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Abstract: Amniotic band syndrome is a well-described clinical entity, which includes several congenital deformities. Hand malformations and limb defects represent the most frequent clinical characteristics, gathering, with variable localization, constriction rings, acrosyndactylies and amniotic amputations. Other anomalies of skull, face, body wall and internal organs, sometimes complex and lethal, are significantly associated with this syndrome. The syndrome is then included in the larger entity of limb body wall complex (LBWC). Congenital ring constriction, amniotic band disruption complex, or congenital transverse defect are some of the numerous synonyms defining this malformative syndrome, showing either its clinical variability, or the uncertainties surrounding its etiology. Indeed, several pathogenic theories have been successively opposed, bringing about a certain degree of confusion. Recent experimental genetic studies could unify the different fetal malformations. The surgical treatment actually applies only to the aftereffects of the intrauterine phenomenon, until antenatal diagnosis followed by in utero surgery will be perfected. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ultrasonography has become an indispensable tool in prenatal care providing a throughout screening of the morphological abnormalities of the foetus. The examination of the upper limbs is now part of a routine screening checklist available in France since 2005. Recent progress in past years has focused on the early detection of reductional anomalies. As early as the first trimester scan, the three segments of the upper limb are apparent and transversal anomalies can be easily detected. Early diagnosis of malformations may lead to ethical considerations since women may request for medical termination of pregnancy. Apart from transversal anomalies of the limb which remain most of the time accidental, genetic syndromes may also lead to longitudinal reductions of the upper limb. In such cases, ultrasound may be helpful in genetic counselling by detecting other associate malformations. The search for associate malformations in favour of a genetic syndrome is therefore mandatory before referral to a prenatal consultation with the surgeon. Three-dimensional ultrasound and multi detector computed tomography (MDCT) are being increasingly used as additional procedures to improve diagnosis and long-term prognosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]