.10%/year; < 60 years, -0.07%/year), as well as in African-American men (11.0%-5.1%; slope, -0.32%/year), followed by Caucasian (7.6%-3.4%; slope, -0.21%/year) and Hispanic men (7.0%-3.1%; slope, -0.20%/year; all P < .001), as corroborated in multivariable Cox regression models., Conclusions: OCM rates were highest in oldest individuals and in African-American men. In both groups, an important 5-year OCM reduction over the 25-year study span was recorded. Nonetheless, these 2 patient groups may still represent the ideal target for better patient selection based on OCM considerations, because their most recent OCM rates exceeded those of, respectively, younger and Caucasian patients., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Few data examined the potential survival benefit of nephroureterectomy (NU) in the setting of metastatic upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (mUTUC). We hypothesized that a survival benefit might be associated with the use of NU in that setting and tested this hypothesis within a large population-based cohort., Patients and Methods: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004-2014), we identified 1174 patients with mUTUC. Kaplan-Meier plots, as well as multivariable Cox regression models (MCRMs), relying on inverse probability after treatment weighting and landmark analyses, were used to test the effect of NU versus no surgical treatment on cancer-specific mortality (CSM) in patients with mUTUC., Results: Of 1174 patients with mUTUC, 449 (38%) underwent NU. The rate of NU decreased over time from 47.1% to 34.6% (estimated annual percentage change, -4%; P = .006]. In MCRMs, NU achieved independent predictor status for lower CSM (hazard ratio [HR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46-0.66; P < .001). In MCRMs stratified according to chemotherapy, NU also achieved independent predictor status for lower CSM, both in patients who received (n = 597; 50.9%) (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.53-0.87; P = .002) or did not receive (n = 574; 49%) (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.33-0.58; P < .001) chemotherapy. Virtually the same results were recorded after inverse probability after treatment weighting adjustment, as well as in landmark analyses., Conclusions: Our analyses suggest a potential survival benefit after NU in the setting of mUTUC, regardless of chemotherapy administration., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To understand the multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) interreader agreement between radiologists of peripheral and academic centers and the possibility to avoid prostate biopsies according to magnetic resonance imaging second opinion., Patients and Methods: This prospective observational study enrolled 266 patients submitted to mpMRI at nonacademic centers for cancer detection or at active surveillance begin. Images obtained were reviewed by 2 unblinded radiologists with 8 and 5 years' experience on mpMRI, respectively. We recorded Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) v2 categories and management strategy changes after mpMRI rereadings. Interreader agreement was assessed by the Cohen kappa. For mpMRI second opinion, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated., Results: In the original readings, no lesions (ie, PI-RADS < 2) were observed in 17 cases (6.5%). Reported index lesion (IL) PI-RADS category was 2 in 23 (8.5%), 3 in 85 (32%), 4 in 98 (37%), and 5 in 13 (5%) men, respectively. It is noteworthy that in 30 examinations (11%), an IL was recognized by radiologists, but a suspicious score was not assigned. According to first reading of mpMRI, initial clinical strategy included performing a targeted (226; 85%) or a systematic biopsy (8; 3%), scheduling the patient to an active surveillance program without repeat biopsy (10; 4%), or monitoring prostate-specific antigen without prostate sampling (22; 8%). The mpMRI rereads did not change IL PI-RADS category in 91 cases (38.5%), although in 20 (8.5%) and 125 (53%) IL PI-RADS was upgraded or downgraded, respectively (κ = 0.23). The clinical management changed in 113 patients (48%) (κ = 0.2). Overall, 102 targeted biopsies (51%) were avoided and 72 men (34.5%) were not submitted to biopsy after mpMRI second opinion. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the mpMRI rereading were 58% and 91%, respectively. Major limitations of the study are limited-time follow-up and the lack of a standard of reference for some men, who were not submitted to biopsy according to mpMRI second opinion., Conclusion: There is an important level of discordance between mpMRI reports. According to imaging second opinion, roughly half of targeted biopsies could be avoidable and 34.5% of men could skipped prostate sampling. Prospective randomized trials are needed to confirm our findings., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: We evaluated the effect of the year of surgery on the clinical, pathologic, and oncologic outcomes of patients with bladder cancer (BCa) treated with radical cystectomy (RC) at a single institution., Materials and Methods: The present study included 1253 consecutive patients with BCa treated with RC and extended pelvic lymphadenectomy at a single institution from January 1990 to December 2014. Analysis of variance and χ 2 trend tests were used to report the clinical and pathologic characteristics of the cohort over time. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to test the relationship between the year of surgery and recurrence, cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and overall mortality (OM)., Results: Considering the clinical characteristics, patient age (P = .1) and gender (P = .2) remained steady during the study period. In contrast, the body mass index (P < .005) increased. Also, of the pathologic features, carcinoma in situ detection (P < .001) showed an increasing rate, and pathologic stage T3-T4 (P = .005) showed a decreasing trend. The number of lymph nodes removed increased during the study period (P < .001), resulting in an increased number of positive nodes (P < .001). However, the rate of lymph node invasion (P = .1) remained stable in the overall population. Multivariable Cox regression analyses revealed the year of surgery as a predictor of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 0.97), CSM (HR, 0.97), and OM (HR, 0.98), with a slight, but constant, reduction in all survival outcomes (P < .04 for all)., Conclusion: Changes were recorded considering the patient and tumor characteristics across the previous 25 years. These variations directly reflect the differences in long-term survival expectations we recorded., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the incidence and predictors of 30-day readmission in prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP)., Patients and Methods: Overall, 1402 consecutive PCa patients treated with RARP at a single center between 2006 and 2013 were identified. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses assessed predictors of 30-day readmission after surgery., Results: Overall, 38 patients (2.7%) experienced hospital readmission within 30 days after discharge. The most common causes of rehospitalization were fever in 12 patients (31.6%), lymphoceles in 11 (28.9%), and urine leak in 6 (15.8%). By multivariable analyses, D'Amico risk group and occurrence of postoperative complications (odds ratio [OR], 2.89) represented independent predictors of 30-day readmission (all P ≤ .02). When analyzing the type of complication associated with the risk of readmission, fever (OR, 6.19; P = .01), urine leak (OR, 10.83; P < .01) and cardiocirculatory complications (OR, 18.57; P < .001) were significantly associated with 30-day readmission., Conclusion: Patients undergoing RARP have a relatively low risk of 30-day readmission (2.7%). The occurrence of an early postoperative complication and a higher D'Amico risk group were independent predictors of 30-day readmission. In addition, fever, urine leak, and cardiocirculatory complications are significantly associated with a higher risk of readmission., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that perioperative blood transfusion (BT) is associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer recurrence and mortality after radical cystectomy (RC). Recently, it was shown for the first time that intraoperative transfusion has a detrimental effect on cancer survival. The aim of the current study was to validate this finding in a single European institution., Patients and Methods: The study focused on 1490 consecutive nonmetastatic bladder cancer patients treated with RC at a single tertiary care referral center between January 1990 and August 2013. Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox regression analyses were used to assess the effect of timing of BT administration (no transfusion vs. intraoperative transfusion vs. postoperative transfusion vs. intraoperative and postoperative transfusion) on cancer-specific mortality (CSM), overall mortality (OM), and disease recurrence., Results: Mean age at the time of RC was 67 years. Overall, 322 (21.6%) patients received intraoperative BT and 97 (6.5%) received postoperative BT. At a mean follow-up time of 125 months (median, 110 months), the 5- and 10-year CSM rate was 846 (58%) and 715 (48%), respectively. In multivariable analyses patients who received intraoperative BT had greater risk of disease recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 1.24; P < .04), CSM (HR, 1.60; P < .02), and OM (HR, 1.45; P < .03). Conversely, this effect disappears with postoperative BT (all P > .2)., Conclusion: Our study confirms that intraoperative, but not postoperative BT, are related to a detrimental effect on survival after RC. These results should be take into account by physicians to administer BT using the correct timing., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)