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This study evaluated the action of commercial and non-commercial cellulases and pectinases in the hydrolysis of soybean hulls (SH) and corn stover and cobs (CSC), the effect of temperature and agitation on the lignocellulosic substrate hydrolysis and the bromatological characteristics of hydrolyzed substrates. The effect of pretreatment on the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic residues and bromatological analysis were also evaluated. The highest hydrolytic activity occurred at 300 rpm for SH (47.95 and 51.43% for cellulase and pectinase, respectively) and at 350 rpm for CSC (26.05 and 9.23% for cellulase and pectinase, respectively). Non-commercial enzymes achieved 7.26–30% of the amount of hydrolysis obtained with commercial enzymes, on the same substrates. Pretreatment with 7.5% of NaOH and a particle size of the substrate of 0.5 mm significantly increased the hydrolysis of SH and CSC for both enzymes. The bromatological characteristics showed that soybean hulls hydrolyzed with both commercial cellulase and pectinase have potential for large-scale use in animal feed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pelleting of forest and agricultural materials, mainly because many residues from both industries can be used in this process, has been an alternative in obtaining added value products to energy generation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the energy quality of the pellets produced from forest and agricultural residues as raw materials and to verify the utility of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) in characterizing the behavior of the pellets during the combustion process. Four residues were used: (1) Pinus spp. woodchips, (2) apple pruning residues, (3) aciculated dry branches of Araucaria angustifolia and (4) A. angustifolia empty-seeds. Chemical composition of the raw materials was determined and the physical and energetic properties of the pellets were analysed. Plus, the proximate analysis of the pellets was carried out. The samples were submitted to TGA with a heating rate of 20ºC min-1 from room temperature to 1000ºC, in a N2 atmosphere. The variation of chemical composition of each residue was determinant in the characterization of each stage of the thermal degradation. Stages and events of the degradation were closely linked to the chemical and energetic nature of the samples. Use of TGA to characterize the thermal degradation of the pellets produced with different forest and agricultural residues was demonstrated as an efficient technique to quantify and qualify the events that occurred in each stage of the combustion of these biofuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of hydroethanolic E. japonica seed extracts (EJSE) as inhibitors of lipid and protein oxidation on fish pates subjected to refrigerated storage. Five fish pate formulations were developed. These formulations included two control pates (water-control and ascorbic acid-control) and three pates with added EJSE (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4g of seed 100g-1 product, equivalent to 3.4, 6.8 or 13.6mg phenolic compounds kg-1 product), which were then stored under refrigeration for 35 days. Conjugated dienes (CD) and peroxide (PV) values increased along with the storage time; however, these values decreased and were similar among all samples at the end of 35 days of analysis (P

Liquid pig manure (LPM) is widely used as a compost fertilizer for vegetable crops destined for human consumption. However, these wastes may contain parasites eggs, such as the nematode Ascaris suum, that pose serious health risks to humans. We attempted to determine the most appropriate technique for recovering A. suum eggs from LPM compost. Samples were collected from two waste sources during composting, including 23 samples containing LPM, sawdust, and wood shavings, and 14 samples of LPM alone-both in triplicate. Samples were analyzed using several different recovery methods. Recovery of eggs by the modified Bailenger method with adaptations was significantly more effective and recovered 57% more eggs than by the modified Bailenger method alone. Willis-Mollay method, modified Faust method, and the simple sedimentation technique only recovered 4.4%, 13.9%, and 26% of eggs, respectively, compared with the modified Bailenger method with adaptations, indicating that the adjustments made to the Bailenger method were key to improving the recovery of A. suum eggs from compost and LPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Os agrotóxicos aplicados em lavouras de arroz irrigado podem ser transportados aos mananciais hídricos. A determinação da extensão dessa contaminação é importante para alertar a sociedade e seus governantes para esse problema. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi monitorar a ocorrência de agrotóxicos em águas superficiais de sete regiões do sul do Brasil associadas ao cultivo de arroz irrigado em três épocas, na safra 2007/2008. As amostras de águas superficiais foram coletadas em três locais por região, totalizando 21 locais. Os agrotóxicos avaliados foram: clomazone, quinclorac, penoxsulam, imazethapyr, imazapic, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy-carbofuran, fipronil e tebuconazole. As amostras foram analisadas por LC-MS/MS. Imazethapyr, carbofuran e fipronil foram detectados em todas as regiões estudadas. Foi detectado maior número de agrotóxicos nas regiões da Depressão Central e Planície Costeira Externa à Lagoa dos Patos, com detecção de oito agrotóxicos, dos nove estudados. A Região Sul apresentou a menor contaminação, com a detecção de apenas quatro agrotóxicos. Todas as amostras em todas as épocas continham ao menos um agrotóxico.Pesticides applied in paddy rice can be transported to water bodies. The determination of the contamination extent is very important to alert the society and the politicians about the contamination issue. The objective of this study was to monitor pesticides in surface water in seven regions of south Brazil associated with the rice cropping in three different moments of the 2007/2008 growing season. Surface water samples were collected at three locations per region, with a total of 21 locations. The pesticides evaluated were: clomazone, quinclorac, penoxsulam, imazethapyr, imazapic, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy-carbofuran, fipronil and tebuconazole. The samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Imazethapyr, carbofuran and fipronil were detected in all regions studied. A higher number of pesticides were detected in the 'Depressão Central' and in the 'Planície Costeira Externa à Lagoa dos Patos' regions, with eight pesticides. The 'Região Sul' had the lowest contamination, with detection of only four pesticides in surface water. All samples in all season contained at least one pesticide.

No presente trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito residual dos herbicidas imazaquin (150 e 300g de equivalente ácido ha-1) e alachlor+atrazine (1430+1430 e 2860+2860g ha-1), aplicados respectivamente em soja e milho, visando a determinar o intervalo de tempo mínimo entre a utilização desses herbicidas e a semeadura de canola em rotação após essas culturas. Amostras de solo foram coletadas aos 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após a aplicação (DAA) dos herbicidas no campo e dez sementes de canola foram semeadas em cada vaso. A germinação da canola foi reduzida até 30DAA de imazaquin na dose recomendada (150g de equivalente ácido ha-1) e até 60DAA no dobro da dose recomendada. Em relação ao crescimento das plantas, o imazaquin reduziu em 30 e 32,5% (respectivamente para as doses de 150 e 300g de equivalente ácido ha-1) a produção de biomassa nas plantas crescidas em amostras de solo coletadas aos 15DAA. No entanto, a partir dos 30DAA, não houve nenhum sinal de fitotoxicidade nas plantas. Para alachlor+atrazine, os efeitos sobre a germinação e crescimento foram mais intensos nas amostras coletadas até os 30DAA, mas os sintomas de fitotoxicidade decresceram gradativamente e, a partir dos 90DAA, não se observou nenhum efeito negativo sobre as características avaliadas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a semeadura da canola no campo pode ser feita 90DAA de imazaquin e alachlor+atrazine, sem que haja prejuízos na emergência ou no desenvolvimento da cultura por efeito de resíduos desses herbicidas no soloThe objective of this work was to evaluate the carryover potential of the herbicides imazaquin (150 and 300g eq. acid ha-1) and alachlor+atrazine (1430+1430 and 2860+2860g ha-1), applied respectively to soybeans and corn crops, aiming at determining the smallest period of time between utilization of these products and canola planting date succeding these crops. Soil samples were collected at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after application (DAA) of the herbicides on field and ten canola seeds were sown in each pot. Canola germination was reduced up to 30DAA of imazaquin applied at recommended rate (150g eq. acid ha-1) and up to 60DAA at double the recommended rate. In relation to plant growth, imazaquin inhibited in 30 and 32.5% (rates of 150 and 300eq. acid ha-1, respectively) canola shoot dry biomass production, in soil samples collected at 15DAA. Nevertheless, after 30DAA, no visual symptoms of phytotoxicity were shown. For alachlor+atrazine, the effects on germination and growth were more intense in samples collected up to 30DAA, but phytotoxicity symptoms decreased gradually and after 90DAA no negative effects were observed for the parameters evaluated. The results suggest that canola can be planted 90 days after spraying imazaquin and alachlor+atrazine, with no damage to emergence or crop development derived from residues of these herbicides present in soil.

Foi realizado um ensaio visando a avaliar o efeito residual da mistura pronta fluazifop-p-butil + fomesafen (160+200g ha-1), presente nos solos ARGISSOLO AMARELO (PA) e LATOSSOLO AMARELO (LA), no crescimento de abóbora, pepino, milho e maracujá, utilizados como plantas-teste. Verificou-se que não houve diferença com relação à matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas-teste dentro do mesmo solo, o mesmo se constatando para matéria seca das raízes, com exceção das plantas de maracujá em LA. Independentemente dos solos analisados, o resíduo do herbicida presente no substrato resultou em redução de plantas daninhas de folhas largas germinadas, sem contudo reduzir o número total de plantas daninhas.It was carried out an assay in order to evaluate the residual effect of the ready mixture fluazifop-p-buthyl + fomesafen (160+200g ha-1), present in the soils yellow Argisoil (YA) and yellow Latosol (YL), in the increase of pumpkin, cucumber, maize and passion fruit, used as test plant. It was not verified difference in relation to dry matter of the aerial part of test plant in the same soil, the same was verified to dry matter of the root, excepted passion fruit in La. Independently of the analyzed soils, the herbicide residues present in the substrate resulted in reduction of germinated broadleaved weed, without reducing the total number of weed.

This study investigated the effects of hydroethanolic E. japonica seed extracts (EJSE) as inhibitors of lipid and protein oxidation on fish pates subjected to refrigerated storage. Five fish pate formulations were developed. These formulations included two control pates (water-control and ascorbic acid-control) and three pates with added EJSE (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4g of seed 100g-1 product, equivalent to 3.4, 6.8 or 13.6mg phenolic compounds kg-1 product), which were then stored under refrigeration for 35 days. Conjugated dienes (CD) and peroxide (PV) values increased along with the storage time; however, these values decreased and were similar among all samples at the end of 35 days of analysis (P<0.05). However, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels (TBARS) did not change along the storage and were not affected by the EJSE. Additionally, there was a linear increase in the protein carbonyl content of fish pates over the storage period (P<0.05), but no effect of EJSE on protein oxidation. The results show that, at the concentrations evaluated, hydroethanolic E. japonica seed extract was unable to inhibit or reduce lipid and protein oxidation in fish pates, but the observed phenolic content emphasizes the need for further studies on the wastes of this fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides applied in paddy rice can be transported to water bodies. The determination of the contamination extent is very important to alert the society and the politicians about the contamination issue. The objective of this study was to monitor pesticides in surface water in seven regions of south Brazil associated with the rice cropping in three different moments of the 2007/2008 growing season. Surface water samples were collected at three locations per region, with a total of 21 locations. The pesticides evaluated were: clomazone, quinclorac, penoxsulam, imazethapyr, imazapic, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy-carbofuran, fipronil and tebuconazole. The samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Imazethapyr, carbofuran and fipronil were detected in all regions studied. A higher number of pesticides were detected in the 'Depressão Central' and in the 'Planície Costeira Externa à Lagoa dos Patos' regions, with eight pesticides. The 'Região Sul' had the lowest contamination, with detection of only four pesticides in surface water. All samples in all season contained at least one pesticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]