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Objectives: Renal dysfunction has been reported in normoalbuminuric patients, demonstrating the necessity to improve the diagnostic and prognostic tools for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) investigation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the urinary levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) are increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with normal or mildly increased albuminuria., Design and Methods: In this study, 117 type 2 DM patients classified into three groups according to urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR): uACR<10mg/g creatinine, uACR 10-30mg/g creatinine and uACR>30mg/g creatinine were enrolled. Urinary concentrations of KIM-1 (uKIM-1) and NGAL (uNGAL) were measured., Results: uKIM-1 levels increased progressively from uACR<10mg/g creatinine (69.0±20.8pg/ml) to uACR 10-30mg/g creatinine (106.1±41.2pg/ml) and to uACR>30mg/g creatinine (166.0±31.9pg/ml) (P<0.001). In addition, uNGAL levels increased progressively from uACR<10mg/g creatinine (29.5±8.8ng/ml) to uACR 10-30mg/g creatinine (51.7±10.9ng/ml) and to uACR>30mg/g creatinine (71.0±9.6ng/ml) (P<0.001) patients. Similarly, both uKIM-1 and uNGAL adjusted by urinary creatinine were increased in patients with uACR 10-30mg/g creatinine. Significant and positive correlations were observed between uACR, uKIM-1 and uNGAL., Conclusions: uKIM-1 and uNGAL were increased in type 2 DM patients with normal or mildly increased albuminuria, which indicates that tubular and glomerular injuries may be occurring even at the earliest stage of DKD., (Copyright © 2015 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To investigate the association of the +3953 IL-1B gene polymorphism in healthy subjects with serum oxidized LDL (oxLDL) levels., Design and Methods: We selected 255 subjects who were non-smokers and who had no cardiovascular or other chronic degenerative diseases, and we measured the oxLDL and other glucose levels, lipid biomarkers and biological variables that are related to cardiovascular metabolism. The +3953 IL-1B gene polymorphism was determined using molecular genetics techniques (PCR-RFLP)., Results: A significant association among the +3953 IL-1B genotypes and the oxLDL level was observed. The TT genotype presented lower oxLDL levels than the other genotypes. A multivariate analysis showed that this result was independent of the sex, age, obesity and hypertension status of the subjects., Conclusions: Our results suggest that the IL-1B gene polymorphism affects the modulation of serum oxLDL levels., (Copyright © 2012 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: We evaluated the levels of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) and its association with body mass index (BMI) in patients who are obese., Design and Methods: Fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, and IMA levels were assessed in 148 subjects., Results: IMA, malondialdehyde, and fasting glucose levels were significantly higher while the HDL cholesterol levels were lower in obese population., Conclusions: IMA levels increase in overweight and obese subjects., (Copyright © 2010 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: We described an automated technique for measurement of serum nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)) using the Cobas Mira clinical chemistry analyzer., Design and Methods: NO(x) was measured by the modified Griess method. Precision, accuracy, linearity, instrument carry-over and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) were assessed., Results: The automated technique for measurement of serum NO(x) was linear, precise, and accurate. It has a LLOQ of 2.0 μmol/L., Conclusion: Serum NO(x) measured by the modified Griess method can be applied easily to the Cobas Mira clinical chemistry analyzer., (Copyright © 2010 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To investigate the role of the oxidative stress and the antioxidant system as well as the influence of the manganese superoxide dismutase (Ala16Val) polymorphism on hypercholesterolemia., Design and Methods: Levels of glucose, lipid, high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), carbonyl protein, thiols, reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and vitamin C, vitamin E, as well as the presence of the manganese superoxide dismutase (Ala16Val) polymorphism were determined in 40 subjects with hypercholesterolemia and 40 controls., Results: Lipid profile, hs-CRP, glucose, TBARS, carbonyl protein, CAT, and vitamin E were significantly higher in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. In contrast, GSH and SOD were lower. TBARS, carbonyl protein, thiols, CAT, and vitamin E were significantly higher in hypercholesterolemic subjects with VV genotype for MnSOD, while GSH, SOD, and vitamin C were lower in these subjects., Conclusions: We suggest an association between the genotypes of MnSOD, hypercholesterolemia, and oxidative stress biomarkers., (Copyright (c) 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was assess serum ischemia modified albumin (IMA) in type 2 diabetes patients and determine its correlation with other risk factors for chronic complications such as inflammation and hyperglycemia., Design and Methods: Fasting glucose, glycated albumin, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, uric acid, albumin, lactic acid, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and IMA were measured in 80 patients with type 2 diabetes and 26 controls., Results: Fasting glucose, glycated albumin, triglycerides, creatinine, IMA and hs-CRP were significantly higher in patients with type 2 diabetes. Correlations were weak but significant between IMA and fasting glucose, IMA and hs-CRP, hs-CRP and HDL cholesterol and hs-CRP and fasting glucose were observed., Conclusions: We have shown higher levels of IMA and hs-CRP in type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycemia and inflammation reduces the capacity of albumin to bind cobalt, resulting in higher IMA levels., (Copyright 2009 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), lipids and inflammation biomarkers in patients with hypercholesterolemia, and the possible involvement of IMA in atheromatous plaque development and oxidative stress., Design and Methods: Glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), ox-LDL autoantibodies, high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), and IMA were measured in 37 subjects with hypercholesterolemia and 37 controls., Results: Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, ox-LDL, ox-LDL autoantibodies, hs-CRP, and IMA were higher in the hypercholesterolemia group, and HDL cholesterol levels were lower in this group. We observed significant correlations between IMA and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, ox-LDL antibodies, and hs-CRP levels. Significant correlations were also observed between hs-CRP and total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, ox-LDL, ox-LDL autoantibodies, and triglycerides., Conclusions: Hypercholesterolemia is associated with an increase in inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, and it also reduces the capacity of albumin to bind cobalt owing to ischemia, resulting in an increased IMA. IMA formation appears to be associated with oxidative stress and atheromatous plaque development.