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Xylophagia is a form of pica where patients have the unusual craving for ingestion of paper. After treating the underlying cause of pica, in this case treating iron deficiency anemia with iron replacement therapy, these unusual cravings resolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Main objective of root canal therapy is to locate all the canals, cleaning and shaping, and obturation to obtain fluid tight seal. Failure to locate all canals can lead to the failure of root canal therapy. Variation of pulp aperture, among teeth with multiple roots, constitutes recurring issue during diagnosing and completing efficient endodontic procedures. Understanding normal anatomy features and associated likely modifications is critical in the effective execution of the dental procedure, since the inability to effectively treat simply one canal may end up into endodontic unsuccessful therapy. The paper covers a procedure whereby the root pattern and canals of the maxillary second molar were modified employing an operative microscope and verified with cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT). Cone‐beam computed tomography revealed that the maxillary second molar containing two different palatal roots and canals and two distinct buccal roots and canals. This Research paper presents and investigates the morphological difference observed on the maxillary second molar in order to guarantee the effectiveness of root canal treatment examined utilizing imaging techniques like CBCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: The phenomenon of vessel pedicle ossification is a noteworthy aspect of the repair and reconstruction of maxillofacial defects. Imaging findings typically reveal high‐density shadows within the vascular pedicle pathway, which may be managed through conservative observation or surgical intervention as deemed appropriate. Vessel pedicle ossification is a relatively uncommon complication associated with the reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial tissue defects using free tissue flap repair. In this paper, we report a case of pedicle ossification and conduct a comprehensive review of previous literature. A 39‐year‐old man presented with a limited ability to open his mouth 6 months after fibular flap reconstruction of the mandible. Plain film X‐ray and computed tomography (CT) indicated pedicle ossification. Two years after the initial operation, the restriction in the patient's ability to open his mouth had not worsened, although there were more pronounced radiographic abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This paper illustrated successful endodontic non‐surgical (re)treatments of molars and premolar with different taurodontic classifications and accompanied anomalies like C‐shape and extra root canals in otherwise healthy patients. Magnification with illumination besides active irrigation with NaOCl were the most helpful items in managing these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This paper presents a rare sarcoidosis case in a child of 12 years of age presented with arthritis, bilateral parotid enlargement and ocular, but unfortunately the diagnosis has been missed due to lack of pulmonary involvement. Diagnosis of sarcoidosis is by exclusion, and sometimes, it can be challenging. This paper presents a rare sarcoidosis case in a child of 12 years of age presented with bilateral parotid enlargement. The signs of musculoskeletal and ocular involvement were present before the parotid enlargement, and the parotid swelling persisted for 3 years; but unfortunately the definite diagnosis has been missed by the previous healthcare professionals most probably due to the rarity of the situation, especially lack of pulmonary involvement. Therefore, cooperation between different healthcare specialties is important for an effective diagnosis and management. Despite its rarity, sarcoidosis should always be present in the list of differential diagnosis when encountering multisystem entities like arthritis, ocular symptoms and parotid swelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Bezoars can cause gastrointestinal obstruction and may require surgery. Surgery carries the risk of complications. Medical professionals should perform detailed history in diet and behaviors for patients presenting with abdominal pain to identify risk factors for bezoars, then educate these patients and their families about risks and complications of bezoars. Bezoars are solid masses of undigested material that can cause obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. There are different types of bezoars; phytobezoar, trichobezoar, pharmacobezoar, lactobezoar, and bezoars containing tissue paper or polystyrene foam. This case report is of a 13‐year‐old Hispanic male who suffered a postsurgical complication after removal of bezoar. He had a past surgical history of appendectomy and presented to the hospital with a 1‐day history of right lower quadrant abdominal pain associated with fever and diarrhea. X‐radiation images and computed tomography scans aided in the diagnosis of pelvic abscess as a complication of postsurgical enterotomy and closure of the enterotomy to remove bezoar from the small bowel. The initial bezoar removal and the postsurgical complication of pelvic abscess resulted in the patient staying for 19 days in the hospital. At discharge, the patient and his guardian were advised to follow up with the patient's primary care physician and surgical team. The patient made an uneventful recovery. He did not experience any long‐term complications and fully recovered. This report demonstrates that although bezoars are rare, they can cause significant obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract leading to the need for management, such as surgery, which carries its own risks. It is important to note that the postsurgical complication of pelvic abscess can occur due to surgery itself and not because of bezoar specifically. Abdominal surgery in general poses the risk of pelvic abscess. The consideration is to expectantly decrease the occurrence of bezoars so that consequently there will not be a need for surgery in removal of bezoars due to obstruction. The effects of bezoars can be prevented through educating the community and addressing underlying psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Although increasing in number, cases of CVS are being frequently misdiagnosed and many are refractory to the available treatments. This paper draws attention to a timely consideration of this disorder upon suspicion and proposes rectal diazepam and cinnarizine as highly effective treatments in refractory cases of CVS. Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a set of recurrent episodic attacks of nausea and vomiting. This is a migraine‐related disorder that mostly affects children. Several medications have been recommended for abortive and prophylactic treatment. Unfortunately, in some cases, the treatment is not completely effective and affects the quality of life of the sufferer. In this paper, we report on two cases of children experiencing refractory CVS attacks who were not responsive to recommended medications for acute phase and prophylaxis. This account highlights the efficacy of rectal diazepam for the acute phase of CVS and cinnarizine, an anti‐migraine and anti‐histamine agent, for prophylaxis of further attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Vincristine therapy can be effective in refractory Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) following COVID‐19 vaccination. Our case report highlights the need for further research to establish standard management guidelines for COVID‐19‐vaccine‐associated ITP. Adult immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) can occur as a rare complication following several viral infections or a rare adverse event or complication of vaccination. In this paper, we report a case of a 39‐year‐old male patient with severe refractory ITP that began 4‐weeks after receiving his third (booster) dose of the COVID‐19 vaccine (BNT162b2, Pfizer‐BioNTech). He was given oral dexamethasone 40 mg daily for 4 days followed by prednisone at 1 mg/kg (85 mg daily) for 10 days. In the following weeks, we attempted several other lines of therapy to treat his ITP, including anti‐RhD immunoglobulin, which, unfortunately, caused moderate hemolysis requiring packed red blood cell transfusion, intravenous immunoglobulin (given at a subtherapeutic dose of 0.4 g/kg for only 1 day since it was not available), rituximab, and eltrombopag. The patient, unfortunately, showed no response to any of these treatments. This was an indicator to initiate salvage therapy with vincristine 2 mg weekly for 3 weeks. The patient's platelet count started to increase remarkably during the third week of vincristine and normalized after 4 weeks. We review the findings, clinical characteristics, and management approaches that were reported in the literature regarding COVID‐19‐vaccine‐induced ITP. More in‐depth research is needed to delineate standard guidelines for the management of such cases. This report underscores the importance of resorting to vincristine and eltrombopag as great options for severe and refractory ITP related to the COVID‐19 vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Bing–Neel syndrome (BNS) is a rare manifestation in individuals suffering from Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). Neurological signs and symptoms in this syndrome are almost difficult to be differentiated from other common neurological manifestations of hyper‐viscosity or Waldenström‐associated polyneuropathy. In this paper, we report a new case of WM with concurrent BNS, then review the clinical picture and treatment of this syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Chyle leakage is a rare postoperative complication of breast cancer, and conservative treatments should be prioritized, with careful monitoring of drainage volume and timely surgical intervention when conservative treatments are ineffective. Chyle leaks following surgery for breast cancer are seldom encountered. Management varies with no consensus in the literature. This paper reports a case of a chylous leak after axillary dissection in a patient with breast cancer eventually cured with conservative treatment and discusses management options varied with both conservative and surgical options available to clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Transverse colonic volvulus (TCV) is a serious condition with a mortality rate of up to 33%. It is very rare, especially in children. Despite its rarity, surgeons should have a high index of suspicion and include it in the list of differential diagnoses, especially in patients with developmental delays and associated uncommon syndromes. Resection and anastomosis, whether as a one‐stage or two‐stage procedure, proved to be the best treatment options for children. Since prompt identification and management are vital, this paper presents useful information on the presentation, treatment, and outcome of this case report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical Key Message: We present a case of recurring ameloblastoma in soft tissue, for which we have estimated the growth rate of the lesion. This information could help clinicians to establish follow‐up protocols for the early diagnosis of recurrent ameloblastomas. In the present paper, we present a case of recurring ameloblastoma in soft tissue, for which we have estimated the growth rate of the lesion. The area of the whole resected specimen was measured using the ImageJ guide for complex object area. After dividing the area of the recurrent tumor by the number of years during the follow‐up, we found that the lesion growth rate was 5.3 cm2 per year. Although further studies are still necessary in the literature to assess the growth rate of ameloblastoma, the present report shows a different methodology to estimate it. This information could help clinicians to establish follow‐up protocols for the early diagnosis of recurrent ameloblastomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: The treatment of long bone fractures in post‐polio survivors is indubitably an exacting task. Out of this complicated case presented in this paper, it can be deduced that it is attainable to repair a peri‐implant subtrochanteric refracture or a complex non‐union of the proximal femur with plate and screws with grafting. Post‐polio survivors are prone to low‐energy bone fractures. The management of such cases is exigent, as no literature data indicate the best surgical approach. This paper presents an intricate peri‐implant proximal femoral fracture in a polio survivor treated in our institution and accentuates the various challenges we encountered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: In patients who have had a prior subcutaneous ICD implanted, a sternotomy can be safely performed without the need for replacement of the ICD. Appropriate tools and closure technique during reimplantation are essential for this to be a possibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cemento‐osseous dysplasia (COD) is defined as a condition in which normal bone is replaced by fibrous connective tissue and cementum‐like deposits. It is generally asymptomatic and occurs mostly in female patients. Radiologically, it appears as an opaque, lobulated mass. When facing such lesions, it is advised to avoid performing any surgical procedures due to the decreased vascularization and healing potential. The main reported complications being poor healing, sequestrum formation, risk of infection, and fracture of the jaw. Treating posterior mandibular edentulism in presence of a COD can be a challenging situation especially when the patient requires an implant‐supported fixed rehabilitation. The aim of this paper is to describe a three‐stage modified protocol for implant placement in a compromised site presenting a focal cemento‐osseous dysplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Gastric diverticulum in the posterior wall of the stomach is very rare, and it is easy to be misdiagnosed as a left adrenal mass on imaging. Therefore, we must consider the possibility of gastric diverticulum when diagnosing a left adrenal mass. This paper reports a case of gastric diverticulum that was misdiagnosed as a left adrenal mass on abdominal enhanced CT. The patient underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy, but there was no mass in the left adrenal found during surgery. After the incision of the retroperitoneum, a cystic mass was found adjacent to the posterior gastric wall which turned out to be gastric diverticulum. This case suggests that gastric diverticulum, a rare disease, may be interpreted as an adrenal mass on imaging. Therefore, as a urologist, the gastric diverticulum must be excluded when CT suggests a mass in the left adrenal region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This study paper's main goal is to report rare cases of skull base meningiomas that exemplify the complexities of diagnosis, therapy, and postoperative care. By describing these rare cases, we hope to advance knowledge of the clinical signs, difficulties, and prognoses of skull base meningiomas in a challenging anatomical setting. In the posterior cranial fossa, our investigation reveals a unique example of skull base meningioma that involved numerous cranial nerves and complex vasculature. A variety of visual abnormalities were present in the patient's clinical presentations, highlighting the wide range of symptoms that these tumors might cause depending on their precise positions. These cases highlight the critical importance of preoperative imaging, including high‐resolution MRI and angiography, as well as the diagnostic difficulties these tumors pertain. By reporting these instances, our research adds to the body of knowledge about skull base meningiomas and offers insightful information about the nuances of their therapies. Our findings highlight the importance of individualized treatment plans, interdisciplinary cooperation, and the demand for continued study to better comprehend these convoluted tumors. Such studies are essential for advancing our knowledge of these enigmatic tumors, guiding clinical judgment, and eventually improving patient outcomes. These findings are important because they can fill information gaps, improve treatment plans, and encourage additional research in neuro‐oncology. This study presents a series of three rare cases of skull base meningiomas, emphasizing the complexities in diagnosis, treatment, and postoperative care. The patients' clinical presentations and imaging highlighted the diverse symptoms and challenges associated with these tumors, found in intricate anatomical locations. The cases underscore the crucial role of preoperative high‐resolution imaging and angiography in diagnostic accuracy. Surgical intervention, guided by a multidisciplinary approach, is pivotal in managing these demanding cases. Histopathological examinations confirmed atypical meningiomas. The postoperative phases involved meticulous care to ensure optimal recovery and functional outcomes. Our findings contribute to the understanding of skull base meningiomas, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment plans and ongoing research to improve patient outcomes in neuro‐oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Ectopic pituitary adenoma is a rare neoplasm located in the clivus and could mimic other clival tumors. Diagnosis and treatment could be challenging. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of clival tumors. Ectopic pituitary adenomas (EPAs) are isolated adenomas that can be located in variable locations outside the sella turcica and have a normal‐appearing pituitary gland. These tumors are rare and are thought to often arise from embryological remnants along the route of Rathke's pouch migration. EPAs are associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations depending on hormonal activity and involvement of adjacent structures, which can represent a challenge in making the diagnosis and deciding on the most appropriate management. In this case study, we report a 47‐year‐old male who presented with visual disturbances, a headache, and generalized weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 2 cm mass located in the clivus invading the sphenoid sinus with an intact pituitary gland. The patient underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery to eradicate the mass while maintaining the integrity of the pituitary gland, which was successful and uneventful. Pathological studies were consistent with prolactinoma, with no cytological malignant features. Post‐surgery, symptoms notably improved, and serum prolactin levels significantly dropped, The patient's condition was satisfactory on follow‐up with no long‐term complications reported. This paper contributes to the existing literature by sharing the clinical management of a challenging and uncommon case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This paper highlights that diagnosis and treatment of one ectopic pregnancy does not rule out the happening of a second ectopic pregnancy in the same patient concurrently, especially if the patient has rising β‐hCG and persistent symptoms. Bilateral tubal pregnancy (BTP) is the most uncommon form of tubal ectopic pregnancy. Complications can lead to maternal morbidity and mortality. We reported a case of left tubal pregnancy and the patient underwent laparoscopic salpingostomy. During the follow‐up, the contralateral ectopic pregnancy was discovered and treated with MTX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the leading causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are aneurysm rupture and arteriovenous malformations, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) can, in rare cases, be associated with SAH. This phenomenon is an uncommon presentation, with less than a hundred cases reported based on our review of the literature. The purpose of this review is to highlight what is known regarding these cases, how they are managed and to highlight the need for further studies that will serve as a basis for the development of a standard management guideline across board. The following databases were searched: PubMed and Ovid Embase. A complementary search of Google Scholar and AJOL was done. Gray literature search was also conducted on the Google search engine for any additional relevant papers. We were able to extract data regarding 33 cases from 29 identified studies. The mean age was 46.6 ± 14.08. 17 (51.5%) of the cases were female, and the female‐to‐male ratio is 1.1:1. Headache was by far the commonest symptom, occurring in 82% of cases followed by seizures in 42% of cases. Four patients (12%) had loss of consciousness while 5 patients (15%) had some form of focal neurologic deficit. Twenty patients had cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in at least two different sinuses. The superior sagittal sinus was the most common location for CVSTs (79%), followed by the transverse sinus (57.5%). Twenty‐nine cases (89%) were managed with anticoagulation alone and one case had a mechanical thrombectomy. We have performed a comprehensive review of cases that had the simultaneous occurrence of SAH and CVST and have identified their peculiarities and the challenges to management. Further research is needed in order to identify a causal relationship and to serve as a basis for the development of a standard management guideline across the board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerodigestive tract fish bones are common and often utilize significant hospital resources. Some pharyngeal fish bones can be retrieved with basic equipment thus clinicians should exhaust all simple techniques including that described in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This case emphasizes the significance of cardiac amyloidosis as a potential diagnosis in individuals manifesting with lesion‐free pruritus and normal liver tests. Amyloidosis is a complex disorder in which misfolded proteins accumulate in various organs of the body. Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) can lead to heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, sudden cardiac death, and deposition of proteins in coronary arteries. Diagnosing CA can be difficult, as the cardiac manifestations of amyloidosis can be similar to more prevalent etiologies. In addition, the accumulation of proteins in soft tissues, including the skin, can cause pruritus. In this paper, we present a 70‐year‐old man with generalized pruritus and no skin lesions, later diagnosed as CA after detecting ascites fluid. This case underscores the importance of considering amyloidosis in patients presenting with nonspecific symptoms, particularly those affecting the skin, and highlights the need for increased awareness of this disease among clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a low platelets count. In this paper, we present a case of ITP relapse in a 31‐year‐old Iranian woman as a potential complication of the AstraZeneca vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: A 31‐year‐old female with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder developed black hairy tongue after alprazolam therapy. Her symptom resolved 10 days after the cessation of alprazolam. Alprazolam is a widely used antidepressant and antianxiety drug. Mild to moderate side effect of alprazolam was commonly seen, including lethargy, dizziness, headache, dry mouth, nausea, fatigue, constipation, and blurred vision. In this case, we reported a patient developed black hairy tongue after alprazolam intake, and her symptom resolved after 10‐day discontinuation of alprazolam. This rare adverse event should be of concern to clinicians. This is the first paper to report an alprazolam‐induced BHT. This rare side effect of alprazolam should be concern of clinicians; we hope our report will promote the understand of BHT and acknowledge clinicians of this rare side effect of alprazolam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: We present a case of a 20‐month‐old child with a history of atopic dermatitis that exhibited recurrent erythematous‐bullous lesions consistent with Staphylococcal Scalded Skin syndrome (SSSS). SSSS is an exfoliative toxin‐mediated skin disorder most commonly found in children. In this paper, we discuss the importance of recognizing the clinical symptomatology and progressive nature of SSSS, particularly in patients with a history of atopic dermatitis, to ensure prompt treatment and resolution of the syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) has many clinical features overlapping with other Parkinson syndromes and differentiation on clinical ground is difficult. This case highlights how a brain MRI can help diagnose PSP in settings with limited resources where histological diagnosis is difficult. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) may be challenging to diagnose due to its widely acknowledged clinical complexity and challenges with diagnosis confirmation, particularly in resource‐poor settings where the ability to obtain confirmatory tests is highly complicated, leading to an inaccurate or incomplete diagnosis of PSP. This paper discusses using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose PSP, and a review of relevant literature addresses the diagnostic value of MRI in PSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: In the context of diabetic ketoacidosis, clinicians should consider uncommon origins of infection, notably infective endocarditis. This is especially crucial when confronted with cases that recur persistently or exhibit resistance to treatment. This is a case of a diabetic patient with diabetic ketoacidosis admitted to our facility. A 35‐year‐old diabetic patient presented with DKA precipitated by mitral valve endocarditis. To our knowledge and according to the literature review, only one case of DKA precipitated by endocarditis has been reported in the past. This report highlights the importance of considering endocarditis as a possible etiology in patients presenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: In this paper, we present a case of relieving severe itching caused by scabies with tofacitinib. We show that the tofacitinib can quickly alleviate the itching caused by scabies, and this case may indicate a new option for comprehensive treatment of scabies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Rare cancer originating from parathyroid parenchymal cells. Preoperative diagnosis is often difficult. Presents with normal serum levels of calcium and parathyroid hormone. Treated by en bloc resection. Benefits of adjuvant therapy are unclear. Parathyroid carcinoma is an uncommon endocrine tumor. Its typical presentation is that of primary hyperparathyroidism with elevated serum calcium and parathormone levels. Nonfunctioning carcinoma of the parathyroid gland with normal serum calcium levels is extremely rare. This paper describes a case of nonfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma and brief literature review thereof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Although quite rare, vertebral hydatidosis should always be considered as a differential diagnosis for spinal presentations, particularly in endemic areas for echinococcosis. In this paper, we report a rare case of asymptomatic multiple intradural, extramedullary spinal hydatidosis, incidentally diagnosed in a patient with signs and symptoms of a true protruded disc. Although quite rare, vertebral hydatidosis should always be considered as a differential diagnosis for spinal presentations, particularly in endemic areas for echinococcosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Several approaches can correct pseudo‐Class III anterior crossbite. 2 × 4 appliance, compressed open‐coil springs, Class III elastics, etc. All cause either soft tissue lacerations, smile line flattening, or upper incisor overproclination. This paper describes a novel method to tip lower incisors into a normal overjet without compromising the upper dentition. In pseudo‐class III cases, a "two by four" multibracketed appliance has been utilized to put the incisors into a typical overjet during transitional dentition. Compressing a rectangular super elastic archwire creates continuous force, but its length restricts activation and risks cheek impingement. Open‐coil springs on rigid archwires advance incisors labially, although a 4‐5 mm of wire distal to the molar tube may injure soft tissue. Reciprocally anchored Class III intermaxillary elastics restore anterior overjet through lower incisor lingual tipping and upper incisor proclination. Class III elastics extrude maxillary molars and mandibular incisors, rotating the dental occlusal plane counterclockwise and reducing maxillary incisor exposure and aesthetics. A unique method is reported in this report to tip the lower incisors back into normal overjet without affecting the upper dentition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a genetic disorder in which catecholamine release during exercise or emotional stress cause fatal tachyarrhythmias. In this paper, we discuss methods to minimize the sympathetic stimulation that can occur during the perioperative period in patients undergoing left cardiac sympathetic denervation to surgically treat CPVT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cyst disease puts a significant burden on the health of humans every year. The lung is the second most common organ of implantation of Echinococcus larvae. Due to the importance of early diagnosis of tension pneumothorax, this paper provides four cases of hydatid disease that presented with tension pneumothorax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: The differential diagnosis of post‐COVID‐19 syndrome is important in patients with symptoms of biliary obstruction. This patient had severe COVID‐19 who underwent ERCP and mimicked cholangiocarcinoma. Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) manifest liver injuries with pathological changes because of lowered blood oxygen saturation, cardiac malfunction, hepatotoxic drugs during treatment, and cellular injury. This paper reports a patient with a history of severe COVID‐19 who mimics cholangiocarcinoma after undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). It was shown that differential diagnosis of post‐COVID‐19 syndrome is greatly important mostly in patients with symptoms of biliary obstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Thyroid storm is a rare, life‐threatening endocrine emergency that may occur in dogs. With rapid identification and early aggressive therapy, long‐term survival is possible. The aim of this paper was to describe the successful emergency management and long‐term survival of a dog with probable thyroid storm. We present proposed guidelines for the characterization of thyroid storm in dogs, and treatment considerations as utilized for this patient. A 6‐year‐old female spayed German Shepherd Dog was presented to a multispecialty center for radiation planning and treatment of a previously diagnosed nonresectable functional thyroid carcinoma. Recovering from anesthesia, the patient developed clinical features that would qualify as thyroid storm using human metrics. The patient improved with aggressive treatment of thyroid storm, extrapolating from human and feline recommendations. This is the first known report of long‐term survival in a canine with suspected thyroid storm. The crisis was effectively identified and emergently treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lagophthalmos is an inability to close the eyelids which can result from many causes. Septorhinoplasty surgery is an uncommon reason for that. This paper reports the lagophthalmos complication, after a septorhinoplasty surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe a rare case of a giant aneurysm of the circumflex artery that we managed. A 59‐year‐old female patient presented in cardiogenic shock after partial aneurysm rupture. Giant aneurysms of the circumflex artery are extremely rare entities. The optimal surgical management dictates meticulous preoperative planning and the operation should be carried out on an elective basis. Surgery for giant coronary aneurysms is a challenge. It should be carried out electively to allow detailed imaging and meticulous preoperative planning. Acute cardiac tamponade caused by spontaneous aneurysm rupture carries significant mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common head and neck types of skin cancer. This main objective of this paper is to present a case of a patient who had a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the nose and whose tumor had an aggressive growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an uncommon proliferative disease with an unknown cause. Its clinical manifestations vary and can involve a variety of organs. To diagnose LCH, radiographs, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings are essential. The gold standard for a definite diagnosis is positive CD1a/CD207 and S100 in the immunohistochemical results. Different treatment plans are available for patients struggling with LCH. To our knowledge, the LCH incidence rate is about 8.9 in one million children and 1–2 cases in one million adults. Our case shows the importance of early diagnosis of this rare condition for the prevention of any further spreading. This case report is about a 35‐year‐old male patient struggling with diabetes insipidus with a chief complaint of tooth mobility. Based on his X‐ray radiographs, osteolytic lesions were found. A biopsy was performed, and due to histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, it was diagnosed as a case of LCH in adults. This paper shows that although the incidence rate of LCH is rare in adults, dealing with a patient struggling with diabetes insipidus and osteolytic bone lesions with an unknown cause, LCH must be taken into consideration. Due to the fact that LCH's first manifestations are mostly first oral, its good prognosis in the early stages, and if it progresses, it can turn fatal, it is important that dentists are aware of this disease, its clinical manifestations, and patient management. In case of suspicion, X‐ray examination, biopsy, histopathological, and immunohistochemical exams must be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a case of bilateral facial nerve palsy and its unique presentation. It discusses the etiologies of bilateral facial nerve palsy. We aim to provide awareness to its presentation, diagnosis, and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth jewelry boosts the appearance and confidence of wearers. However, its use may carry adverse health consequences. This paper creates awareness about a practice not previously reported in Nigeria, to prevent negative health consequences while appropriate measures are taken to quantify and describe the determinants and plan appropriate interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, the general treatment method for pyriform sinus fistula was its removal by open surgery; however, in recent years, endoscopic surgery has become more common. We report two cases where laser surgery was performed using an endoscope and recurrence was prevented using fibrin glue. Both cases involved 3‐year‐old girls who underwent laser ablation of a pyriform sinus fistula under an endoscope, after which the site was closed with fibrin glue. No recurrence was observed in either case, and the postoperative course was uneventful. This approach is presented as a non‐invasive and effective treatment for pyriform sinus fistula. This paper reports the cases of endoscopic laser ablation with fibrin glue application for pyriform sinus fistula (PSF) closure. This makes a significant contribution to the literature because recurrence of PSF was prevented using fibrin glue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to introduce a patient with Chiari type 1 malformation presented with upper extremity pain and diabetes insipidus. After laboratory examinations, we confirmed our case's central diabetes insipidus diagnosis. The patient has undergone posterior fossa decompression, tonsilopexy, and duraplasty. After 6 months of follow‐up, pain and diabetes insipidus were improved. We introduced a rare presentation of Chiari malformation in this article. Chiari malformation could have diverse manifestations. Diabetes insipidus is one of the rare presentations of this condition and should be considered in these patients. This condition could be treated with Chiari malformation decompression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipoma is a rare benign tumor. Fibrolipoma, a variant of lipoma, is relatively uncommon in mouth tissues. Among all benign lesions of oral cavity, the approximate incidence rate of lipoma is 1%–4%, with a prevalence rate of about 0.0002%. Fibrolipoma is an extremely rare subtype of lipoma, especially in the attached gingiva. This subtype accounts for 1.6% of all facial lipomas, with a prevalence rate of 1/5000 adults in the oral and oropharyngeal region. It is diagnosed by histopathologic and immunohistochemistry evaluation and treated by total excision. Due to the adhesion to the surrounding tissues and pseudo‐infiltrating characteristics of this lesion, it can get mistaken with malignant lesions; therefore, a histological examination is mandatory. In this paper, a case of a patient with attached gingiva fibrolipoma treated by surgical excision is reported. This case report is about a 26‐year‐old female patient in Shiraz School of Dentistry with a fibrolipoma of attached gingiva. Because of fibrolipoma's growth tendency, adhesion to the surrounding tissues, and specific histological characteristics, its differential diagnosis with malignant infiltrating tumors is important. Surgical excision is the gold standard for treatment. Accurate differential diagnosis, careful histological examination, and periodic follow‐up are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral focal mucinosis (OFM) is an extremely rare benign lesion of the oral cavity with unknown etiology, considered the oral counterpart of cutaneous focal mucinosis. It occurs mainly in women in the fourth and fifth decades of life. It has no characteristic features, and diagnosis depends on histological evaluation. Its pathogenesis is related to the excessive production of hyaluronic acid by fibroblasts during collagen production, which leads to focal myxoid degeneration. To date, ten documented cases have been reported in the literature in adolescents. This paper reports a rare case of OFM with a narrative review of the available literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case with type 2 diabetes mellitus on a very‐low‐carbohydrate diet who developed euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA) 3 days after starting sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). When initiating SGLT2i, healthcare providers should confirm the implementation of a low‐carbohydrate diet and provide intensive guidance to prevent EDKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Teledermatology is a branch of dermatology that transmits medical data over several miles using telecommunications technologies. It involves the diagnosis of skin lesions using digital photographs and related patient data, and it can be especially helpful for patients in remote areas who might not have convenient access to dermatologists. Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a zoonotic parasitic disease found in tropical and subtropical areas that are sunny and hot; however, cases of allocated resources have been disclosed in Saudi Arabia. There is little information about the frequency of CLM as a work‐related illness among employees who are exposed to potentially polluted soil or have close contact with pets. In this paper, we present an ancestral case of CLM in Saudi Arabia, explaining the hazards of CLM infection. CLM may pose a challenge for physicians in non‐endemic areas regarding assessment, therapeutic interventions, and protection, especially at work. The holistic strategy to CLM assessment, which includes the participation of numerous science competencies (e.g., veterinarians, dermatologists, and occupational physicians), may contribute to a better understanding of the expansion of human CLM and related risk factors, lowering the chance of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (PHGS) represents the most observed clinical feature of primary herpes infection with the simplex virus (HSV). It is often caused by HSV‐1 and affects children most of the time. Unlike, the majority of primary HSV infections that is asymptomatic. It may be preceded by some prodromal symptoms like fever, anorexia, irritability, malaise, and headache. After the resolution of the primary infection, the virus remains latent in a nervous ganglion. The aim of the present paper was to report a case of severe PHGS with herpetic whitlow in a 10‐year‐old child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the case of a 46‐year‐old woman suffering from bipolar disorder of type I with mixed features with initial fronto‐temporal atrophy. Although considered treatment‐resistant to conventional strategies, she successfully responded to a combination of rivastigmine, clozapine, and oxcarbazepine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common clinical features of COVID‐19 are increasingly known but cutaneous manifestations are rarely described among healthcare workers. A review of cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 especially among healthcare workers (HCW) is thus required. The aim of our current study was to provide a comprehensive review of cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 among HCW through six case reports and a literature review. We conducted a literature search for cases reports, original and review articles using PubMed and the Google search engines. We included the written English studies that mentioned cutaneous symptoms during COVID‐19 infection. In addition to the review, 6 cases were collected among the HCW working at the Charles Nicolle Hospital of Tunis from September 2020 to January 2021. In our review, we included 17 articles in addition to our six cases. The type of papers was case series and case reports in respectively 8 and 9 studies. Skin manifestations were reported in two studies including two HCW, in addition to our series of six HCW. Skin manifestations were chilblain‐like lesions (44.5%), a generalized macular or maculopapular exanthem (32.1%), a papulovesicular rash and chicken pox‐like vesicles (11.5%), painful acral red–purple papules (4.6%), urticaria (2.8%), purpuric or petechial lesions (2.3%), and livedo reticularis lesions (0.45%). Of the 218 cases, 203 cases have reported the location of lesions. The very great majority of lesions were found on the trunk, hands, and feet. Fifty‐one patients (23.4%) experienced lesions on the trunk. The time of onset of cutaneous lesions was variable. At the diagnosis or the onset of COVID‐19 symptoms, 8.3% (18/218) of patients presented with cutaneous lesions. After the onset of respiratory symptoms or COVID‐19 diagnosis, 36.7% (80/218) of patients presented with cutaneous lesions. Of the 197 cases with reported healing times, healing times were up to 24 days. COVID‐19 has been associated with different cutaneous manifestations, likely of varying pathophysiology and severity, some preceding COVID‐19 symptomatology and others occurring during active disease or later in the course. Thus, heightened awareness and timely recognition of cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19 are important for occupational physicians treating HCW with COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]