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ABSTRACT: This research aimed to understand the subject regarding the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals and food production through literature reviews covering the timespan from 2001 to 2021. Methodologically, this paper is framed as a literature review and uses the Scopus platform to get to the database, selecting 243 papers. The results pointed out that the United States presented the highest number of published documents (126). When it comes to the origin of affiliation, the universities located in the Netherlands (University of Wageningen) and Canada (University of Guelph) present together the highest number of published documents (24). Among the keywords, the most frequent are food safety, followed by the food supply, sustainability, and climate change. Finally, regarding the main subjects tackled during the analyzed time period, it was verified that the issues concerning public policies, land use, and food safety were discussed throughout the entire timespan. In turn, the most recent period, mainly covering the articles published from the year 2021 on, inserts into the discussion agenda the aspects of Covid-19, the pandemic, and its impacts, especially influenced by the setting experienced worldwide. At the same time, other subjects less discussed took the spotlight, also emerging from the Covid-19 pandemic, such as digital agriculture and digital technology, which began to have major relevance. At last, it is possible to infer that reaching sustainable development goals is even more challenging under a pandemic context experienced by all the countries from 2020 to the present day.

ABSTRACT: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a compound known for its direct action on the prostate. Prostatic morphogenesis is a critical period when interference by any compound could permanently damage the organ. As such, the present study evaluated the morphological aspects resulting from gestational and lactational administration of BPA, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and genistein (GEN) in prepubescent male rats. Pregnant Sprague Dawley females were allocated into 4 experimental groups and received the following: C: Control (no treatment); B: BPA (10 µg/Kg); BG: BPA+GEN (5 mg/Kg); BI: BPA+I3C (20 mg/Kg) from gestation day (GD) 17 to postnatal day (PND) 21. After euthanasia on PND22, the prostate was collected and processed. When administered alone, BPA reduced the stromal compartment when compared to group C (P = 0.039). This decline was reversed in the groups submitted to GEN (P = 0.019) or I3C (P = 0.017). The groups treated with BPA (P < 0.0001) and the phytoestrogens (P < 0.0001) exhibited decreased epithelial height in relation to the control group. These changes were observed in stereological and morphometric analyses, but not in fractal analysis (P = 0.569). The area occupied by collagen increased in groups treated with BPA (P < 0.0001) and phytoestrogens (P < 0.0001) in relation to controls, while collagen distribution values were higher in all the treated groups (P < 0.0001), according to fractal analysis. Thus, BPA induced prostrate stroma remodeling with no influence from the phytoestrogens, which may affect glandular development and cause histopathological changes in adulthood.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a compound known for its direct action on the prostate. Prostatic morphogenesis is a critical period when interference by any compound could permanently damage the organ. As such, the present study evaluated the morphological aspects resulting from gestational and lactational administration of BPA, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and genistein (GEN) in prepubescent male rats. Pregnant Sprague Dawley females were allocated into 4 experimental groups and received the following: C: Control (no treatment); B: BPA (10 µg/Kg); BG: BPA+GEN (5 mg/Kg); BI: BPA+I3C (20 mg/Kg) from gestation day (GD) 17 to postnatal day (PND) 21. After euthanasia on PND22, the prostate was collected and processed. When administered alone, BPA reduced the stromal compartment when compared to group C (P = 0.039). This decline was reversed in the groups submitted to GEN (P = 0.019) or I3C (P = 0.017). The groups treated with BPA (P < 0.0001) and the phytoestrogens (P < 0.0001) exhibited decreased epithelial height in relation to the control group. These changes were observed in stereological and morphometric analyses, but not in fractal analysis (P = 0.569). The area occupied by collagen increased in groups treated with BPA (P < 0.0001) and phytoestrogens (P < 0.0001) in relation to controls, while collagen distribution values were higher in all the treated groups (P < 0.0001), according to fractal analysis. Thus, BPA induced prostrate stroma remodeling with no influence from the phytoestrogens, which may affect glandular development and cause histopathological changes in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) and Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner are important soybean defoliators. The chemical control of A. gemmatalis has been easier and more effective than that of C. includens. It is hypothesized that C. includens is natural tolerant to insecticides. This study quantified and compare the susceptibility of C. includens and A. gemmatalis to the insecticides flubendiamide, methomyl, and spinetoram. A susceptible population of each species, maintained under laboratory conditions without insecticides selection pressure for more than 17 generations, was used. Ingestion bioassays using five to eight concentrations of each insecticide applied on the artificial diet surface were used to estimate the LC50 and LC99 (LC = Lethal Concentration). The tolerance ratio (TR) was calculated by dividing the LC50 or LC99 of the most tolerant species by the respective value of the most susceptible species. Chrysodeixis includens was more tolerant to all insecticides tested than A. gemmatalis, with TR50 values of 45.9-, 10.0- and 2.6-fold for methomyl, flubendiamide, and spinetoram. These findings indicated that the risk of evolution of resistance may be higher for C. includens than A. gemmatalis due to differential survival when exposed to the same dose of insecticide applied in soybean fields. Therefore, to improve the control of both species, integrated pest management (IPM) and insect resistance management (IRM) strategies should be considered to avoid control failures in field conditions.

ABSTRACT: Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner: 1818) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is one of the main pests that affect soybean crops, causing defoliation. In the vegetative stages, defoliation occurs together with weeds, and in the reproductive stages with pathogens. In this sense, to maintain plant health, it is necessary to carry out the combined use of pesticides. Thus, this research determined the compatibility of the entomopathogenic virus AgMNPV with the main herbicides and fungicides used in soy at different times of the mixture. The artificial diet was immersed in the solutions of the pesticides and their mixtures and supplied to A. gemmatalis caterpillars, immediately and after one and two hours of mixing. The evaluation was performed by quantifying the number of dead caterpillars by mixing the AgMNPV virus with herbicides and fungicides, even after two hours of mixing if compatible. The observed scenarios showed a compatibility of the virus with the herbicides and fungicides, with mortality rates between 70 to 99% for A. gemmatalis.

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the effects of coffee cultivation with two different water regimes associated or not with liming and the presence/absence of brachiaria as intercrop on the activities of the soil enzymes β-glucosidase, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase. The study was carried out at the experimental farm of Embrapa Cerrados, using the cultivar IAC 144 (Coffea arabica L.), under a clayey dystrophic Cerrado Oxisol. Two water regimes (WR) were considered, WR1 with irrigation shifts throughout the year and WR3 with controlled water stress, for about 70 days, in the dry season. In each water regime, effects of lime application (with/without) and the presence/absence of brachiaria cultivated between the lines of coffee plants were evaluated. The activities of the enzymes β-glucosidase, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase were evaluated during the rainy and dry seasons. Liming and intercropped brachiaria positively affected the activities of the three enzymes assessed in this study at varying degrees, depending on season and/or the WR. Our findings evidenced that intercropped brachiaria in coffee rows was the factor that most positively impacted soil enzymes activities.

ABSTRACT: The Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) is a small odontocete distributed from Santa Catarina state, Brazil, to Honduras. Although it is currently considered “near threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, considerable knowledge on health and disease aspects of this species has been gained over the last decade. The main threats for the species are represented by multiple anthropic factors. Guiana dolphins feed on a variety of taxa, primarily teleosts, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Herein, we reported a case of severe laryngeal displacement and esophageal impaction with ulceration associated with a deglutted adult leatherjacket (Oligoplites sp.). This fish species is not a common prey item of Guiana dolphins’ diet. Severe upper aerodigestive compromise likely led to death by mechanical asphyxia (choke) in this dolphin. This report attested the occurrence of upper aerodigestive dysfunction due to overzealous feeding in Guiana dolphin and contributed to general knowledge on pathology of the species.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of millet and corn oil additions to sorghum-based diets on the performance, carcass yields and prime cuts (i.e., wings, breasts, thighs and drumsticks) and the relative weights of edible offal (i.e., gizzard, heart, and liver) of broiler chickens. A total of 684 Hubbard Flex chickens, including 342 broilers of each sex, were housed. The design was completely randomized, and the following diets were supplied: A) sorghum and soybean meal + soybean oil (control); B) sorghum and soybean meal + corn oil; and C) sorghum and soybean meal + millet and soybean oil. Six replicates with 38 birds each (19 males and 19 females) were evaluated regarding each experimental diet. At 14, 21, 35 and 42 days of age, the feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and viability of the chickens were evaluated. At 42 days, the live weight, carcass yield, prime cuts and relative weight of the edible offal were measured. The dietary inclusion of either millet or corn oil did not affect any of the parameters. In conclusion, additions of millet and corn oil to sorghum-based diets of broilers do not compromise poultry performance.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of the use of a lactation induction protocol in Holstein heifers. Were collected data of nutritional, reproductive and sanitary management pre and post-lactation period from 30 induction heifers (IG) and 30 pregnant heifers (CG). All animals were inseminated around 14 months of age and started lactation at 23±4 months. The animals of IG were heifers do not pregnant after two inseminations and natural service e were induced to lactation according to protocol: from the 1st to the 8th day, 30 mg of estradiol benzoate were administered daily, together with 300 mg of progesterone. From the 9th until the 14th, animals only received daily doses of 20 mg estradiol benzoate. On 16th day, 0.56 mg of sodium cloprostenol was administered and injections of 40 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate were administered daily from the 19th to the 21st day. On the 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd day, the animals received a dose of sometribove zinc. The animals of CG were managed according to the farm routine. The costs of the CG during pre and post lactation (nutrition, sanitary, reproduction management) e were higher than the IG, however, when evaluating the economic viability due to lower milk production, the induced group did not leave profit in the first year of use. When comparing the lactation induction with the sale of animals that did not conceive and purchase of animals for replacement, this last scenario showed itself as a better alternative.

ABSTRACT: The present research aimed to investigate the stabil¬¬ity of pellets and phosphorus leaching of diets formulated for juveniles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), with different sources of phosphorus and different exposure times in water. Six diets were elaborated by varying the source of phosphorus (1 ‒ dicalcium phosphate (DP); 2 ‒ meat and bone meal (MBM); 3 ‒ poultry meal (PM); 4 ‒ anchovy meal (AM); 5 ‒ tilapia filleting industrial meal (TM); 6 ‒ calcined bone meal (CBM)) and, then, were submitted to four exposure times in water (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes), with three replicates. Thus, 72 aquariums of 30‒liters were used, each being an experimental unit. All diets were evaluated for electrical conductivity of water, turgidity of pellets, mineral matter leaching, flotation of pellets, and total phosphorus leaching. Only turgidity and flotation of pellets varied with the different sources of phosphorus in the diets. The MBM diet had the highest turgidity of pellets. The PM, AM, and CBM diets had the highest flotation of pellets. The total phosphorus leaching had a linear effect with the increase of the exposure time, showing a greater release of phosphorus in the water with increase of exposure time. Data showed that PM, AM, and CBM diets had less potential impact on the aquatic environment. Conversely, the TM diet has greater polluting potential. These results showed that diets formulated with different sources of phosphorus exhibit distinct actions in the water, providing different effects on the fish culture environment.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine among nine temperature-humidity index (THI) equations, the one that best represents the effects of heat stress on crossbred dairy calves reared in a tropical environment. Twelve male and female calves, aged 20 to 60 days, and raised in a tropical pen were evaluated. Respiratory (RR) and heart rates (HR), rectal (RT), body surface (BST), dry bulb (Tdb) and wet bulb (Tbw) temperatures, partial vapor pressure (Pv), relative humidity (RH) and dew point temperature (Tpo) were quantified in the morning and afternoon. Nine THI equations were calculated. The highest correlation between physiological variables and this was used to select the best THI equation. Averages for nine THI equations, Tdb, Twb, Pv, Tdp, RR, HR, RT, and BST were higher in the afternoon than in the morning, whereas that for RH was the opposite. The highest values for RT occurred at temperatures above 26.4°C and when humidity was below 55.5%. The Tdb and Pv correlations with RR (0.697 and 0.707), RT (0.703 and 0.706) and BST (0.818 and 0.817) were significant and positive, whereas the RH correlations with the same physiological variables were significant and negative (-0.622, -0.590 and -0.638, respectively). The best index was the THI sensible heat-based ( T H I = 3.43 + 1.058 x T d b - 0.293 x R H + 0.0164 x T d b x R H + 35.7), which was significantly correlated with RR (r=0.668 and r²=0.446), HR (r=0.259 and r²=0.067), RT (r=0.693 and r²=0.479) and BST (r=0.807 and r²=0.650). In conclusion, the THI sensible heat-based equation best represents the effects of heat stress on crossbred dairy calves reared in a tropical environment.

South Brazil produces colonial cheese based on Italian immigration recipes. This study characterized colonial cheese produced in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The sampling method was by conglomerate. A total of 293 rural producers were interviewed; they also provided cheeses for physicochemical and microbiologicanalyses. For the characterization of colonial cheese, parameters related to milk, processes, social aspects, physical aspects and ingredients were selected and cluster analysis was performed. Results showed that the colonial cheese is made with whole milk, rennet and salt, with a round shape, weighing an average of 1.22 kg, with an average maturation of 9.4 days, high moisture, fat, using raw or pasteurized milk. The recipe is familiar, passed down through generations and the sale is made directly to the consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The present study aims to investigate garlic, pepper and coriander plant extract as well as neem and orange peel essential oil effective ness to control Alternaria alternata and Alternaria dauci and their efficiency during carrot seeds germination and emergence. A completely randomized design was used in three different experiments. The first experiment evaluated the effect of plant extracts and essential oils on the incidence of A. alternata and A. dauci . It was done by means of a factorial design applied to five treatments (garlic, pepper, coriander, and neem and orange peel essential oils) at three concentrations (10, 20 and 30%).They also evaluated the controls untreated and with fungicide (Thiram).The second experiment evaluated the effect of the treatment at30% concentration on the germination and emergence of seedlings assessed on trays, and in the third experiment, the presence of A. alternata and A. dauci on the pericarp, endosperm and on the embryo. A. alternata showed higher incidence than A. dauci. The garlic extract and the orange essential oil showed the potential to control A. dauci and A. alternata, because their lower concentrations were able to sufficiently reduce the incidence of these fungi and because they do not affect carrot seeds germination and emergence. A. alternata conidia were found on the embryo (8%), pericarp (17%) and endosperm (31%).

RESUMO: Este estudo investigou os aspectos biológicos de Dichelops melacanthus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em três temperaturas (19±1°C, 25±1°C e 31±1°C), alimentados com grãos imaturos de milho 2B688Hx (expressa a proteína inseticida Cry1F, para o controle de lepidópteros-alvo) e 2B688. Foi observado que a temperatura de 19±1°C prejudicou o desenvolvimento de D. melacanthus, pois, nessa condição, foi registrada a maior taxa de mortalidade das ninfas, menor peso de adultos e as fêmeas não ovipositaram. Por outro lado, a duração da fase jovem, mortalidade, peso de adultos, fecundidade e viabilidade de ovos não diferiu entre as temperaturas 25±1°C e 31±1°C. Também foi demonstrado que os aspectos biológicos dos percevejos alimentados com grãos imaturos de milho 2B688Hx não diferiram dos que se desenvolveram com a isolinha 2B688. Este estudo comprova que D. melacanthus desenvolve-se melhor em condições de temperaturas mais elevadas (até 31±1°C), e o fato de se alimentar com grãos imaturos de milho 2B688Hx não afeta o seu desenvolvimento.

ABSTRACT: Brazilian pine seeds (pinhão) are gluten-free seeds produced by the native pine species named Araucaria angustifolia. In this study, gluten-free cake mixes composed of Brazilian pine seed flour and rice flour were developed. The cake mixes were produced following a Simplex Centroid experimental design, with rice flour and Brazilian pine seed flour contents ranging from 50 to 100% and from 0 to 50%, respectively. Mixes were analyzed for chemical composition, apparent paste viscosity, and particle size distribution. The resulting cakes were analyzed for sensory acceptance, texture, specific volume and chemical composition. The Brazilian pine seed flour showed a peak viscosity on heating of 1.761Pa.s against 4.747Pa.s for the 100% rice flour sample. The variation of firmness of cakes decreased with increasing percentage of Brazilian pine seed flour. Cakes containing Brazilian pine seed flour at 25-37.5% of the formulation presented highest overall acceptance.

ABSTRACT: The high intensity ultrasound-assisted extraction (HIU) is one of the most simple, quick and efficient techniques for the extraction of phenolic and other antioxidant compounds from plants. This is the first application of HIU for the extraction of these compounds from goldenberry fruit. The HIU and conventional extraction techniques showed similar results regarding to phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. However, the time required for HIU extraction (5min) was 24 times lower than conventional extraction (120min). Phenolic compounds reported were chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and rutin. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were used for evaluation of extracts and the results showed that in a wide range of concentration, the extract maintains cell viability, thus indicating the possibility to use it as food with safety.

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the solubilization and nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) of controlled release nitrogen fertilizers in irrigated rice, compared to urea. It was developed under semi-controlled conditions, including five treatments: Control, Splitted Urea (pre-sowing and topdressing), Pre-sowing urea, and Polymer Coated Urea (PCU) with 60-day and 90-day release. PCUs did not maintain high NH4 + and NO3 - levels in solution over a longer period than urea. NUE of PCUs was similar to uncoated urea, not increasing nutrient release in irrigated rice field.

Telenomus remus releasing numbers may vary depending on the crop, plant architecture and/or the plant phenological stage. Thus, we examined the number of parasitoids needed for effective pest control of Spodoptera frugiperda on corn, cotton and soybean. In all crops, the parasitism response in relation to increasing numbers of the parasitoids had a quadratic effect. In corn, the maximum parasitism observed was 99.8% and 96.8% at a parasitoid releasing number of 0.231 and 0.264 T. remus females per S. frugiperda egg at phenological stages V4 and V10, respectively. Differently, in cotton and soybean, the highest parasitim were recorded using the highest tested T. remus releasing numbers (0.297 parasitoid per S. frugiperda egg). In cotton, it was 77.8% and 73.1% at the vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively and in soybean, it was 77.3% and 54.4% also at the vegetative and reproductive stages. Thus, the appropriated T. remus releasing number might vary accordingly to the crop and plant phenological stage, being higher for soybean and cotton and lower for corn.O número de Telenomus remus a ser liberado pode ser variável, dependendo de cada cultura, da arquitetura da planta e/ou do seu estágio fenológico. Assim, foi examinado o número de parasitoides necessários para obter o controle efetivo de Spodoptera frugiperda em milho, algodão e soja. Em todas as culturas, a resposta do parasitismo em relação ao número crescente de parasitoides teve um efeito quadrático. Em milho, o parasitismo máximo observado foi de 99,8% e 96,8% em um número de parasitoides liberados de 0,231 e 0,264 fêmeas de T. remus por ovo de S. frugiperda nos estádios fenológicos V4 e V10, respectivamente. Diferentemente, em algodão e soja, os maiores parasitismos foram verificados liberando o maior número de fêmeas de T. remus testados (0,297 fêmeas por ovos de S. frugiperda). Em algodão, foi 77,8% e 73,1% nos estágios vegetativo e reprodutivo, respectivamente e, em soja, foi 77,3% e 54,4% também nos estágios vegetativo e reprodutivo. Assim, o número apropriado de T. remus a ser liberado pode variar de acordo com a cultura e com o estágio fenológico da planta, sendo mais elevado para soja e algodão e mais baixo para milho.

Trials were carried out in Paraúna, Goiás, Brazil, to evaluate the impact of whitefly on soybean yield. The experimental design was a randomized block, with four treatments and four replications (10m x 20m). The treatments were different levels of infestation, managed by applying insecticide at different timing; the control was kept free of insects by weekly insecticide spraying. The number of insects per leaflet was evaluated weekly, and at harvest the yield (kg ha-1) and the weight of 100 seeds (g) were recorded. The soybean was tolerant to whitefly, since only the treatment where nymphs per leaflet reached 136.31±26.60 (treatment without the use of insecticides) was sufficiently severe to cause yield loss. This loss was likely associated with the sooty mold, caused by the fungus Capnodium sp. that develops in the sugary secretion produced by the whitefly on the surface of plant leaves. Therefore, insecticides should only be sprayed when a whitefly infestation is sufficiently severe to trigger the growth of sooty mold. The relationship between insect number per leaf and the growth of sooty mold still needs to be determined for different soybean cultivars, as well as for different environmental conditions.Experimentos foram conduzidos em Paraúna, Goiás, Brasil, avaliando o impacto da mosca-branca na produção de soja. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições (10m x 20m). Os tratamentos foram diferentes níveis de infestação, obtidos pela aplicação de inseticidas em diferentes momentos; a testemunha foi mantida livre do ataque da praga, aplicando-se inseticida semanalmente. O número de insetos por folíolo foi avaliado semanalmente e, na colheita, foi avaliada a produtividade (kg ha-1) e o peso de 100 sementes (g). A soja foi tolerante à mosca-branca, visto que apenas o tratamento em que as ninfas por folíolo atingiram a média de 136,31±26,60 (tratamento sem aplicação de inseticidas) foi severo o suficiente para causar perdas de produtividade. Essa perda foi provavelmente associada à formação de fumagina, causada pelo fungo Capnodium sp., que se desenvolve nas secreções açucaradas produzidas pela mosca-branca na superfície das folhas. Portanto, inseticidas precisam apenas ser aplicados quando a infestação de mosca-branca for severa o suficiente para propiciar a formação de fumagina. Entretanto, a relação entre o número de insetos por folíolo e a formação de fumagina ainda precisa ser determinada para diferentes cultivares, assim como para diferentes condições ambientais.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do material genético, clones e espécies, e da classe de diâmetro nas características de crescimento, composição química, densidade básica e a estimativa de massa seca de madeira. Foram avaliados quatro clones e cinco espécies, aos quatro anos de idade, de Eucalyptus procedentes da empresa RIMA Industrial S.A. Foram avaliadas cinco árvores por clone e espécie em três e quatro classes diamétricas, respectivamente. Avaliaram-se as características individuais de crescimento da árvore, a densidade básica, a estimativa de massa seca, o teor de lignina, extrativos totais, holocelulose e cinzas. O volume, com e sem casca, e a estimativa de massa seca apresentaram efeito significativo de material genético (clone e espécie) e classe diamétrica. O teor de lignina não foi influenciado significativamente pelo material genético e classe diamétrica. A densidade básica apresentou efeito significativo de classe diamétrica para os clones e de material genético para as espécies. O teste de identidade de modelos somente foi não significativo para a estimativa de massa seca para as espécies, possibilitando usar a equação comum independente da espécie. Os clones apresentaram madeira mais homogênea, com menor densidade básica, extrativos totais e lignina total e maior teor de holocelulose, características mais adequadas à produção de polpa celulósica. As espécies apresentaram madeira mais heterogênea, com maior densidade básica, estimativa de massa seca, extrativos totais e lignina total e menor teor de cinzas e holocelulose, características desejáveis à produção de bioenergia

Uma das limitações para sustentabilidade do sistema de cultivo em plantio direto é a rápida decomposição da matéria seca. Um dos mecanismos conhecidos para minimizar este processo e potencializar a permanência da palhada no solo é alterar as vias metabólicas dos polímeros de lignina com aplicação de subdoses de herbicida, interferindo diretamente na resistência à degradação dos restos vegetais pelos microrganismos. Com este objetivo, o herbicida Verdict*R (haloxyfop-methyl) foi aplicado em subdoses nas plantas de aveia-preta e o efeito correlacionado com a altura das plantas, produtividade da matéria seca e metabolismo de lignina. Ensaios preliminares em casa de vegetação foram realizados para determinar as faixas de subdoses a serem aplicadas no experimento definitivo em campo. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram aumento de 24% na produtividade de matéria seca dos experimentos conduzidos em casa de vegetação com a aplicação de 3,125g do ingrediente ativo de haloxyfop-methyl por hectare (i.a. ha-1) nesta subdose, não foram observadas alterações na altura e no metabolismo de lignina nas plantas de aveia-preta. No campo, a concentração de 2,5g i. a. ha-1 do haloxyfop-methyl já foi suficiente para reduzir em 9% a taxa de lignificação sem interferir na altura e produtividade das plantas, sendo este resultado favorável à velocidade de degradação da palhada no plantio direto

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de diferentes níveis de injúria nos estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento das plantas de soja. Os experimentos foram realizados em duas diferentes safras agrícolas em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com 11 tratamentos na primeira e 10 tratamentos na segunda safra, e quatro repetições. A cultivar utilizada foi a 'BRS 133' e os níveis de injúria foram: 1-Testemunha; 2-Remoção de 1 cotilédone; 3-Remoção de ambos os cotilédones; 4-Remoção de ambos os cotilédones + 1 folha unifoliolada; 5-Remoção de ambos cotilédones + ambas as folhas unifolioladas; 6-Remoção de 1 folha unifoliolada; 7-Remoção de ambas as folhas unifolioladas; 8-Corte abaixo das folhas unifoliadas; 9-Remoção do broto das folhas trifolioladas; 10-Desfolha total; 11-Desfolha total + remoção da gema apical (apenas no primeiro ensaio). A injúria foi realizada manualmente e inseticidas foram aplicados semanalmente para impedir injúria por insetos. Os resultados evidenciaram que a produção de soja foi reduzida somente quando a injúria foi severa o suficiente para provocar a redução do estande em consequência da morte de plantas. Isso ocorreu nos tratamentos 5, 10 e 11. Nos demais tratamentos, as plantas foram capazes de se recuperar, o que comprova que o nível de ação de 30% de desfolha que é recomendado para iniciar o controle é seguro e deve ser respeitado pelos sojicultores.This study evaluated the effects of different soybean injury levels at early growth stages of the plants. The experiments were carried out in two different growing seasons, using a randomized complete block design, with 11 treatments in the first and 10 treatments in the second season, and four replications. The 'BRS 133' soybean cultivar was used, and the injury levels tested were: 1-Control; 2-Removal of 1 cotyledon; 3-Removal of both cotyledons; 4-Removal of both cotyledons + 1 unifoliate leaf; 5-Removal of both cotyledons + both unifoliate leaves; 6-Removal of 1 unifoliate leaf; 7-removal of both unifoliate leaves; 8-Cut below unifoliate leaves; 9-Removal of trifoliate leaf sprouts; 10-Total defoliation; 11-Total defoliation + removal of apical bud (only in the first trial). Injury was manually imposed, and insecticides were applied weekly to prevent injury by insects. The results showed that the soybean yield was reduced only when the injury was severe enough to cause plant stand reductions as a consequence of plant death. This occurred for treatments 5, 10 and 11. Under the other treatments, the soybean plants were able to recover. These findings show that the recommended economic threshold of 30% defoliation to initiate pest control is safe, and should be accepted by growers.

O sucesso das liberações de Trichogramma spp. depende basicamente do conhecimento das características bioecológicas do parasitoide e da sua interação com o hospedeiro alvo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a preferência hospedeira de T. pretiosum entre os ovos de S. frugiperda, S. albula, S. eridania, A. gemmatalis, P. includens, D. saccharalis e A. kuehniella. Para os testes de preferência, foram instaladas arenas com garrafas de polietileno e, em cada uma delas, foi colocada uma cartela com ovos de duas espécies de hospedeiros e uma fêmea do parasitoide por 24 horas. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o parasitismo (%) e a emergência (%). As fêmeas de T. pretiosum apresentaram preferência pelos ovos de A. kuehniella. No entanto, nos ensaios com A. gemmatalis X P. includens e D. saccharalis X S. frugiperda, não ocorreram diferenças no parasitismo. Assim, pode-se afirmar que, nos teste de livre escolha, na ausência do hospedeiro em que os parasitoides foram multiplicados (A. kuehniella), as fêmeas não apresentaram preferência ao parasitismo, o que indica a existência de condicionamento pré-imaginal do parasitoide. Os resultados da viabilidade dos ovos parasitados por T. pretiosum variaram entre os diferentes hospedeiros testados.The success of Trichogramma spp. releases in biological control programs relies upon the knowledge of the parasitoid bio-ecological characteristics and the parasitoid interaction with the target pest. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate T. pretiosum host preference among eggs of S. frugiperda, S. albula, S. eridania, A. gemmatalis, P. includens, D. saccharalis and A. kuehniella. Polyethylene cages were set to test host preference of T. pretiosum comparing each two groups of host species. The evaluated parameter was parasitism (%) and parasitoid emergence (%). T. pretiosum females parasitized preferably A. kuehniella eggs. However, in the bioassay with A. gemmatalis X P. includens and D. saccharalis X S. frugiperda there was no difference in the parasitism. Then, in the free choice test, in the absence of the host in which the parasitoid was reared (A. kuehniella), T. pretiosum shows no host preference indicating the existence of pre-imaginal conditioning acquired during larval development. The parasitism viability results were variable among the different tested hosts.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic benefit of coffee cultivation, with a focus on the distinction between conventional and irrigated coffee production systems. For the development of the study, the various productive systems were delineated from the data provided by a sample of producers to generate a matrix of average technical coefficients. The methodology used to estimate the operating cost of production is the one used by the Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA). Profitability indicators were also evaluated. Results indicated that the effective operational cost (EOC) incurred in the irrigated production system is higher than that in the conventional system. As regards the cost composition, in the conventional coffee production system, the largest cost incurred is on fertilizers among all inputs, whereas in the irrigated production system, the largest cost incurred is on machinery and equipment that are mainly used in harvesting, for the period 2013-2015. Profitability index of the conventional coffee production system in 2015 was 44.8%, and that of the drip irrigated production system was 49.7%. In 2014, profitability rates were negative for both the conventional (-13.9%) and irrigated coffee production systems (-8.6%). The most preferable choice was found to be the irrigated production system, as it allows reducing the risk of loss in production during prolonged periods of water shortage as well as greater yields due to a larger production of grains.

ABSTRACT: Aiming the selection of rootstocks to produce seedlings, the objective of this study was to quantify the seminiferous propagation in chestnut seeds, with or without incisions. Nine cultivars were used (‘Ibuki’, ‘Isumo’, ‘Kinshu’, ‘Moriwase’, ‘Okuni’, ‘Senri’, ‘Taishowase’, ‘Tamatsukuri’ and ‘Tiodowase’) and two selections (‘KM-1’ and ‘KM-2’) of hybrid chestnut trees (Castanea crenata x Castanea sp.). An incision was held in half of chestnuts and the other half remained intact. Percentage of germination, emergence and root length were quantified. The germinated nuts were transplanted and were quantified the diameter and height of seedlings. Then, the chestnut selections ‘KM-2’ and ‘Jacutinga’ were grafted by the cleft grafting method, and were quantified the percentage of sprouting, besides the diameter and height of grafts. Incisions increase the germination and seedling emergence in most cultivars and selections. ‘Taishowase’ and ‘Tamatsukuri’ stood out over the others to germination, growth of the rootstocks.

A preservação dos agentes de controle biológico no agroecossistema é indispensável para o sucesso do manejo integrado de pragas. Entretanto, o controle químico de pragas ainda é indispensável em diversas culturas. Nesse contexto, a seletividade dos agrotóxicos aos inimigos naturais deve ser sempre considerada na escolha do melhor produto. Portanto, este estudo verificou o impacto causado por diferentes agrotóxicos na emergência do parasitoide de ovos Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), quando aplicados nas fases de larva e pupa (posturas de 100 a 150 ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) seis e 10 dias após o parasitismo, respectivamente). Três ensaios, com 11 tratamentos e cinco repetições, foram conduzidos em laboratório com inseticidas, fungicidas e herbicidas, respectivamente. Cada ensaio foi conduzido com 10 tratamentos de agrotóxicos e água como testemunha seletiva. Todos os produtos fitossanitários foram testados nas doses utilizadas na cultura da soja. Ovos de S. frugiperda parasitados por T. remus foram imersos nos tratamentos por cinco segundos e, após secagem total, foram acondicionados em sacos plásticos até a emergência dos adultos dos parasitoides. A viabilidade do parasitismo foi avaliada, e a redução na emergência dos parasitoides foi classificada segundo as normas da International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC). Os resultados mostraram que os inseticidas do grupo dos reguladores de crescimento, como o flufenoxurom, diflubenzurom e metoxifenozido e também os inseticidas imidacloprido + beta-ciflutrina e acefato, foram seletivos às fases imaturas do parasitoide. Espinosade foi classificado como inócuo para larvas de T. remus. Gama-cialotrina foi levemente nocivo para larvas e inócuo para pupas. Bifentrina e clorpirifós foram, respectivamente, levemente nocivo e nocivo para ambas as fases de desenvolvimento de T. remus. Com relação aos herbicidas testados, 2,4-D, S-metolacloro, flumioxazina, dicloreto de paraquate + diurom, dicloreto de paraquate e glifosato (Roundup Transorb®) foram seletivos. Entretanto, glifosato + imazetapir, clomazona, glifosato (Gliz®), glifosato (Roundup Ready®) foram seletivos para a fase de larva e levemente nocivos (classe 2) para a fase de pupa de T. remus. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos com os fungicidas flutriafol + tiofanato metílico, carbenzadim, trifloxistrobina + tebuconazole e azoxistrobina + ciproconazole, que foram classificados como inócuos. Tiofanato-metílico, tebuconazole e epoxiconazole + piraclostrobina foram levemente nocivos para larvas e inócuos para pupas. Inversamente, epoxiconazole e azoxistrobina foram seletivos para a fase de larva e levemente nocivos para a fase de pupa do parasitoide. Flutriafol foi classificado como levemente nocivo para ambas as fases de T. remus.Biological control agent preservation is crucial to the integrated pest management success. However, chemical control is yet useful for crop production. Thus, pesticide selectivity to beneficial insects is a feature that must always be taken into account in order to choose the best chemical. Therefore, this research studied the impact caused by different pesticides in the egg parasitoid, Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) emergence, when sprayed on the larvae and pupae stage (Egg masses from 100 to 150 eggs of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) six and ten days after the parasitism, respectively). Three trials, with 11 treatments and 5 repetitions, were carried out in the laboratory with insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. Each test was carried out with 10 treatments of chemicals and water as control. All chemicals were tested at rates used in soybean crops. Eggs of S. frugiperda parasitized by T. remus, were immersed in the treatments for five seconds. After completely dry, they were placed in plastic bags until the emergence of adults of parasitoids. The viability of parasitism was evaluated and the reduction in the emergence of the parasitoids classified according to the rules of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC). The results showed that the insect growth-regulating (IGR) insecticides flufenoxuron, diflubenzuron, methoxyfenozide as well as the insecticides imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin and acephate were harmless to the parasitoid immature stages . Spinosad was classified as harmless for larvae of T. remus. Gama-cyhalothrin was slightly harmful to larvae and harmless to pupa of T. remus. Bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos were, respectively, slightly harmful and harmful to both stages of development of T. remus development. Regarding to the tested herbicides, 2,4-D, s-metolachlor, flumioxazin, paraquat dichloride + diuron, paraquat dichloride and glyphosate (Roundup Transorb®) were harmless. However, glyphosate + imazethapyr, clomazone, glyphosate (Gliz®), glyphosate (Roundup Ready®) were harmless to the larvae stage and slightly harmful (class 2) to T. remus pupae. Similar results were obtained with the fungicides flutriafol + tiofanate, carbenzadin, tebuconazol + trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin + ciproconazol which were classified as harmless. Tiofanate-metil, tebuconazol and epoxyconazol + pyraclostrobin were slightly harmful to larvae and pupae. Inversely, epoxyconazol and azoxystrobin were harmless to larvae and slightly harmful to pupae. Flutriafol was classified as slightly harmful to both development stages of T. remus.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a estabilidade física, físico-química e microbiológica da banana passa orgânica das variedades Caipira, Pacovan Ken e Prata Anã, durante 180 dias de armazenamento, bem como ajustar as curvas de secagem. As bananas foram desidratadas em estufa de circulação de ar forçada a 65°C, até umidade final entre 20-25% (b.u.). A variedade Pacovan Ken atingiu a umidade final após 37h de desidratação. O valor da atividade de água, para as três variedades, manteve-se estável aos 180 dias e caracteriza o produto como de umidade intermediária. Não se observou, em nenhum tratamento, variação significativa dos parâmetros físico-químicos pela análise de variância. Houve escurecimento do produto nas três variedades, com perda significativa do brilho (L*) e da intensidade da cor amarela (b*) e aumento da intensidade da cor vermelha (a*) durante o armazenamento. Houve estabilidade microbiológica do produto, com baixa contagem de bolores e leveduras e ausência de Salmonella e coliformes totais a 35°C em todas as variedades, conforme Legislação vigente. A banana passa orgânica apresentou estabilidade comercial nos meses de estudo.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência de lesões nas diferentes regiões do estômago de equinos assintomáticos. Foi realizada avaliação macroscópica dos estômagos, onde foi verificada a natureza da lesão. Na sequência, foram obtidos fragmentos de cinco regiões previamente mapeadas para exame histológico, assim como de outras áreas com lesões. De um total de 21 animais, apenas um apresentou lesão macroscópica isolada na região glandular, seis na região aglandular, 13 em ambas as regiões, enquanto um animal não apresentava lesões. Histologicamente, as alterações mais frequentes foram gastrite (19/21), úlceras (14/21) e erosão (8/21). A maioria dos casos foi de úlcera e erosão agudas, e de gastrite crônica. Os resultados do presente estudo revelam a elevada frequência de lesões no estômago de equinos aparentemente sadios, oriundos de abatedouro.

Objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar o efeito da inclusão de torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) na ração de poedeiras comerciais sobre o desempenho e a qualidade interna e externa dos ovos. Foram utilizadas 200 poedeiras comerciais de 40 a 50 semanas de idade, da linhagem Hy-Line W-36®, com 1543±34g de peso corporal, que foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% de torta de mamona destoxificada na ração) com cinco repetições de oito aves cada. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, a produção, o peso e a massa de ovos e a conversão alimentar. A qualidade interna foi avaliada por meio da unidade de Haugh, percentual de albúmen e de gema. A qualidade da casca foi medida pela espessura, densidade específica e percentual de casca. As variáveis de desempenho foram afetadas pela inclusão da TMD com resposta linear negativa para o consumo de ração e quadrática para produção de ovos, peso do ovo, massa do ovo e conversão alimentar, com os melhores níveis de 10,5, 5,7, 9,2 e 10,3% respectivamente. Não houve efeito significativo da inclusão da TMD para as variáveis de qualidade interna e externa dos ovos. Concluiu-se que a TMD pode ser incluída na ração de poedeiras em até 5,7% para otimizar o desempenho e não alterar a qualidade interna e externa dos ovos.

Objetivou-se avaliar indicadores energéticos de um novo sistema de produção do maracujá amarelo na região de Marília-SP. Foram analisadas as "entradas" de energia de origem biológica, fóssil e industrial e a "saída" energética na forma de frutos produzidos por unidade de área, bem como cinco indicadores energéticos. A entrada energética totalizou 155.810,13 MJ/ha. Os adubos químicos e defensivos responderam por 71% e 24% da energia indireta industrial, respectivamente. A atividade gerou, por ciclo/ha, 587.700,00MJ, sendo a produtividade cultural 0,19MJ kg-1. A eficiência cultural foi de 3,77. A energia cultural líquida totalizou 431.889,87 MJ/ha. A eficiência energética (4.17) e o balanço energético (550.312,91MJ ha-1) foram positivos. Concluiu-se que o consumo de energia direta de origem fóssil, mesmo que significativo, ainda permite a produção do fruto de maneira ambientalmente sustentável. Os adubos químicos e defensivos foram os itens mais representativos da energia indireta industrial, em decorrência da intensificação da adubação como forma de prevenção de doenças.

A persistência do vírus da lagarta-da-soja AgMNPV, produzido de forma bruta (maceração de lagartas) e liofilizada (produto comercial), foi avaliada após a aplicação em plantas de soja seguida de diferentes regimes pluviométricos (0; 10; 20; 30mm) na intensidade de 30mm.hora-1. Essas precipitações foram simuladas com microaspersores, em casa-de-vegetação. Após a simulação, a soja foi oferecida às lagartas zero, três, seis e nove dias após a aplicação (DAP). As plantas, durante esse período, foram mantidas em casa-de-vegetação, protegidas da chuva. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em condições controladas (UR 70±10%, 25±2°C, fotofase de 14h), em esquema fatorial 4 (intensidades de precipitações pluviométricas) x 2 (formulações de vírus, bruta e liofilizada) com quatro repetições, com 30 lagartas cada. Os resultados comprovam que precipitações até 30mm, em 60 minutos, não reduzem a mortalidade das lagartas, causada por AgMNPV em ambas as formas de produção, quando a oferta das folhas às lagartas ocorre no mesmo dia da aplicação. As formas de preparo do AgMNPV influenciaram na persistência do vírus aos seis DAP. Nesta avaliação, a taxa de mortalidade foi superior a 90%, quando o produto bruto foi aplicado e inferior a 50% para o produto liofilizado. Esses resultados indicam que a eficiência de AgMNPV não é afetada por chuvas de até 30mm em uma hora, para ambas as formas de preparo do AgMNPV. Entretanto, ao longo dos dias, o método de preparo bruto apresenta-se mais eficiente, devido à maior persistência sobre a área foliar da soja após a lavagem pela água.

Toxicity (dosage per hectare) of: 1) Baculovirus anticarsia 140x109 cpi; 2) Bacillus thuringiensis 16.8g; 3) Azadirachtin-A, azadirachtin-B, nimbina and salamina 9.6 ppm; 4) Rotenoids 4 liters; 5) Nitrogen 1.3%, phosphorus 3.0% and total organic carbon 8.0% 3 liters; 6) Sodium silicate 2% 4 liters; 7) Copper 7% + calcium 3.3% 1.8 liters; 8) Sulfur 20% + quicklime 10% 1.8 liters; 9) Chlorpyrifos 384g; 10) Distilled H2O (control) were evaluated for pupae and adults of Telenomus podisi. Treatments from 1 to 8 were in general harmless (class 1) to both pupae and adults of T. podisi. Among them, only treatment 5 and 7 presented slightly toxic to the parasitoid with a reduction in parasitism 5 days after F1 parasitoid emergence. Differently, the chlorpyrifos was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) or moderately harmful (class 3). Therefore, the use of the tested organic agricultural supplies in the production of organic soybean is viable, without impairing the natural biological control allowed by this egg parasitoid. Chlorpyrifos use, on the other hand, is not allowed in organic soybean, but even on convention crop production, could whenever possible, be replaced by other products more compatible with T. podisi preservation.

This research aimed to study the effects of different insecticides, herbicides and fungicides on eggs, larvae and pupae of Trichogramma pretiosum. The results showed that studied pesticides had different impact on T. pretiosum. Esfenvalerate 7.5 and spinosad 24.0 grams ha-1 were classified as harmfull (class 4) while clorfluazuron 10.0, methoxyfenozide 19.2, lactofen 165.0, fomesafen 250.0, fluazifop 125.0, glyphosate 960.0 (Gliz® and Roundup Transorb®), azoxistrobin + ciproconazol 60.0 + 24.0, azoxistrobin 50.0 and myclobutanil 125.0 grams ha-1 were chemicals classified as harmless to all imature T. pretiosum stages. All the other chemicals evaluated had different impact on T. pretiosum being classified from harmless (class 1) to harmful (class 4) varying the impact accordingly to the different parasitoid stage. Then, less noxious products should be chosen whenever possible to be used in a soybean IPM program.Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos de diferentes inseticidas, herbicidas e fungicidas em ovos, larvas e pupas de Trichogramma pretiosum. Os resultados mostraram que os pesticidas estudados tiveram efeitos diferentes sobre T. pretiosum. Esfenvalerato 7,5 e espinosade 24,0 gramas ha-1 foram classificados como nocivos (classe 4), enquanto que clorfluazurom 10,0, metoxifenozida 19,2, lactofem 165,0, fomesafem 250,0, fluazifope 125,0, glifosato 960,0 (Gliz® e Roundup Transorb®), azoxistrobina + ciproconazole 60,0 + 24,0, azoxistrobina 50,0 e miclobutanil 125,0 gramas ha-1 foram classificados como seletivos (classe 1) para todas as fases imaturas de T. pretiosum. Todos os demais agroquímicos avaliados tiveram diferentes efeitos em T. pretiosum, sendo classificados de seletivo (classe 1) a nocivo (classe 4), variando o impacto de acordo com as diferentes fases do parasitóide. Portanto, produtos menos nocivos aos inimigos naturais devem ser escolhidos, sempre que possível, para serem usados em um programa de MIP-soja.

This research aimed at studing Telenomus remus Nixon biology reared on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) eggs at different temperatures. Based on the development of the cycle (egg-adult), the thermal requirements and the number of parasitoid generations at constant temperatures were determined. Initially, 24-hour-old S. frugiperda eggs were submitted to parasitism by T. remus during 5 h, being then transferred to acclimatized chambers regulated at 15, 20, 25, 28, 31, and 35°C. The cycle (egg to adult) was influenced by temperature varying from 8.3±0.01 to 47.2±0.01 for females and 8.1±0.01 to 46.8±0.01 days for males at 31 and 15°C, respectively. The emergency (%) was also influenced by temperature. A reduction in emergency was observed at 15°C and no emergency at 35°C. T. remus sex ratio was not influenced by temperature. Sexual rate was not changed by temperature. Regarding to thermal requirements, thermal constant (K) and inferior thermal threshold (Tb) were higher for T. remus females (158.88 degree-days and 12.5°C) when compared to males (154.12 degree-days and 12.6°C). The estimated number of T. remus generation per year for males and females at laboratory conditions was 5.6 and 5.6, 16.9 and 17.3, 28.3 and 29.0, 35.1 and 36.0, 39.6 and 40.7 at 15, 20, 25, 28, and 31oC, respectively.Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a biologia de Telenomus remus Nixon criado em ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) em diferentes temperaturas. Com base no desenvolvimento do ciclo (ovo-adulto), foram determinados as exigências térmicas e o número de gerações dos parasitóides em temperaturas constantes. Inicialmente, ovos de S. frugiperda, com 24 horas de idade, foram submetidos ao parasitismo por T. remus, durante cinco horas, sendo então transferidos para câmaras climatizadas reguladas para as temperaturas de 15, 20, 25, 28, 31 e 35°C. A duração do ciclo (ovo-adulto) foi influenciada pela temperatura variando de 8,3±0,01 a 47,2±0,01 dias para fêmeas e 8,1±0,01 a 46,8±0,01 dias para machos de T. remus nas temperaturas de 31 e 15°C, respectivamente. A porcentagem de emergência (viabilidade) de T. remus em ovos de S. frugiperda também foi influenciada pela variação da temperatura, apresentando redução significativa apenas nas temperaturas extremas. Foi observada redução na viabilidade a 15°C e não houve desenvolvimento biológico do parasitóide a 35°C. A razão sexual de T. remus não sofreu influência da temperatura. Em relação às exigências térmicas, a constante térmica (K) e temperatura base (Tb) foram maiores para as fêmeas de T. remus (158,88 graus dias e 12,52°C) quando comparadas aos machos (154,12 graus dias e 12,59°C). A estimativa do número de gerações anuais para T. remus para machos e fêmeas em condições de laboratório foi respectivamente 5,6 e 5,6; 16,9 e 17,3; 28,3 e 29,0; 35,1 e 36,0; 39,6 e 40,7 nas temperaturas de 15, 20, 25, 28 e 31°C.

Serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae), are polyphagous insects that feed on numerous crops worldwide including potato. Recently, leafminer larvae (Liriomyza trifolii) have become an economically important pest of potato. The larvae eat the mesophyll of leaflets leaving long winding tunnels inside the leaflets. The photosynthetic effects of larval tunneling on the remaining leaf tissue are unknown. In 2003, physiological responses of potato to leafminer, L. trifolii were evaluated in Kearney, Nebraska, USA. The leaflets were examined 7 and 14 days post infestation for leaf area injury, photosynthetic rates and fluorescence. Leafminers caused up to 13% leaf area loss due to leafminer injury with no effect on the photosynthetic rates of the remaining leaf tissue thus having similar effects as other gross tissue removers. However, fluorescence measures revealed changes in the photosynthetic efficiency and depend of the type of injury, it may lead to early leaf senescence. Field monitoring of L. trifolii infestations showed that treatments with abamectin were effective in reducing leafminer numbers and had no immediate effect on beneficial parasitoid from Eulophidae family suggesting that abamectin is a good option for chemical control.Moscas-minadoras, Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae), são pragas polífagas distribuídas por todo o mundo, que se alimentam de diferentes culturas, incluindo a da batata. Recentemente, a mosca-minadora (Liriomyza trifolii) tem tornado-se uma praga importante na cultura da batata. As larvas comem o mesófilo foliar, deixando longas minas no interior das folhas. O efeito na fotossíntese do tecido foliar remanescente das minas é desconhecido. Em 2003, as respostas fisiológicas das plantas de batata à mosca-minadora L. trifolii foram avaliadas no condato de Kearney, Nebraska, EUA. As avaliações de área foliar danificada, fotossíntese e fluorescência foram feitas aos 7 e 14 dias após a infestação. A moscas-minadoras causaram até 13% de área foliar danificada, com nenhuma redução na capacidade fotossintética da área remanescente dos folíolos, tendo, portanto, efeitos semelhantes aos do grupo dos insetos desfolhadores. Entretanto, os resultados de fluorescência revelaram mudanças na eficiência fotossintética e, dependendo do tipo de injúria, esta pode levar a uma senescência precoce da folha. Monitoramentos de campo mostraram que o abamectin é eficiente no controle da mosca-minadora, L. trifolii, com um baixo impacto aos parasitóides da família Eulophidae, podendo ser uma boa opção de controle químico.