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We used meta-analysis to synthesize 125 studies assessing the responses of rice production to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO]), and the interaction of elevated [CO] with rising temperature or N supply. Elevated [CO] significantly enhanced rice yield by 20 %, despite no significant increase in grain size and harvest index at elevated [CO]. Belowground biomass increased at elevated [CO] to a larger extent than aboveground biomass. Among the Japonica, Indica and Hybrid rice cultivars, Hybrid cultivars generally showed the greatest growth response to elevated [CO]. The maximum enhancement of rice yield was observed at 600-699 ppm [CO] with less benefit in studies with lower or higher elevated [CO] levels. Rice yield responses to elevated [CO] were smaller in FACE compared with the other fumigation methods, largely associated with lower photosynthesis. Increases in rice yield at elevated [CO] were constrained by limited N supply. The detrimental effect of rising temperature on spikelet fertility and harvest index were not be fully counteracted by elevated [CO] effects. Together, the results of this meta-analysis suggest that rising [CO] and warming accompanied by low N supply are unlikely to stimulate rice production, especially with the current trajectory of emissions scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]