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The purpose of this work was to analyze the characteristics of some eucalypts pulps available in the market, aiming to understand their influence in the properties of the offset papers. Another objective of this work was to show alternatives to reduce the number of laboratory tests in the pulp specifications. Thirteen (13) market pulps (Brazilian and international pulps) were analyzed and the tests applied were as follows: intrinsic viscosity, alkali solubility at 5%, coarseness, numbers of fibers per gram of pulp, average length of fibers, fine fraction by the Dynamic Paper Chemistry Jar (DPCJ), drainability by Schopper Riegler, before refining. Other tests, such as: tensile index, stretch, burst index, tear index, bulk, air resistance, opacity and absorption of water by cappilarity (Klemm) were performed for each type of pulp before refining and for refining levels of 25 ºSR, 30 ºSR, 40 ºSR and 55 ºSR. No evidence of the influence of S5 and intrinsic viscosity was observed at the range of the market pulp properties variation. The Brazilian pulps presented higher initial drainability and required lower PFI revolutions to the same level of refining in comparison to the international pulps. The initial average values of strength indexes: tensile, stretch, burst and tear were higher to the Brazilian pulps. However, this situation was changed at 25 ºSR and other levels of drainability. Due to the higher number of correlations at 30 ºSR, this level of drainability was chosen to determine the pulp characteristics profile. At this level, international pulps showed better values of tensile and tear index, but a higher energy consumption and a lower opacity in comparison to the Brazilian pulps. In addition, this paper suggested the concentration of the lab technical evaluation of pulps on the analysis of opacity, tensile and tear indexes. Such procedure should reduce the number of lab tests as well.

In Brazil, in order to minimize the impact of native forest exploitation for commercial purposes, forest plantations have been implemented mainly with exotic species. The evaluation of these crops as to the environmental impact on attributes that can guarantee their productivity has received more attention in the last years, and in this context, the study of microbiological attributes. This paper assesses the impact of Pinus sp. (pinus) and Araucaria angustifolia (araucária) forest plantations on the microbiological soil attributes and the structure of bacterial communities, which can act as indicators of soil quality. Soil samples have been collected on three areas of the National Forest of Três Barras, in Santa Catarina (SC) state: one area of native forest (F), one area of reforestation with araucária (A) and one area of reforestation with pinus (P). Later on, the soil was chemically and physically characterized and the microbiological analyses were performed, as basal respiration, β-glucosidase and fosfatase enzymatic activity and analysis of bacterial community structure by PCR-DGGE. Low fertility was presented on all three soils collected, highlighting the importance of microorganisms in order to maintain this environment. The β-glucosidase and fosfatase enzymatic activity were higher on the areas F and A, suggesting a higher presence of important microorganisms for nutrients cycling. The analysis of the bacteria community structure resulted in low distinction between the pinus and the araucária areas. This paper presents that based on the microbiological attributes and structure of bacterial communities of soil, in forest plantations of the Atlantic Forest, it is possible to conclude that araucária is the best alternative for reforestation, aiming the maintenance of soil quality.

The objective of this study was to characterize morphometrically seeds, evaluate the treatments of scarification, and germination temperatures and the potential seed storage Triplaris Brasiliana Cham., a pioneer species, with great potential for recovery of degraded areas, permanent preservation, riparian areas and land. For the morphometric characterization, it was determined the length and thickness, mass of 1000 seeds, color, shape and hilum and micropyle location, such embryos, the location and type of germination. The germination test was evaluated from seeds with and without scarification at different temperatures. The storage was tested in glass and paper packaging and in refrigerator, dry chamber and ambient conditions. The embryo is axial, and the embryonic axis in the central part of the seed of the lower half, the germination is epigeal and the seedlings are fanerocotylar. Sowing the seeds scarified on paper subjected to 30 °C were more favorable for germination and development of Triplaris brasiliana seedlings, and seeds sensitive to dehydration (intermediate), while preserving physiological quality for longer when stored in the refrigerator and camera in the packages used.

The algaroba (Prosopis juliflora (Sw) D.C.) is an exotic species whose leaves have great potential for use in human and animal feeding, being highly nutritious, besides being considered efficient in the recovery of degraded areas and impoverished soils. Despite the growing demand for seeds and seedlings of this species, little is known about the physiological quality of their seeds. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize the fruit and seed biometry of the species, as well as to determine the temperatures and substrates for the germination and early development of seedlings. The number of seeds per kilogram and the water content of the seeds were determined. The length, diameter, weight, and number of seeds in each fruit and the thickness, width, length and weight of the seeds were analyzed. In the germination test, three temperatures (20, 30 and 20-30°C) were used under the regime of 14 hours of white light and two substrates (on paper and paper roll). Seed embedding curves, germination, germination speed index, shoot length, root length and seedling dry mass were determined. The biometric data indicate wide variability for the characteristics evaluated for fruits, however, the seeds present less variability. Temperatures of 30 and 20-30 °C and both substrates tested are efficient for conducting the germination test of algaroba seeds in the laboratory.

The altitude swamps in northeast Brazil are areas with divergent microclimates from the context that theyare located, their forest formations are disjunctions of the Atlantic Forest, marooned by the ‘Caatinga’ vegetation, a condition that makes these remaining areas with high biodiversity. Botanical research in remnants forests of Paraíba state, particularly with regard to the redemption of germplasm, are relevant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecophysiology of seeds from native species of the Fabaceae family selected in the CCHSA forest fragment, submitted to thermal stress and monitor their reproductive phenophases. The experiment was conducted at the Seed Laboratory of the CCHSA/UFPB and with the aid of B.O.D germinators, with 8 hours of photoperiod in a randomized experiment design with constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 40°C. The seeds were distributed on a paper towel moistened with distilled water equivalent to three times the weight of the dry paper. Four replicates of 25 seeds were used per treatment. Data of germination and Germination Speed Index (GSI) were submitted to analysis of variance and polynomial regression. The germination of Pterogyne nitens Tul. was affected by the studied temperatures and the temperature range that promoted higher germination percentage between 25 and 40°C. The higher temperature (40°C) markedly increased the germination and vigor of Senegalia tenuifolia L. Britton and Rose. The higher GSI was observed for Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) with the use of 40°C of temperature. The results can indicate the optimum temperature and range temperature for germination and early seedling development of the species studied in its habitat.

The Brazilian species of the Myrtaceae comprises several arborescent and shrubby plants that are used to produce fruit for fresh consumption or industrialization. Information about the seed quality evaluations for these species are scarce in the literature, mainly related to the adequacy of the germination tests. This study tests different substrates and temperatures to test the germination of Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret. (goiaba-serrana), Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg (guabiroba), Eugenia involucrata DC. (cereja-do- mato) and Eugenia pyriformis Camb. (uvaia) seeds. Two seed lots were collected at different locations, one for each species, according to the requirements of the selection matrices. Sand and germitest paper towel rolls substrates were used, moistened with distilled water, and submitted to temperatures of 15 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C and 20-30 °C under constant light, on P.D.A. germinators. The experimental delineation was entirely randomized with four repetitions of 25 seeds/treatment/lot/specie, and treatment means were compared using the Tukey test (P < 0.01). The germination tests can be conducted at 25 °C using paper roll substrate for Eugenia pyriformis and E. involucrate . Both substrates can be used to Acca sellowiana germination test at 25 °C. The temperature of 25 °C and alternating 20-30 °C are indicated for Campomanesia xanthocarpa , as well as sand and paper roll substrates.

This study aimed to evaluate different substrates on seed germination and seedling emergence of Luehea divaricata . The study was conducted at the Viveiro Florestal, DCFL, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. The fruits were collected from eight mother trees in the Morro Cerrito, Santa Maria, in July 2010. After processing, the seeds were stored in cold storage in paper bags for 4 months for the study of emergence, and 7 months for the evaluation of seed germination. Five substrates were evaluated for germination (T1: Roll paper, T2: On blotting paper, T3: Between blotting paper, T4: On sand: T5: On vermiculite) with four replications and four treatments for emergency (T1 : 100% peat, T2: 80% peat and 20% carbonized rice husk, T3: 60% peat and 40% carbonized rice husk, T4: 40% peat and 60% carbonized rice husk) with five replicates. We used a randomized experimental design. Analyzed variables were: germination (G), germination speed index (GSI) and mean time to germination (TMG) in the laboratory, and emergence was analyzed by the percentage of emergency (E), speed of emergence index (SEI) and mean emergence time (TME) in the nursery. The onset of germination occurred on the 6th day, the first count could be performed at 18 days, and assessments closed 35 days after the experiment. Moreover, the substrate over vermiculite (T5) had the highest percentage of G and IVG, corresponding to 42% and 0,678, respectively, while that T2 had the lowest TMG (14.80 days). The seedling emergence began at 21 days after sowing, being terminated at 70 days. The T1 and T2 showed the highest values of E, 84.37%, 91.87%, respectively, differing from T3 and T4. Furthermore, treatment T2 also showed the higher values of IVE (0.98) and TME (33.54 days). Therefore, the substrate vermiculite is indicated for seeds germination, and for seedling emergence, the substrates 100% peat and the mixture of 80% peat and 20% carbonized rice husk.

The fungi are main micro-organisms associated with seeds, may cause damages, both in the field but also post-harvest and during storage. In this last phase, deterioration can occur by the action of specific fungi, affecting their physiological quality. The use of plant extracts with antimicrobial properties are promising and environmentally friendly alternatives to replace the protection promoted by fungicide application. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of extracts of Allamanda blanchetti e Momordica charantia in concentrations of 10, 100, 500 e 1000 ppm on mycoflora and germination in seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum . Seeds were collected in different municipalities in the state of Paraiba (Areia, Arara, Conde and Sobrado). The lots were tested for germination and sanity. The evaluation of the incidence of fungus was made from the visualization of fungi by the method of incubation blotter test. Was used the health test 100 seeds per treatment which were immersed in 20 mL of extracts for five minutes, incubated in then Petri dishes on double layer of filter paper. 200 seeds were used in the germination test, with four replications of 25 seeds per treatment, divided into germitest paper and germinated at temperatures of 30 ± 2°C. The experimental design was completely randomized. It was found in the seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum the following fungi: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus , Rhizopus stolonifer , Penicillium sp., Curvularia lunata, Nigrospora sp. and Cladosporium sp. The extracts of Allamanda blanchetti and Momordica charantia at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm caused a reduction in the frequency of fungi. The extract of Momordica charantia at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm provided an increase in germination and first count, and reduce the percentage of dead seeds.

The solid waste of recycling paper industry has potential to be used for the correction of soil acidity and as a source of nutrients for agricultural crops and forestry. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of recycled paper sludge on the stem diameter growth of Eucalyptus saligna Smith, based on a 4x2x5 factorial design, being the factors the dose of the sludge, the top fertilization and the days after treatment, during 120 days. Despite its promising use as corrective of soil, sludge recycled paper hindered the development of stem diameter, and the highest dose damaged the fertilization.

The dimensional stability of the paper may change due to middle exchange moisture, releasing the latent stress acquired into the manufacturing process. One result of this tension release is the diagonal curl. This study aims to conduct a sensitivity analysis of the different input’s variables of an industrial paper machine, along with some laboratory measurements, in order to identify the importance in production of paperboard quality control and relate to the property of the paper called twist. A survey was made of the production history, relating to 2012, to observe the products with the highest quality losses. From this, they were correlated with the critical points of measurement profile in the machine cross direction and consequently with the paper. It was found some changes once the variables correlated with twist, referring to the three analyzes of the profile (tender side, middle and drive side). It was revealed, from the sensitivity analysis, that the most important and sensitive variables, respectively for the tender side, middle and drive side, were total flow from the top layer, vapor pressure in the 6th group of drying cylinders and mass flow side of the bottom layer of the formation of paperboard.

The Parkia platycephala Benth. (faveira) is a leguminous tree, known as a provider of commercial wood in the Amazon rain forest. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different volumes of water for substrate moisture and temperatures on germination of Parkia platycephala . After this, they were sowing over towel paper, organized in rolls wetted with water contents equivalent to 2.0; 2.5; 3.0 and 3.5 times the weight of the substrate without new water addition, and they were maintained in chambers at constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30°C and alternate temperature 20-30°C. The following parameters were analyzed: the germination percentage, first count germination, index of germination speed, length and dry mass of seedlings (shoot and root). A completely randomized design was used with a 4 x 4 factorial (water volumes and temperatures). The moistening of the substrate with 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 times the weight of the paper at temperatures of 25, 30 and 20-30ºC can be used for germination and vigor of Parkia platycephala Benth. The temperature of 20ºC and all volumes of water tested for wetting the substrate reduced the germination and the vigor of these seeds.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509814577The goal of this study was to evaluate the germination and the storage capacity of Astronium fraxinifolium diaspores. Six pre-germination treatments were used in the experiment: control treatment (intact diaspores); diaspores immersed in water at room temperature (25º C) for 5 min; diaspores immersed in water at 70° C for 5 min; diaspores immersed in water at 100° C for 5 min; diaspores immersed in sodium hypochlorite solution (1:1000) for 2 min; and diaspores mechanically scarified with sandpaper #80. To evaluate storage conditions, we tested two different types of packaging (permeable paper bag and transparent glass jar) and two environmental conditions (cold chamber and room conditions), resulting in four treatments. The germination tests were performed for zero (control) and 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 days after storage. The effects of different treatments on germination and storage of diaspores were evaluated by ANOVA, followed by Tukey test. Regarding to pre-germination treatments, high germination rates were observed in the hypochlorite (98.0 ± 4.22%), control (97.0 ± 4.83%), water at room temperature (96.0 ± 6.99%) and water at 70º C (83.0 ± 29.08%) treatments. Thus, Astronium fraxinifolium diaspores do not present dormancy. During storage, the diaspores remained viable throughout the study period with high germination rates, except for the treatment in paper bags placed in the cold chamber, in which the diaspores lost their viability in the eighth month of storage. Therefore, this is not a recommended storage method for this species.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509813321The objectives of this study were to evaluate different immersion frequencies (2, 4, 8 and 16 h) andexplants supports (filter paper and foam) of a Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla clone insideRITA® bioreactors; and a ventilation system with additional air input coupled to the bioreactor containers.It was evaluated the explants fresh weight, number of shoots and hyperhydricity and in vitro axillary budmultiplication. The immersions every two and four hours and the filter paper showed higher growth andnumber of shoots, but caused a greater percentage of hyperhydric shoots. Under the conditions and systemtested, the additional air injection in the RITA® bioreactor did not influence the culture growth.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate different immersion frequencies (2, 4, 8 and 16 h) and explants supports (filter paper and foam) of a Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla clone inside RITA ® bioreactors; and a ventilation system with additional air input coupled to the bioreactor containers. It was evaluated the explants fresh weight, number of shoots and hyperhydricity and in vitro axillary bud multiplication. The immersions every two and four hours and the filter paper showed higher growth and number of shoots, but caused a greater percentage of hyperhydric shoots. Under the conditions and system tested, the additional air injection in the RITA ® bioreactor did not influence the culture growth.

This study investigated the methodology that best expresses the germination and quality of Allophylus edulis seeds, analyzing different substrates. Initially, there was the characterization of thebatch by Weight of Thousand Seeds (PMS), Water Content (TA) and Electrical Conductivity (CE). In theGermination Test were evaluated the following treatments (substrates): on blotting paper (PMB), on filterpaper (SPF) on (SA) and among sand (EA), on (SV) and among vermiculite (EV) and paper roll (RP), being conducted ina germination chamber Mangelsdorf (25 °C). Data were expressed in percentages of normaland abnormal seedlings, dead seeds and firm and also, it was assessed the speed of germination index. It was used a completely randomized design with four replicates per treatment. The substrates among sand (SA) and among vermiculite (EV) were the most suitable for the germination test and the first countof normal seedlings can be made between 12 and 15 days and the final 24 days after sowing.

On this paper, the phenology and morphology as well as physical and physiological tests werecarried out with seeds of Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arráb. ex Steud. The collection of botanical material and phenological observations were performed on five selected trees located in Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul state, from March 2007 to March 2010. The work was conducted under laboratory andgreenhouse conditions at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state. For threeyears, the bloom was most intense from March to April and the fruiting from May to June. The species hasinflorescence, paniculate, consisting of small white colored and hermaphrodite flowers. Thefruit is simple drupaceous, terminated by the corolla tube and by the persistent calyx. The seed is cylindrical, ellipsoidal,pale brown exalbuminous, cotyledonary embryo with baseline, and invaginated plicatecotyledons, trapped around the root hypocotyl axis. The germination is epigeal and the seedling phanerocotyledonal. Seeds are recalcitrant and the average number was 24,591 per kilogram, the seed moisture content was 51 %, the germination was 40 % and the emergence was 29 %. The germination index is oscillating comparing theresults of this paper to others, probably due to seed quality, which varies according to each parent tree andits micro-habitat. Therefore, there is importance in the selection of individuals, noticing the features that will bring genetic and physiological representation of the species, thus increasing the homogeneity of the seed lot.

The present study investigated, through laboratory testing, the physical and mechanical properties of recycled paper used to produce tubes. To do so, we used six types of paper with a weight average of 400 g / m² and once the laboratory tests followed the procedures of the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry. There was significant difference between the roles studied in terms of physical and mechanical characteristics, and the paper type A1 had, in general, the best results, justifying its high price in the market. The A3 has the highest density, the data relevant to industry tubes, since these are usually sold by weight. It is concluded that all of the studied papers are suitable for tube production, being used in accordance with the customer's demands, since the price of the paper is what determines, most of the time, the tube value.

Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan is a tree species belonging to the family Leguminosae- Mimosoideae which is popularly known as mimosa-black. It features characteristics of early successional, natural occurrence in Brazil and can form clusters almost homogeneous, with great potentialin the recovery of degraded areas. This study was conducted at the Center for Agricultural Sciences,University Federal of Alagoas state, aiming at the physical and morphological characterization of seeds, describing the various stages of post-seminal development, and to evaluate various conditions of temperature and substrate toperform the test germination. The seeds were manually extracted, then homogenized, where two samplesof 50 seeds were used to determine the initial moisture. Another sample, consisting of eightrepetitions of 100 seeds was used to measure the biometry and the number of seeds per fruit. Themorphological characterization and the seeds were immersed in distilled water to allow the cuts to the observed structure in microscopes. In the post-seminal study, it was observed the daily processes of seedling growth in rolledpaper filter and constant temperature of 30 °C. To assess the germination behavior,theconstant temperatures of 15 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C and 20-30 °C as well as the paper and the sand substrateswere tested and it was evaluated the percentage, the rate of germination, the relative frequencydistribution, and the testsconducted in a randomized design in factorial 5 x 2 (x substrate temperature) with four replicates of 25 seeds,and the averages compared by Duncan 5 % probability. The fruits of black angico show great variation in the seed number per fruit. The embryonic axis occupies part of the central region of the seed with axial andlinear positions. The germination is epigeal and the seedlings are fanerocotylar. The temperature determinesthe 30 °C and the filter paper substrate provided higher average percentage and germination rate.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of vermiculite as a substrate for the germination test of ‘barbatimão’ seeds and to establish what would be the best granulometry and the best moisture intensity to germinate ‘barbatimão’ seeds. Four replications of 50 seeds were previously scarified with H2SO4 for 60 minutes. Afterwards, the following germination substrates were evaluated: paper rolls moistened with water equivalent to 2.5 times the weight of the dry paper (control); micron, super thin, thin and average sized vermiculite moistened with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the weight of the dry paper. The germination temperature was 30°C. The percentage of normal seedlings was obtained seven days after sowing (first count) and, then, weekly (up to 28 days). Average time and relative distribution of germination were calculated. It was concluded that the germination of ‘barbatimão’ seeds can be carried out with either fine vermiculite moistened with water equivalent to 2.0 times the weight of the dry paper or average sized substrate moistened with water equivalent to 0.5 to 2.0 times the weight of dry paper. These treatments resulted in higher and faster germination (21 days), similarly to the paper roll method.

Geoffroea striata M., commonly known as marizeiro in Brazil, is an important tree species, mainly because it is adapted to riparian forest conditions in semi-arid and associated ecosystems. The species occur in large areas of northeastern Brazil and in the São Francisco river valley, always restricted to seasonally flooded environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different types of packaging and storage periods, as well the influence of environments on the process of seed germination and vigor of Geoffroea striata. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Ecology - CCA//UFPB, following a completely randomized design. The seeds were distributed among two environments (natural conditions in the laboratory and cold room), packed in two types of packaging (paper bags and plastic bags) for five periods of storage: 0; 15; 30; 60 and 90 days. Water content, the emergence velocity index, dry weight and length of seedlings were evaluated. The data were submitted to a polynomial regression analysis. In plastic packaging and the environment of the cold room there was less reduction of viability and vigor during storage. Seeds packed in paper bags and stored in a laboratory rapidly lost viability and vigor, after 30 days of storage.

Geoffroea spinosa Jacq., commonly known as marizeiro in Brazil, is an important tree species, mainly because it is adapted to riparian forest conditions in semi-arid and associated ecosystems. The species occur in large areas of northeastern Brazil and in the São Francisco river valley, always restricted to seasonally flooded environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different types of packaging and storage periods, as well the influence of environments on the process of seed germination and vigor of Geoffroea spinosa. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Ecology - CCA/UFPB, following a completely randomized design. The seeds were distributed among two environments (natural conditions in the laboratory and cold room), packed in two types of packaging (paper bags and plastic bags) for five periods of storage: 0; 15; 30; 60 and 90 days. Water content, the emergence velocity index, dry weight and length of seedlings were evaluated. The data were submitted to a polynomial regression analysis. In plastic packaging and the environment of the cold room there was less reduction of viability and vigor during storage. Seeds packed in paper bags and stored in a laboratory rapidly lost viability and vigor, after 30 days of storage.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of vermiculite as a substrate for the germination test of 'barbatimão' seeds and to establish what would be the best granulometry and the best moisture intensity to germinate 'barbatimão' seeds. Four replications of 50 seeds were previously scarified with H2SO4 for 60 minutes. Afterwards, the following germination substrates were evaluated: paper rolls moistened with water equivalent to 2.5 times the weight of the dry paper (control); micron, super thin, thin and average sized vermiculite moistened with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the weight of the dry paper. The germination temperature was 30°C. The percentage of normal seedlings was obtained seven days after sowing (first count) and, then, weekly (up to 28 days). Average time and relative distribution of germination were calculated. It was concluded that the germination of 'barbatimão' seeds can be carried out with either fine vermiculite moistened with water equivalent to 2.0 times the weight of the dry paper or average sized substrate moistened with water equivalent to 0.5 to 2.0 times the weight of dry paper. These treatments resulted in higher and faster germination (21 days), similarly to the paper roll method.

The efficiency of oxygen delignification is very low for pulps of low number kappa and with high concentrations of hexenuronic acids, therefore the oxygen does not react with these acids, so being minimum the elimination of these during the oxygen delignification (pre-O2) in simple or double stage. In this study, the physicalmechanical properties of pulp of kappa number 17 and 14, produced with modified cooks and with the application of AD(EO)D techniques for pulp of kappa 17 and DHT(EPO)DP for pulp of kappa 14 for the bleaching up to 90% ISO, had been investigated. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the physicalmechanical properties in pulps submitted to the bleaching sequences without oxygen in the beginning of the sequence. As references, cooks had been carried until numbers kappa 17 and 14, oxygen delignification and conventional bleaching for sequences A/D(EO)D for pulp of kappa 17 and DHT(EPO)DP for pulp of kappa 14. The alternative bleaching, without pre-O2, resulted in bleached pulps with bigger integrity that of the reference, what it was confirmed by the values significantly higher of bulk, tear index, opacity and air resistance of the pulp weakly refined (for tissue papers). However, the high integrity of the fibers from pulps bleached with alternative processes lowered their conformabilities and collapsibility, with consequent reduction of tensile index of the pulp weakly refined. Therefore, with more intensive beating (for printing and writing papers), the tensile index was recovered. The high integrity of the bleaching pulps without pre-O2 makes beating difficulty. To reach the draining degree of 35°SR with the pulps proceeding from alternative processes of bleaching, it was necessary to apply 30% more energy than the reference.

The objective of this work was to set the adequate amount of sample matter, the substrate type and the ideal temperature to perform the germination test of Eucalyptus dunnii in laboratory. Seeds, from Telêmaco Borba, PR, were purchased at Klabin Paraná Papéis. Two experiments were performed in the Seed Improvement Laboratory of the Pontific Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR). The first experiment was performed to determine the ideal amount of sample matter for the germination test. It had five treatments and four replications. The five treatments were different sample matters (365, 730, 1.095, 1.460 and 1.825 mg) from the lot, which corresponded to 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg of pure seeds. The number of germinated seeds per gram of the samples was evaluated after 14 days. In the second experiment, the influence of paper, sand and vermiculite substrates and temperature (20, 25 or 30ºC) on seed germination was verified. Percent germination (%), average germination time (days), average germination speed (day-1), index of germination speed and entropy (bits) were analyzed. It was concluded that seed germination of Eucalyptus dunnii may be performed with sample matter equivalent to 50 mg of pure seeds. Sand or paper must be used for the germination test. A better performance of the Eucalyptus dunni seed population was observed at 20 ºC.

Tabebuia aurea is a native arboreal species that can be used in recomposition programs of degradated areas, as ornamental plant and for production of wood of quality. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the temperature and substrate on seed germination and initial growth of T. aurea seedlings. The experiment was developed in a completely randomized design in factorial scheme 5 x 5 with temperatures of 25, 30, 35, 20-30 and 20-35ºC; and substrates: paper towels, and into sand, vermiculite, coconut fiber and Tropstrato®, with four replications of 25 seeds each. The following parameters were also analyzed: germination, first germination count, germination speed index, average time of germination, length and dry weight matter of the shoot and the root. The temperatures and substrates influenced the analyzed parameters, except for the final percentage of germination, which varied from 84 to 94%. The optimal temperatures for germination were 30 and 35ºC. The substrates paper towels roll and sand can be recommended to evaluate the physiological quality of T.aurea seeds.

The objective of this work was to set the adequate amount of sample matter, the substrate type and the ideal temperature to perform the germination test of Eucalyptus dunnii in laboratory. Seeds, from Telêmaco Borba, PR, were purchased at Klabin Paraná Papéis. Two experiments were performed in the Seed Improvement Laboratory of the Pontific Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR). The first experiment was performed to determine the ideal amount of sample matter for the germination test. It had five treatments and four replications. The five treatments were different sample matters (365, 730, 1.095, 1.460 and 1.825 mg) from the lot, which corresponded to 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg of pure seeds. The number of germinated seeds per gram of the samples was evaluated after 14 days. In the second experiment, the influence of paper, sand and vermiculite substrates and temperature (20, 25 or 30ºC) on seed germination was verified. Percent germination (%), average germination time (days), average germination speed (day-1), index of germination speed and entropy (bits) were analyzed. It was concluded that seed germination of Eucalyptus dunnii may be performed with sample matter equivalent to 50 mg of pure seeds. Sand or paper must be used for the germination test. A better performance of the Eucalyptus dunni seed population was observed at 20 ºC.

Tabebuia aurea is a native arboreal species that can be used in recomposition programs of degradated areas, as ornamental plant and for production of wood of quality. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the temperature and substrate on seed germination and initial growth of T. aurea seedlings. The experiment was developed in a completely randomized design in factorial scheme 5 x 5 with temperatures of 25, 30, 35, 20-30 and 20-35ºC; and substrates: paper towels, and into sand, vermiculite, coconut fiber and Tropstrato®, with four replications of 25 seeds each. The following parameters were also analyzed: germination, first germination count, germination speed index, average time of germination, length and dry weight matter of the shoot and the root. The temperatures and substrates influenced the analyzed parameters, except for the final percentage of germination, which varied from 84 to 94%. The optimal temperatures for germination were 30 and 35ºC. The substrates paper towels roll and sand can be recommended to evaluate the physiological quality of T.aurea seeds.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate basic density, chemical composition and fiber dimensions of ten Eucalyptus sp wood samples and to verify the impact of this set of parameters and their combination on the Kraft pulping process yield and on bleached pulp quality. Ten eucalypt woods of different species, with basic densities varying from 365 to 544 kg/m³ and total wood carbohydrate contents varying from 70.0 to 74.5%, were transformed into kraft pulp of kappa number 15,5-16,7 and bleached to 90% ISO brightness by the sequence OD(PO)D. Wood basic density showed stronger correlations with fiber dimensions and pulp quality than did chemical composition. However, pulping yield was strongly affected by chemical composition. Lighter woods resulted in higher pulping yields. However, wood specific consumption was lower for denser woods, even though these demanded more drastic pulping conditions to achieve a given kappa number. The pulp quality results suggest that lower density woods should be directed towards fabrication of refined paper (printing and writing grades) while the denser woods should be directed to the sanitary papers segment (tissue grades).

In this work, there were analyzed the properties of particleboards produced with two types of recycled paper (newspaper and offset) and slash pine wood particles (Pinus elliottii Engelm.). The paper was introduced into the mattress in two forms: strands and after hammer milling, in different proportions: 0, 20, 40, 60 and 100% of ovendry weight of the particles. The adhesive used was 10% tannin-formaldehyde (100:10 parts by weight). The experiment was set according to a factorial model, with three replications. The tests were conducted following ASTM D1037 (1995). Boards produced both with offset and newspaper strand inclusions showed tendency to blow at press opening. The inclusion of paper caused decrease in the properties, in such degree that boards did not meet commerce standards DIN 68761 (1)-1961, (3)-1971 and ANSI A 208.1 (1987). Water absorption after 24 hours, internal bond and screw whitdraw were the properties most affected. In general, the use of newspaper was more encouraging than offset paper.

In this work, gypsum bonded particleboards were manufactured using recycled paper (newspaper and offset) and pine wood particles. In all treatments the ratio wood/gypsum was kept in 0.25 (ovendry base) and two water content (w) were employed: 0.4 and 0.8, corresponding to the water/gypsum ratio. The boards were cold pressed in laboratory in a process similar to the conventional particlebo ard fabrication. Then, they were tested in static bending, hardness, screw withdrawal and thickness swelling. In general, the addition of fibers improved the board properties. Significant differences were found for some of the treatments for static bending strength, hardness and screw withdrawal, while the inclusion of paper recycled fibers with w = 0,4 did not show differences for water absorption and thickness swelling, when compared to conventional gypsum boards. The best results were obtained when newspaper type recyclable fibers were introduced, with w = 0,4.