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Reports on fair use of copyrighted works among universities and colleges in the United States. Limitation of copyright owners' exclusive control over what happens to their creations in the digital setting; Importance of preserving fair use; Search for guidelines for a new legislation on fair use.

Discusses the academic controversy concerning the use of copyrighted materials in computer networks. Proposal of guidelines for access into multimedia programs and other electronic instructional materials.

The author discusses a lawsuit, Schloss vs. the Estate of James Joyce, in which she won a settlement for legal fees incurred in publishing material which the estate deemed a violation of copyright. She notes the key role of the Fair Use Project of Stanford Law School Center of Internet and Society in the outcome of the case. She argues that there should be no need for a Fair Use Project, as the defense of a scholar in the humanities should be taken on by the university.

The article discusses the implications of a November 2015 ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit regarding the mass digitization of books by the firm Google Inc. for its Google Books Search product. Topics include the fair-use claim made by Google for making books searchable, the relation of the ruling to the rights of authors of scholarly books, and problems with copyright-infringement lawsuits.

The article presents news briefs related to higher education. U.S. women's and civil-rights groups have petitioned the U.S. Education Department to pressure colleges to oversee anonymous social media applications such as Yik Yak. The claim by online search company Google of fair-use provisions of copyright law for the scanning of books has been upheld in federal appeals court. Enrollment within an online-only degree program at the University of Florida is not meeting expectations.

The author discusses potential ethical problems with the use of the plagiarism-detection service TurnItIn by college teachers. Topics include the relation of the service to academic-integrity policies, a lawsuit against TurnItIn parent company iParadigms LLC in relation to fair use of student assignments, and the role of the service in lessening professors' workloads.

Reports a strongly worded statement from librarians around the world calling for an end to the excessive pricing of electronic publications and for a halt in attacks on libraries' rights to redistribute documents. Number of library consortia signing the statement; Details of the statement; Response from publishers; Comments from librarians.

Focuses on the Conference on Fair Use which concluded its first round of work in May 1997. Why it seems that it could be years before scholars and librarians find common ground with publishers and producers over what constitutes fair use of copyrighted materials on campus computer networks and in on-line courses; What was accomplished at the conference; Issues that remain unresolved.

Opinion. Discusses the quest for a widely accepted interpretation of the term `fair use' as it applies to copyrighted material in electronic or printed form. The vague wording of the copyright doctrine, intended to be interpreted flexibly; The work of the Conference on Fair Use and the Information Infrastructure Task Force; Restrictions existing as of May 1996 on use of copyrighted materials without permission.

Focuses on the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling upholding the home videotaping of copyrighted works on teachers and librarians who use protected materials for educational purposes. Rights of educators under the fair-use provision of the Copyright Act of 1976; Extension of the fair-use doctrine to protect researchers and scholars who use copyrighted works for productive purposes; Action taken by the American Library Association and a coalition of educational organizations in response to concern over restrictions on home videotaping.

The article discusses the use of trademarks in U.S. higher education and argues that colleges seek trademark protection for too many things, and that this undermines the public-service aspect of nonprofit higher education. Topics discussed include various phrases that have been trademarked by colleges, fair use, and lawsuits brought by colleges against other businesses for trademark infringement.

The article looks at the expected higher-education impact of the first general revision of the American copyright law which was enacted in 1909. Copyright revision would affect professors who use copyrighted material, professors who are authors, educational broadcasters who transmit copyrighted material, librarians who provide copying services and research workers who publish their studies. Educators are advised on fair use and infringement issues.

The article discusses a ruling by U.S. District Court Judge Harold Baer Jr., which cleared the HathiTrust, an online repository of digital books, from wrongdoing in its scanning of copyrighted books. According to the article, HathiTrust did not violate fair use in copyright law, which was alleged by several author advocacy groups, including the Authors Guild, in their lawsuit. The article also notes legal issues surrounding orphan works.

In this article the author discusses the issue of fair use, an aspect of copyright law, focusing on his response to a request from the Copyright Clearance Center, a business focused on copyrights, to have a chapter of his book "Liking and Loving: An Invitation to Social Psychology" used as part of a course pack of readings for a college management class. He argues that a court decision related to fair use involving Georgia State University set a precedent wherein the chapter could be used without his permission.

The article discusses the May 11, 2012, ruling regarding the fair use lawsuit brought by the three academic publishers Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, and SAGE Publishers against Georgia State University for using unlicensed copyrighted material in electronic course reserves. Topics include comments by Brandon Butler of the Association of Research Libraries, the details of Georgia Judge Orinda Evans' ruling, and comments by James Grimmelmann of New York Law School.

The article reports on a code of conduct developed by the Association of Research Libraries that is designed to help and guide academic librarians regarding their fair-use rights in U.S. copyright law in library practices such as the digitization of special collections materials.

The article discusses the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the case Golan v. Holder, focusing on arguments in the case related to the Copyright and Patent Clause and the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The author argues against the decision of the Court to restore copyright protections to various works of film, literature, and art and discusses the fair-use doctrine of copyright protection. He also comments on the proposed Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and Protect IP Act (PIPA).

The article examines a lawsuit filed by the Authors Guild professional organization against the University of Michigan and the HathiTrust digital books repository which alleges that the mass-digitization project designed by the defendants violates copyright laws. Topics explored include the Orphan Works project at Michigan, fair use, and author's rights.

The article presents a profile of American University professors Patricia Aufderheide and Peter Jaszi and highlights their efforts to educate scholars about fair use copyright laws related to popular culture. It describes their rationale for releasing several books outlining fair use in college teaching, overviews a project they are engaged in with the Association of Research Libraries, and provides a brief outline of their book "Reclaiming Fair Use: How to Put Balance Back in Copyright."

The article presents a list of websites related to the issue of copyright and fair use including Copyright and Fair Use, located at http://fairuse.stanford.edu, The Copyright Crash Course, located at http://copyright.lib.utexas.edu, and A Map of Use Issues, located at www.lib.umn.edu/copyright/usemap.

The article presents information from University of Minnesota Libraries copyright-program librarian Nancy Sims on several concepts related to copyright laws in the U.S. of which students, librarians, and researchers need to be aware. She comments on misconceptions regarding copyright ownership, highlights the common practice of signing over rights to research when agreeing to contracts with publishers, and describes issues associated with fair use and copyrighted material in classrooms.

The article discusses a court case wherein the academic publishers Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press and SAGE Publications sued administrators at Georgia State University in 2008 claiming the university encouraged unauthorized digital copying of copyrighted material through its student and faculty networks. In 2009 the university issued a revised copyright policy including a checklist to guide professors in observing fair use laws. Both sides requested summary judgment.

The article discusses a decision by the University of California at Los Angeles to stop posting copyrighted videos on course websites while it negotiates with a trade group that alleged copyright violation. Fair use copyright law allows teaching and research institutions to bypass copyrights when using audiovisual material in face to face situations. Course websites are password protected and had been considered compliant. It notes that the case will have repercussions throughout academia.

Letters to the editor are presented in response to the article "Colleges Should Protect Humanists in Fair-Use and Copyright Cases" by Carol Loeb Shloss.

The article reports that Judge Claude M. Hilton of the U.S. District Court in Alexandria, Virginia has ruled that a commercial plagiarism-detection tool popular among professors does not violate the copyrights of students. Based on the article, the decision has implications for other digital services, such as Google's effort to scan books in major libraries and add them to its index for search purposes. Hilton found that scanning the student papers for the purpose of detecting plagiarism is a transformative use that falls under the fair-use provision of copyright law. The plagiarism-detection tool is called Turnitin from iParadigms.

The article presents an interview with Kenneth D. Crews, head of the Copyright Advisory Office for Columbia University. Crews discusses how university copyright offices offer advice on the legality of fair use for educational materials. He notes that universities are sharing copyright information and discusses how technology can affect copyright issues.

An interview is presented with Peter Brantley of the Digital Library Federation. When asked why he is concerned about Google Book Search, Brantley says that the quality of the book scans is sometimes poor and that Google may attempt to make money from the search engine. Brantley also talks about the effort that libraries must make to have Google scan their books. Brantley also discusses how he would like to see the lawsuit between Google and book authors and publishers end.

The article discusses an agreement between the Association of American Publishers and Hofstra, Marquette, and Syracuse Universities about limiting student access to electronic content. The agreement specifically deals with the content from books and periodicals that professors can put online for students to use. Publishers are concerned that making material available in this way will hurt sales. Prudence S. Adler of the Association of Research Libraries notes the efforts that publishers have been making to protect content and sales by asking the group to create guidelines for the use of e-reserves or by paying for digital content.

The article focuses on the poet Les Murray's prevention of publication for the book "Les Murray: Man of Letters" written by Peter F. Alexander. Murray was reported to have said that he agreed to have them collected but didn't offer permission for publishing the letters. Alexander is a professor English at the University of New South Wales in Australia and has also written a biography "Les Murray: A Life in Progress" which was published in the year 2000. Ada Meloy, director of legal and regulatory affairs at the American Council on Education, believes that in the U.S. a letter's writer and not its recipient owns the content. Information is given for the 1987 case featuring author J. D. Salinger and the fair use provisions of copyright law.

The article profiles blogger and intellectual property law activist Cory Doctorow, who has joined the University of Southern California's Center for Public Diplomacy as a visiting scholar. Doctorow will begin teaching his first lecture in spring 2007, when he will teach a graduate-level course in which he guides students through an irreverent history of copyright law. The course revolves around Doctorow's belief that copyright should strive to be as invisible and flexible as possible and allow people to build upon copyrighted works.

The article reports that a bill known as the Freedom and Innovation Revitalizing U.S. Entrepreneurship Act of 2007, or Fair Use Act, would amend the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to allow librarians, archivists, and others to bypass copyright protections on digital content in certain circumstances was introduced in United States Congress in March 2007. The bill was introduced by Representative Rick Boucher, Democrat of Virginia, and Representative John Doolittle, Republican of California, and is supported by the American Library Association and the American Association of Law Libraries.

The article discusses the Digital Millennium Copyright Act's effects on higher education in the United States. Professors that wish to post videos on web sites like Youtube.com often find that their videos are being removed, even if the circumstances dictate that the videos fall under fair-use doctrines. Wendy Seltzer, a visiting assistant professor at Brooklyn Law School who was a former lawyer with the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a group that has sought to liberalize copyright law, is used as an example of copyright law's effects on classroom teachings.

Corrections are presented to articles about intellectual property and animals that can regenerate their body parts.

The article reports that Cornell University issued guidelines in 2006 for professors on how to place materials on electronic reserve without violating copyright law. The guidelines were jointly written with officials from the Association of American Publishers publishing group after it sent a letter to the university complaining that it suspected widespread copyright violations on the campus.

The article reports that the American Chemical Society (ACS) has settled a lawsuit with Google concerning the use of the term "scholar" to describe an academic search engine. ACS brought the complaint against Google in December 2004 arguing that Google appropriated the term scholar from a popular ACS academic search engine called SciFinder Scholar. Google had argued that the term "scholar" was fair use of a commonly used word.

The article reports that a college's colors can be protected by trademark law. A judge in the U.S. District Court of New Orleans ruled against Smack Apparel Company, which had created four tee shirt designs using the colors of Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Ohio State University; University of Oklahoma; and University of Southern California. Smack Apparel argued that using a school's colors was "fair use."

The author reports that the estates of many writers have asked publishers for reprint fees, which are so high that certain literary anthologies have dropped authors. The author also discusses the oversight of author James Joyce's estate by his grandson, Stephen James Joyce; he has so tightly controlled reprint permissions that there exists an across-the-board policy of denying permission to quote from Joyce's works even for scholarly purposes.

The article presents information about a joint convocation of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Association of American Universities, which was held in May 2006 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Most of the speakers at the convocation agreed that scholarship in the humanities was vigorous, but that the disciplines still faced serious challenges posed by the digital revolution, rigidity in academic organization, and a lack of public outreach. Paul N. Courant, a professor of economics and public policy at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Michigan, said that universities should launch an aggressive campaign to extend the fair use provisions of copyright law.

The article presents the author's opinions regarding the importance of educating students about various issues related to plagiarism and copyright laws. Recently, Kaavya Viswanathan, a student, was accused of plagiarism. Her book "How Opal Mehta Got Kissed, Got Wild, and Got a Life," was inspired by two novels that resonated with her own experience: Megan McCafferty's "Sloppy Firsts," and "Second Helpings." Plagiarism rules are not there just to deter people from copying the literary works of others. They are codes of honor designed to nurture academic integrity by teaching students to honor the voices of others on the way to finding their own. Copyright law cannot be understood without thoughtful reflection, because it contains many contradictions. Copyright protection is not supposed to extend to facts, ideas, or general plot lines, yet the copyright laws tell people that the right to create derivative works--for example, a movie from a novel--belongs exclusively to the author. Trying to define the scope of fair use can be a difficult task.

This article presents news briefs related to education in the U.S. The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers is calling on Google Inc. to stop scanning copyrighted material as part of its deal with five academic libraries to digitize millions of books. Google has drawn similar complaints from publishers for its plans to scan some copyrighted library books and allow full-text searches of the contents through its search engine. The company says that it will offer only short excerpts of copyrighted works online, which its officials claim is legal under fair use. A former student at the University of California at Santa Barbara has been sentenced to six months in jail for breaking into the campus computer system to change her grades. The student, Nancy Ramirez, pleaded no contest to a felony count of illegally accessing a computer system.

Clarifies the notion held by many readers on the author's article 'Federal Court's Ruling Against Photocopying Chain Will Not Destroy Fair Use,' which was published in the April 17, 1991 edition of the periodical 'The Chronicle of Higher Education,' that he was also the unnamed San Jose State University professor quoted in a news article published in the April 10, 1991 edition of the periodical on the same case.

Reports that several higher-education groups urged Congress not to enact new copyright rules that will restrict the use of digitalized copyrighted materials. How the proposed legislation could limit more proper, scholarly use of materials; Possible need to pay fees and obtain permission from copyright owners before using citations in research works; Representation of commercial groups advocating the legislation at hearings; Groups raising awareness on issue.

The article reports that the photocopying chain Kinko's Graphics Corp. has sent a 16-page booklet entitled "Academic Services Guide" to professors in more than 600 American universities to promote its professor publishing program. The booklet includes a page on copyright permission assistance, providing advice on fair use and copyright infringement.

The article reports that the Association of American Publishers and the National Association of College Stores in the United States will publish a booklet that explains copyright, fair use and the reproduction of copyrighted works for educational and research purposes. The booklet includes advice on avoidance of unauthorized copying and reproduction of copyrighted materials.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Publishers Said to Plan Lawsuit to Fight Alleged Copyright Abuses," in the March 15, 1989 issue.

The article discusses the provisions of the Copyright Act in the U.S. The Act has taken several considerations to determine the fair use on copyrighted works such as purpose and character of the use, nature of the copyrighted work and effects on the use. The copyright law was passed in 1976 wherein guideline for fair use of instructions were established.

The article presents guidelines on the application of fair use to the recording, retention and use of television programs for educational purposes in the U.S. The purpose of the guidelines is to provide standards for both owners and users of copyrighted television programs. It provides definitions of pertinent terms including broadcast programs and school days.

The article reports on the approval of the new federal copyright law in the U.S. on January 1, 1979. The law allows limited photocopying of copyrighted materials for educational purposes, but requires royalty payments for photocopying which goes beyond the limits provided for fair use. The Copyright Clearance Center Inc. will authorize the copying of copyrighted materials and handle payments of copyright fees for photocopying journal articles.

The article reports on the guidelines developed as a statement of minimum standards for fair use of copyrighted materials for educational purposes under the new copyright law in the U.S. The guidelines were agreed upon by representatives of educational organizations, authors, and publishers who emphasized that the statement was not intended to limit types of copying that are permitted by the law.

Reports on the decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on a set of voluntary guidelines governing the fair use of copyrighted materials for educational purposes. Overview of guidelines adopted in 1976 by a group of publishers that allow multiple copies to be made; Claims of Shirley Rowley, a high school teacher at the San Diego Unified School District in California, for photocopying portion of a book on cake decorating; Complexities of the guidelines.