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The plant stand is one of the main yield components amending crop productivity, maximizing productive environment for culture. In this sense the objective with this study was to evaluate forage production and chemical composition of two cultivars of common vetch at different densities. The experiment was conducted in 2011, in an area of the Crop Science of the Department of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Treatments consisted of two genotypes of vetch (hairy vetch and common vetch) at four seeding rates (50, 100, 150 and 200 seeds m-2). The experimental design was a randomized blocks design, arranged in (2x4) factorial design with four replications. The ADF values increased with increasing seeding rate, which did not occur for the other qualitative characteristics evaluated. The optimum seeding rate should be adjusted according to the cultivar and cutting, ranging 66-200 viable seeds per square meter. The total dry matter production is maximized when the seeding rate is 136 seeds m-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The annual availability of corn genotype is very large, requiring a proper assessment to be indicated for the production of silage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical characteristics of corn genotypes for silage production, and assess whether the grain genetic basis or hardness may change the indication of corn cultivars for silage. The experiment was conducted at the experimental area of the Universidade Tecnológica Federal of Paraná, in the randomized block design, evaluating 30 genotypes of experiment Super Early South. It was evaluated the chemical characteristics of the genotypes and, after they were grouped according to the characteristics of genetic basis and of grain texture. It was found that the genotypes of the experiment South Super Early cannot be differentiated according to the genetic basis of grain and texture for all trails. However, they can be distinguished by the dry matter silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversification of cultivars and purposes of wheat crop may alter the information management system of crop-livestock integration. Therefore, this research has the objective to verify the performance of dual purpose wheat with different cutting regimes and seeding density. The whet cultivate used were: 'BRS Figueira', 'BRS Guatambu', 'BRS Tarumã' and 'BRS Umbu'. The seeding density was of 50, 200, 350, 500 and 650 seeds for square meter. The phitomorfological and production variables have a different performance depending on as cultivar, management and seeding density. The cultivar 'Figueira' has the highest productive potential yield within the range of densities analyzed for dry mater production in relation to other cultivars The grain yield had significant interaction between cultivars and management (with and without cutting). The cultivars with higher grain yields were, respectively, 'Figueira', 'Umbu', 'Tarumã' and 'Guatambu' in managing blunt, already in the court system the cultivar 'Tarumã' was the one that had the highest grain yield, differing from the others. The most high and significant correlations occurred in plots with and without cutting. The court dropped all values of yield components, and grain yield of all cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivars of the avocado (Persea americana Mill) 'Margarida', 'Fortuna' and 'Geada' have importance in the national and international markets. The present paper had as objective to evaluate the reaction of such cultivars to Phytophthora cinanamomi Rands, the causal agent of avocado root rot. They were inoculated four roots in three different trees, one of each cultivar, in three different points of the root. In the each cultivar, from the four roots, one was used as check, where it was implanted health tissue. The evaluation was held at 120 day after inoculation, observing the roots externally, searching for color alterations and pathogen structures on the root surface region at the inoculated points. Internally, the bark was removed to visualize the alterations at the inoculated points observing alteration in the tissue color and measuring the darking extension (aparent lesion). On the lesion, segments of the root were taken and implanted on a medium of corn meal - agar, incubated to check the colonization in the area without darkness, that is, a-non apparent colonization. From the evaluated cultivars, 'Hass' was the least susceptible to P. cinnamomi when compared with 'Fortuna' and 'Margarida'. It was also observed that this pathogen may show development or colonization on root tissue out of the symptomatic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forage production evaluation according to forage species and period within growing season is important to adjust forage budget. The aim of this trail was to evaluate forage accumulation rate of cool-season annual grasses on four sowing dates. This study was carried out from March 2009 to November 2009 to evaluate forage accumulation rate on cool-season forage grasses (Black oat, rye, ryegrass, wheat, and triticale) on four sowing dates: March llth, April 8th, May 6th, and June 3rd. Forage production was converted into daily accumulation rate. Significant forage species vs sowing date interaction was verified for all variables analyzed, indicating several possible combinations between forage species and sowing date. Highest production were observed for white oats 'UTF Iguaçu' and 'IPR 126', black oat 'IAPAR 61', annual ryegrass cultivars and rye, which presented average of 51.4kg DM/ha after first cut, showing a great performance in terms of forage production and maintenance of their forage production, especially when sowed before early May. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to verify the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract from the Pinus taeda needles on the germination and development of black oat (Avena strigosa) seedlings. The work was carried out at the Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory at the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Pato Branco, using a completely randomized design with factorial distribution in three replicates, under temperature, humidity and light controlled conditions. The extract from the pine needles was composed of five percentages (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) from the crude extract (EB) dilution, composed of distilled water + pine needles in vegetative stage (green needles), moderately decomposed (dry needles) and in advanced decomposition (decomposed needles). The germination percentage, average speed of germination, the length of the primary roots and the length from the seedlings roots of Avena strigosa were evaluated. The stage of green needles affected the variables studied and showed linearly effect with the increasing concentration of the crude extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of imidazolinones herbicides in tolerant rice genotypes can cause injury to rice plant. Integrated management practices, such as, water and nitrogen management could be able to reduce this problem, either reducing the injury or speeding the recovery. For this reason, it was carried out a field experiment with the objective of evaluating the effects of flood and nitrogen topdressing application timing on the rice plant injury caused by the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazethapyr and imazapic (75 and 25g a.i. L-1) at 1.25L ha-1, in the IRGA 422 CL rice cultivar. The experiment was carried out on 2005/06 and 2006/07 growing season, in a lowland area in the city of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial scheme (4x3)+1 with split plot and four replications. The factor A were the flood timing (1, 5, 10 and 15 days after herbicide application - DAT) and the factor B were the topdressing nitrogen application (1, 5 and 10DAT), plus an untreated check. The results showed that in the tolerant rice cultivar, the injury promoted by the use of the herbicide was lower when the nitrogen application was done earlier (until the 5th day after herbicide application) and the flooding was done on the day following the herbicide application or at 15 days after herbicide application, without impact on grain yield. But, regarding to the late flooding (15DAT), this is not a recommendable practice because it can favor the red rice emergence in infested areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological performance represents an opportunity to add market value to wheat, especially considering international market and industrial sector which seek to achieve distinctive quality of their products. Genetic, metereological, and management factors are crucial to obtain the desired quality. With respect to the selection of an adequate cultivar, knowledge about the climatic limitations of the wheat-growing region and soil fertility, and accomplishing the management practices recommended by research can substantially contribute toward obtaining the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that lend quality to flour and flour-based products, as discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the 120-day precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature forecasts by Eta Model over 24 locations around the Mid- Southern of Brazil. The evaluation was based on comparing observed time series of precipitation and temperatures from 1997 to 2002 to 30, 60 and 120-day forecasts of Eta Model over these 24 locations. Mean, median and standard deviation were used in the evaluation. The results show that these forecasts generally underestimate rain and temperature range. The smallest precipitation errors occurred in Itumbiara and Rio Verde, whereas the largest errors occurred in Porangatu and Manduri. The smallest maximum temperature errors occurred in Brasília, Manduri and Piracicaba whereas the largest errors in Barreiras and Porangatu. Despite the systematic errors exhibited by the precipitation and temperature forecasts, these errors can be removed and the corrected values input into the crop models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]