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Wallenberg syndrome, or lateral medullar syndrome, is the clinical presentation of the infarct in the territory of posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Its signs and symptoms include vertigo, nystagmus, diplopia, ipsilateral Horner syndrome, facial ruddiness and dry skin, dysphonia, dysphagia, dysarthria, ipsilateral loss of gag reflex, ipsilateral ataxia, ipsilateral impaired taste, ipsilateral facial pain and paresthesia, decreased ipsilateral blink reflex, contralateral hypoalgesia and thermoanaesthesia in the trunk and limbs; and ipsilateral facial hypoalgesia and thermoanaesthesia. Neuroanatomical knowledge is essential to its comprehension, study and diagnosis, because the classic neurological manifestations are easy to explain and understand if function and localization of affected anatomical structures are known as if the posterior cerebral circulation is., (Copyright: © 2020 Permanyer.)

Background: Herniated thoracic intervertebral disc is a rare cause of spinal cord compression. Its frequency varies from 0.15% to 1.7% of all disc herniations, and produces symptoms in 0.5% to 0.8%., Clinical Cases: Case 1. A 50-year-old woman, with pain and burning sensation in left hemithorax of four months of onset. It was treated as a herpetic syndrome, with no improvement. She was seen after thirteen days of exacerbation of clinical symptoms. The physical examination showed asymmetric paraparesis, lower left pelvic limb 1/5, and right pelvic limb 3/5¸ sensory level T8, with left Babinski positive. A thoracic disc herniation in space T8-T9 was diagnosed., Case 2: A 55-year-old patient with a history of presenting pain in lumbar area of 5 years onset. She also had radicular pain that radiated to the right pelvic limb, with intensity 10/10 on a Visual Analogue Scale. Her physical examination showed muscle strength 5/5, with normal sensitivity in all dermatomes and tendon reflexes, and a positive right Babinski. Thoracic disc herniation T7-T8 level was diagnosed., Discussion: Due to anatomical conditions that define this type of hernia, the extracavitary posterolateral approach should be the recommended surgical procedure when the simultaneously performed anterior decompression and fixation with posterior instrumentation are the treatments proposed., Conclusion: Despite the different anatomical structures of this special area, it was possible to obtain satisfactory results for both clinical cases., (Copyright © 2015 Academia Mexicana de Cirugía A.C. Publicado por Masson Doyma México S.A. All rights reserved.)

Background: The recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH) is originated commonly from the anterior cerebral artery. Its extracerebral segment is directed toward the anterior perforate substance where it penetrates the cortex., Methods: The RAH was dissected from 15 human brains from Mexican population, and the presence, length, branches, course and either RHAs or anterior communicating artery complex variants were reported., Results: The RAH was found in 93% of the hemispheres and duplicated in 39% of the hemispheres. The RAH was duplicated in at least a hemisphere in 46.6% of the brains; 40% of the brains had a RAH in every hemisphere. It was duplicated in every hemisphere in 20%. A single artery at a hemisphere was found in 26.6% and double at the other hemisphere. With a length between 13.6 and 36.7 mm (mean: 24.2 mm) and giving rise to 1-9 branches (mean: 3.9 branches), the RAH originated from the juxtacommunicating segment in 44% of the cases, from A2 in 41%, from A1 in 5% and as a branch of the frontopolar artery in 10%. It had an oblique course in 38%, an L in 31%, sinuous in 18% and an inverted L in 13%. In 53.3% of the brains, some variant of the anterior communicating artery complex was found., Conclusions: Because of the common anatomy of the RAH and its variants, we must consider the probability of finding it duplicated; therefore, it is necessary to make minute dissections of the region to locate or to secure the absence of the RAH.