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Paper has always been a cheap and convenient substitute for more expensive materials or clumsy objects which are useful for other purposes and it is sometimes suitable for uses in which no better materials will serve. Today, paper and paper products have hundreds of uses in communication, business, industry, and household operations, as they are found everywhere in daffy life. Many of these uses can be traced back to centuries ago when paper was used as extensively and variously in China as it is elsewhere in the world during the modern times. Generally speaking, paper was used for wrapping and padding not long after its invention in the Western Han; for writing from the Later Hart; for cutting into designs, making stationery, fans, and umbrellas from the third or fourth century; for clothing, furnishing, visiting cards, kites, lanterns, napkins, and toilet purposes no later than the fifth or sixth century; for family ceremonies in the seventh; for state sacrifices and making replicas of real objects from the eighth; and for playing cards, for wearing as protective arms, and in lieu of cash as a medium of exchange from the ninth century. In other words, all these uses for graphic and decorative arts, for commercial and ceremonial occasions, and for household and recreational purposes existed in China before paper was introduced to the West in the ninth century. While the use of paper in writing, printing, stationery and decoration is discussed in a separate article, this study traces the origin and development of the popular and household use of paper and paper products as recorded in literature or found in recent discoveries of early specimens and artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the Song dynasty, the emperor delegated daily administrative affairs to his chief ministers, and took responsibility for their effectiveness. The appointment and dismissal of chief ministers is therefore a good starting point in examining the way that imperial authority was exercised in the Song. This article will mainly focus on the procedures for appointing and dismissing chief ministers by surveying a type of official document drafted by Hanlin academicians called mazhi, or hemp paper edicts. The article will argue that this system and procedures were significant to the consolidation and maintenance of imperial authority. Finally, building on the above foundation, the article will discuss the way imperial authority was exercised in the Song dynasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional currency theory holds that paper currency derives directly from metal mintage, serving as its symbol, and that paper currency has no value in itself, relying on government power to achieve circulation. This theory conflicts with reality, however, and is not supported by historical evidence. By examination of the emergence, development and evolution of paper currency in ancient China, we find that paper currency originated from the practice of credit exchange, deriving from the credit certificate. The "Flying Money Coupon" ... of the Tang Dynasty was the earliest form of paper currency in China, and the "Jiaozi" ... of the Song Dynasty eventually became the national currency after undergoing a series of transformations. It can be seen from this evolutionary process that the essence of paper currrency lies in its credibility. Scholars in the West have not discovered this fact because the West lacks a clear historical process and detailed records in this regard. Chinese scholars, on the other hand, have been slow to realize this fact because they have unquestioningly followed western theories on currency development. While electronic currency will replace paper currency in the future, credibility will remain the basis of its existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the circumstances surrounding the contribution to the Beijing National Library of manuscripts from the Dunhuang Buddhist caves, in Gansu Province, China, by Liu Tingtan (1868-1932), a high-level official in the Chinese civil service. The author, a librarian at the Beijing National Library, examines documents written by acquisition librarians upon receipt of the manuscripts, Liu’s writings on how he acquired the documents, and comprehensive works on the existence and whereabouts of Dunhuang manuscripts, notably “Dunhuang Yishu Zongmu Suoyin” (Comprehensive catalog of Dunhuang manuscripts). The article sheds light on how manuscripts considered to be lost, such as those acquired by Liu during the early 20th century, came to be discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM CONTRIBUTOR]

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Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The focus of this paper is the text “Zi dao e ...” preserved on bamboo slips and published in volume 8 of the Shanghai bowuguan cang zhanguo chu zhushu (... Warring States Period Chu Bamboo Slips Held in the Shanghai Museum). This paper offers new interpretations of the terms shi ..., li ..., zhangong ..., chu ..., and shou ... in the text, proposing that shi means to levy taxes, while li implies ..., to be invited to dine in accordance with etiquette. Yan You ... states that when assigning Qun Chu’s ... tax revenue to Yan, Si Kou ... does not come to dine with him as etiquette dictates [shi er fu yu wei li ...]. This reading explains why Yan You’s initial response to this reward is to announce that [Si Kou] will honor him with a visit [Si Kou jiang jian wo ...]. Chu can be glossed as yang ... or hao ..., neither of which imply disrespectful treatment, and so Yan’s next words can be read as a complaint that Si Kou is attempting to curry favor with him [shi zhangong chu zhi ye ...]. Interpreting shou as tan ..., Yan then remarks that to seek from Si Kou a reward that is normally only given to those with outstanding military achievements would be both undeserved and a waste of Si Kou’s money [yi shou zhan gong zhi shi yu zi, yu Yan wei, yu zi sun ...], emphasizing Yan’s preceding statement that he also someone who cultivates virtue [Yan ye xiu qi de xing ...]. The text that follows, from which Yan is absent [qi yi zi dao e er si yan ...] and [wu zi chi nian zhang yi ...], suggests that the events of “Zi dao e” take place somewhere between 452 and 447 BC, when Yan You was fifty to sixty years of age. In discussing the question of Yan’s year of birth, the author analyzes later scholars’ views on the Shiji ... and Kongzi jiayu ..., identifying some flaws in the latter. In conclusion, this paper aims to contribute to studies on Zi You ..., firstly by adding more detail about Yan’s life, secondly by identifying the adoption of titles as a defining feature of the Zi You school, and thirdly by providing a thorough investigation into the history of academic change. This paper offers a detailed interpretation of “Zi dao e” and Yan You’s life, and clarifies this text’s place in scholarly history and documentary value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past scholars have examined the question of Matteo Ricci’s Wanguo er yuan tu ... and his mention of “doi mappamondi piccoli” printed by Feng Yingjing ... (1555-1606). However, they disagree on their origins, titles, and years of publication, and cannot distinguish them. Since the original maps are lost, this paper re-examines this issue from the viewpoint of historical geography: the author will build a sequence of historical inferences in order to clarify the origin of the maps, to which maps “doi mappamondi piccoli” refers, as well as explaining the history of this issue. In his “Evidential Study on Matteo Ricci’s World Maps” (1936), Hong Ye ... (1893-1980) translates “doi mappamondi piccoli” as “ two small geographical world maps,” stating them to be the maps of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that appeared in the Fang yu sheng lüe ... (1610), and identifying them with Yudi quan tu ... and Wanguo er yuan tu. In fact it was Zhang Jingyuan ... who persuaded Ricci to produce Wanguo er yuan tu and who printed it in 1607. It was unrelated to Feng Yingjing and “doi mappamondi piccoli.” Ricci neither mentioned what the “doi mappamondi piccoli” were, nor gave them to Feng Yingjing. Uncapitalized, “doi mappamondi piccoli” does not seem to refer to a complete world map. This paper infers that Feng obtained a copy of Ricci’s Shanhai yudi quan tu ... (1600), which contains several small diagrams, then selected, modified and printed two of them in his work Yueling guangyi ... (1602). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares methods for calculating the volume of a particular type of wedge-shaped solid described in the Qin dynasty bamboo-slip manuscript Shu (... Numbers), the Western Han dynasty bamboo-slip manuscript Suanshu shu (... Book on Calculations), and the Jiuzhang suanshu ( ... Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures), and identifies the relation between them. The text of Shu provides new evidence to support the opinion that four basic solids, the cuboid, qiandu (... right triangular prism), yangma (... right rectangular-based pyramid), and bienao (... tetrahedron with four right triangle faces) were used to determine solid volumes in the Qin and pre-Qin periods. Based on the above, this paper sets out a design that supplements the text in Shu to describe a mathematical method for finding the volume of a wedge. It reasons that the method for calculating the volume of the solid described on bamboo strip no. 0456 was found by mathematical derivation, and then attempts to reconstruct how the ancients obtained this method. Drawing on the concepts of evolution and genes from biology, this paper argues that the mathematical methods set out in the three sources have common characteristics and thus share the same origin. That common origin might have been transmitted and incorporated into an ancestor of the Jiuzhang suanshu that predates the other two documents. This paper also proposes a new understanding of how the methods for finding solid volumes were worked out and then transmitted throughout early China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zheng Xuan’s ... chronology of the early Zhou dynasty is one of the most important achievements in Western Zhou dynasty chronology. Building on previous studies, this paper uses Zheng Xuan’s chronology to comprehensively research academic history. Firstly, I present a complete chronological table of the early Zhou Dynasty constructed from Zheng Xuan’s notes on the Confucian classics and interpret the calendrical background to Zheng Xuan’s chronology. Secondly, I try to conjecture Zheng Xuan’s train of thought in constructing the chronology, and then working from this basis attempt to reconstruct his calculations. Lastly, this paper discusses the characteristics of Zheng Xuan’s chronology, including the type of calendar that he used, how he selected, interpreted and corrected material, and how he utilized his chronology when interpreting the Confucian classics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shan Shili’s 單士釐 travel literature is well-studied, but her “women’s literature” has yet to receive significant attention. Focusing on her women’s literature,” this paper examines the significance of Shan Shili’s identity as a late-Qing/early Republican-era female intellectual. Firstly, she introduces to China the idea of the devoted wife and mother through her translations of Japanese books on women’s education and home economics, which include Shimoda Utako’s 下田歌子Kaseigaku 家政學 and Nagae Masanao’s 永江 正直Joshi kyōikuron 女子教育論. Secondly, she reconstructs the pedigree of Qing dynasty women poets by editing catalogues of Qing Dynasty women’s poetry, such as Qing guixiu zhengshi zaixu ji 清閨秀正始再續集and Qing guixiu yiwen lüe 清閨秀藝文略. Besides this, as a writer, she tells the life stories of her female relatives in her work Yifan wenjian lu 懿範聞見錄. This paper delves into Shan Shili’s rich and varied literary output, with the aim of understanding the significance of the well-bred lady’s transformation into the modern female intellectual at the turn of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates tone sandhi phenomena in Chengdu 成都 dialect reduplication. There are seven reduplication patterns in Chengdu dialect, among them, the patterns AA, ABB, AAB and AABB involve tonal alterations that differ from those found in non-reduplicated words. This paper argues that, despite the fact that the four patterns of reduplication differ in terms of syllable number and reduplicant position, they are similar in that they are accompanied by a floating high tone. This floating high tone is associated with the left edge of the reduplicant and is realized as a high level tone (55) unless this would result in an OCP violation at the final foot of the word. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The “journey” in Journey to the West 西遊記 can be understood in different ways. Building on previous studies, this paper investigates the meaning of the term “文章遊戲 textual frolic” and how it is used to describe the progressively deeper stages in the practice of Daoist inner alchemy. This paper also examines how changes in name and form of the protagonist are used to represent the various transformations and levels of experience of the novel’s characters. Also covered are the use of metonymical expressions and the softening of boundaries through the use of poetic metaphor, pithy formulas, and humor. Finally, this paper examines how the three stages of inner alchemy—refinement of essential matter into vital breath 煉精化氣, refinement of vital breath into spirit 煉氣化神, and refinement of spirit back to emptiness 煉神還虛—are presented metaphorically in the novel in terms of critical junctures and battles with demons along the journey. We can see how the master and his disciples practice austerities and interact with the demons, causing their bodies to shift, interchange and integrate, culminating in a unity of body and mind which transcends the ordinary human condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ci 辭 and fu 賦 literature have had a great impact on the development of landscape literature and its forms. The Xie Lingyun 謝靈運 school of landscape literature developed landscape writing into a dialogue between outer world and inner self, thereby giving it the emotionally expressive dimension which gradually became the hallmark of landscape literature. By contrast, an alternative form of dialogue in landscape writing that developed out of discursive fu has often been ignored by scholars, due to it being non-mainstream and represented by far fewer works. However, the existence of this branch of landscape literature opened up the possibility for alternative dialogues with the landscape, which therefore makes its features and key elements worthy of scholarly attention. Focusing on Liu Zongyuan’s 柳宗元“Yu xi dui＂愚溪對, and using his“Qiu shan fu＂囚山賦 and“Tan quan dui＂貪泉對 for comparison, this paper explores the imitative and creative context, examining Yu xi dui’s status as a model example of a work that combines landscape writing and discursive fu. This paper also investigates the significance of its innovations in writing and the new dimension of emotional expression in the history of landscape literature and the writing of ci and fu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses primarily on three questions: (1) What are the main ideas and characteristics of the following three works associated with the Caodong School: the “Cantongqi 參同契,” “Baojing sanmei 寶鏡三昧,” and “Pianzheng wuwei shuo 偏正五位說” ? (2) What is the theoretical connection between two works written by Juelang Daosheng 覺浪道盛 of the Caodong School tradition, i.e., the “Lihua shuo 麗化說” and “Zunhuoweizong lun 尊火為宗論,” and the Caodong School in general? (3) Juelang Daosheng’s view of Zhuangzi as an esoteric Confucian and Confucius as the great systematizer of the three traditions stands in sharp contrast to the views of other Buddhists and influenced later scholars in the Caodong School tradition, such as Fang Yizhi 方以智. How, then, are we to understand the idea, propounded by both Juelang and Fang, of “systematizing the three traditions” ? This paper finds a clear theoretical connection between the Caodong School and the li 離 hexagram of the Book of Changes, a connection that can be used to unify the Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist schools of thought and that serves as the underlying basis of Juelang Daosheng’s thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sentence-final particles of modality (hereafter "particles") are among the most problematic aspects of pre-Qin Chinese grammar. Previously, scholars agreed that these particles by convention designate the subjectivity of an utterance, i.e., the speaker's vantage point or attitude. However, the sentences in a discourse that end with such particles often shift in their expressive force depending on context. This raises the question whether the particles are multifunctional in nature, rather than each possessing one single conventionalized function. The issue has been further complicated due to terms being inconsistently used in previous studies. By relying instead on a conceptual basis for particles, the present paper attempts to distinguish their functional categories and to explain how contextual factors may have had an impact on the use of particles and consequently resulted in diachronic change. This paper identifies differences between the subjectivity implied in the predicative components of a sentence and that designated by particles, and also makes the point that the subjective function of a couple of the particles might have already crossed over into inter-subjectivity. In explaining sentence-final particles of modality in Chinese from the point of view of subjectivity, this paper follows the current trend in linguistics for approaching these issues, a departure from previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Studies / Hanxue Yanjiu is the property of Center for Chinese Studies/National Central Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)