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Graph: Figure 1: Measured gadolinium reference intervals for g Gd/g creatinine and g Gd/24 h and g Gd/g creatinine plotted against years of age of the donor. The triangles depict donor burdens for those not known to have been exposed to GBCAs, the diamonds depict burdens for donors for whom at least 1 year has passed since the last known GBCA exposure, and the squares depict donors who were last known to be exposed to GBCAs within the last 6-12 months. For comparison, this is still substantially lower than previously reported mean urinary concentrations of Gd of 214 g Gd/g creatinine at 10 days post GBCA administration and 22 g Gd/g creatinine at 30 days post GBCA administration [[7]]. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The aim of the study was to establish reference intervals for 24-h urinary stone risk factors in the healthy Chinese Han population. Methods: From May 2013 to July 2014, we collected and analyzed 24-h urine samples from healthy adult Han population during a cross-sectional study across China. The protocol for analysis of 24-h urine included volume, pH, oxalate, citrate, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, creatinine, urate, magnesium, the ion activity products of calcium oxalate (AP(CaOx) indexs) and calcium phosphate (AP(CaP) indexs). We calculated the reference intervals according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2008 guidelines and compared them with those recorded in other studies. Results: A total of 132 male and 123 female healthy subjects with a mean (SD, range) age of 52.4 (15.2, 19-89) years were eligible in the final analysis. Men had higher 24-h excretion of creatinine, calcium, urate and phosphorus and lower levels of citrate, magnesium, chloride, sodium and potassium than women. AP(CaOx) indexs and AP(CaP) indexs were significantly higher among men than women. When urinary findings were compared with the reference intervals, most of our data showed a high abnormality rate, especially for creatinine, calcium, citrate, magnesium, chloride, sodium and potassium. Conclusions: The present study revealed the normal metabolic status for stone risk factors of the Chinese Han population. It is therefore necessary for each country or region to define their own reference intervals for comparison of stone risk factors between patients and healthy subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses an alternative method to calculate total nitrogen in 24-h urine samples in ambulatory diabetic and/or obese patients. It describes the labor-intensive Kjeldahl method that is commonly used to measure total nitrogen 24-h urine samples. It discusses the advantage of Formula 1, which calculates total nitrogen using nitrogen content of urea, creatinine and uric acid.