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Individuals’ variation in their preference for the daily timing of sleep and wakefulness is known as chronotype. This study aims to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Owl and Lark Questionnaire (OLQ; also known as the Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire), which was developed by Horne and Östberg in 1976 and is still today the most frequently used self-evaluation instrument for chronotype. Two selfadministration methods for the Chinese OLQ were studied. The paper and pencil version was studied in university students aged between 18 and 28 years and showed an internal consistency Cronbach’s alpha value of .7 (N = 213) and a one-month-interval test-retest reliability value of .71 (N = 28). The internet version was administered in general adults aged between 18 and 36 years and showed a Cronbach’s alpha value of .75 (N = 660) and a test-retest reliability value of .61 (n = 24) with varying test-retest intervals of 120 ~ 339 days. The OLQ scores of both the versions were negatively correlated with the mean daily bedtime and getup time, i.e., the higher the score (denoting greater circadian preference as a morning type), the earlier the bedtime and getup time. Compared to the morning type and intermediate type, the evening type had the greatest value for the difference in getup time between weekday and weekend and longest sleep duration during the weekend. Age positively and daytime sleepiness negatively correlated to morningness in the internet group. However, sex differences in OLQ scores were not found. Taken together, the results of this study support that both the paper and internet versions of the Chinese OLQ are of good reliability and validity for assessing the phase preference of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpersonal relationships are a crucial concept in the field of organizational behavior, and they have accumulated a rich body of research to date. However, relationship theory encompasses various perspectives, and these divergent viewpoints have led to fragmented discussions, making it challenging to integrate and impeding the progress of research. The primary objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on relationships in the context of the Chinese workplace, aiming to understand the current state of research achievements and challenges. Firstly, this paper reviews the publication trends of relationship studies in TSSCI journals within the fields of industrial psychology and management. Next, it synthesizes several significant Western relationship theories and elucidates their research outcomes in the context of the Chinese workplace. Thirdly, this paper examines relationship theories unique to Chinese culture and related research. Fourthly, it attempts to propose two organizing frameworks based on content and process perspectives to summarize current theories. Finally, based on these organizing frameworks, the paper discusses future research directions in the field of relationship studies. Through this comprehensive review and synthesis, this paper aspires to provide a coherent overview of relationship research in the Chinese workplace, serving as a valuable reference for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current focus on fairness and justice issues within organizations predominantly focuses on frontline employees, with only a limited number of studies delving into the perceptions of fairness among managerial staff. However, understanding how supervisors react to unfair treatment by their subordinates, particularly in terms of forgiveness and retaliation, is crucial in shaping leadership styles. This paper provides a concise review of organizational justice perspectives and research, establishes the conceptual implications of supervisor perceptions of unfair treatment by subordinates, and explores the repercussions of supervisor forgiveness and retaliation. Additionally, it discusses the potential impact of these actions on group climate and individual/group effectiveness while considering moderating variables such as emotional connections between supervisors and the organization or subordinates. The paper proposes a conceptual framework outlining the potential consequences when supervisors experience unfair treatment from subordinates and choose forgiveness or retaliation. The paper concludes by presenting nine research propositions to guide future studies and suggests potential avenues for further research and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenced by family characteristics and pan-familism in Chinese organizations, Chinese leaders tend to treat their subordinates as family members and give them care, opportunities, and believe that taking care of subordinates is a duty-bound obligation. According to the cultural tradition of Chinese relations, scholars interpret the possible impact of the relationship between leaders and subordinates in Chinese business organizations from the perspective of “the interactive dual model of the benefactor and the beneficiary.” They called it “benevolent leadership,” which means that the leader cares for the personal well-being of subordinates individually, comprehensively, and for a long time. Benevolent leadership is rooted in paternalistic leadership theory. There have been many review articles or metaanalysis papers on paternalistic leadership. It is not difficult to see the importance and significance of benevolent leadership. However, there has yet to be a paper that specifically and systematically reviews benevolent leadership and explores its particularity and effectiveness. Given this, this article attempts to re-examine the past achievements, current situation, and future directions of benevolent leadership theory with a longitudinal investigation and a thematic analysis. To sum up, this article would review and discuss the research results of benevolent leadership in the order of the following key points. First, it would review the concept and cultural roots of benevolent leadership. Second, it would present the theoretical development, definition, and dimension evolution of benevolence. Third, it would analyze benevolent leadership theory from different perspectives. Fourth, it would clarify and compare the similarities and differences of benevolent leadership with similar leadership theories. Fifth, it would examine the relevant research results of benevolent leadership in the context of the triad model of paternalistic leadership, including the direct effects on subordinate attitudes and behaviors, as well as the mediating and moderating variables. Finally, after systematically reviewing the research on benevolent leadership, this paper would propose future research prospects to clarify unresolved issues further and comprehensively present the validity and importance of benevolent leadership theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employee silence, the withholding of input about work-related matters, has been frequently observed in organizations, and it may be detrimental to organizational performance and employees’ well-being. Hence, employee silence has become an important topic in recent years and accumulated massive research to examine its antecedents and consequences. However, some issues still need to be addressed, including unclear definition of the construct and lack of a systematic integration of the results. Therefore, this paper will re-clarify the concept of employee silence, integrate the results of past research, and provide suggestions for future research. We first clarify the development of the employee silence construct, the relationship between silence motives and silence behavior, the similarities and differences between silence and voice, and the important characteristics of employee silence. Secondly, we sort out the current research on employee silence and put forward the culture issue, explaining the particularity of employee silence in Chinese culture in order to provide further inspiration for future research on employee silence in Taiwan. Finally, we also propose recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friendship alienation is a common dilemma experienced by many Chinese people in life. It especially has negative impacts on the mental health of the alienated party, which cannot be ignored. The role of “yuanfen” ( 緣分 ) in adapting to relationship dilemmas has already been put forward and yuanfen has recently been subdivided into beliefs in “yuan” (緣) and “fen” (分). However, yuan and fen beliefs were for the most part hypothesized in the past to have respective effects on psychological adaptation. This paper first proposes the hypothesis that yuan and fen belief can work together (interact) to buffer the negative effects of friendship alienation on mental health. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the roles of the yuan and fen beliefs following friendship alienation, including the effect of “friendship alienation” on “mental health” and the moderating role of yuan and fen beliefs. In this study, adults aged 18 and above were adopted as subjects. Data was collected through online questionnaires. Participants were requested to fill out assessment scales measuring friendship alienation experiences, their yuan and fen beliefs, sense of loneliness, satisfaction with life, subjective happiness, etc. The results show that compared with those without experiences of friendship alienation, people who had experienced estrangement from their friends within two years indeed showed poorer mental health. The research results with greater significance show that 1) If the yuan and fen beliefs operate simultaneously, they play a buffering role on the negative impacts of alienation experience on mental health. If they both operate independently however, they do not have a buffering effect on the negative impacts of the alienation experience on mental health; and 2) It is worth noting that in situations where belief in yuan is low, and the belief in fen is higher, the more likely an experience of alienation would jeopardize subjective happiness and satisfaction with life. Overall, the joint operation of the beliefs in yuan and fen may play a buffering role in the negative effects of friendship alienation. Nevertheless, it is also worth noting that under specific circumstances, yuan and fen do not always have positive effects on negative relationships as mentioned in the preceding literature. Finally, the research results were targeted for further discussion. The research limitations and directions were also indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated why and how college students terminate academic procrastination and materialize the idea of terminating procrastination. Three separate studies were conducted. The first research is a pilot study that adopted the questionnaire survey approach to collect data from 123 participants who have enrolled in college degree programs. Results show that almost all of the respondents have the experience of terminating academic procrastination. The reasons include “There is not much time left,” “I could not be in such a slump,” “Continued procrastination would have led to unfavorable results in the future,” “The expectations of significant others regarding my performance” and “Reflections on past procrastination experiences.” The second research took a qualitative approach. It used the possible reasons for terminating procrastination from the first research to conduct focus interviews with 16 individuals. After comparing the procrastination phase and the termination of procrastination phase, it is demonstrated that: at the termination of the procrastination phase, interviewees showed more self-awareness, including introspection of their motivations to take action and becoming concerned about significant others’ opinion of themselves. In terms of their perspective on time, the interviewees shifted away from present hedonism to future time perspective. With regard to their state of mind, they shifted away from fixed mindset to growth mindset. Also, interviewees indicated that they were able to inhibit distractions, and concepts such as hard work would lead to fruitful ends or to strive as much as one is able could help them transform notions of terminating procrastination into real action. In the third research, a quasi- -experiment was conducted, targeting 627 participants who have enrolled in college degree programs. They were assigned short essay readings. Results show that the sense of the public self-consciousness, present hedonism, and fixed mindset cannot terminate procrastination, but the sense of private self-consciousness, future time perspective, and growth mindset can terminate procrastination. When an individual’s sense of private self-consciousness, future time perspective, and growth mindset increases, the likelihood to inhibit distraction, and concepts such as hard work would lead to fruitful ends or maximum dedication tend to take shape, leading to the likelihood of the individual to take real action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization regards betel quid (BQ) as a human carcinogen. The BQ chewers may develop dependence symptoms. Although chewing BQ is common in many Asian countries, BQ is still a “populous orphan” in the field of addictive substance. The current review paper systematically reviews the cognitive neuroscientific studies on BQ chewers to understand the chewing effect on cognitive functions and brain. This review includes 25 studies ranged from 1976 to 2019. According to the subjects and study tools, these studies are categorized into “cognitive functions” and “executive control and reward systems.” The “cognitive functions” session includes alertness, selective attention, short-term memory, and executive control. The “executive control and reward systems” session includes the studies that adopted the magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the possible imbalance between the executive control and reward systems. The current review shows that (1) the alertness studies on BQ chewers are few and inconsistent, (2) chewing BQ can affect spatial attention distribution that facilitates target identification, (3) dependent chewers can bias their attention to BQ cues, (4) dependent chewers may have impaired spatial short-term memory, (5) the behavioral studies on executive control are few and inconsistent, (6) imaging studies, in general, show deteriorated executive control in dependent chewers, but show inconsistent patterns on the reward system. The current review discusses several research limitations for future BQ studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of reporting effect sizes (ESs) in quantitative empirical studies has been emphasized in the literature. However, no published study to date has shed light on current ES reporting practices in Taiwanese psychology and education journals. To fill this gap, the present study systematically reviewed 268 articles published in eight Taiwanese psychology journals and nine education journals during 2017 and 2018. All of these 17 journals were highly ranked in their respective fields. Four aspects of ES reporting practices were investigated: (A) the ES reporting rate, (B) the ES type, (C) the ES interpretation, and (D) the resolution of discrepancies between the ES magnitude and statistical significance. The results revealed that 72% of articles reported at least one ES, and more than 65% of ESs reported were the r-type, such as Pearson’s r and (...). Of the studies that reported ESs, 55% also interpreted the ESs. More than 80% of these interpretations were the mere labeling of an ES as small, medium, or large, according to established benchmarks. Approximately 50% of the articles showed a discrepancy between the magnitude of an ES and its corresponding statistical significance, but only 35% of these articles attempted to explain or resolve the discrepancy. When the data for psychology and education articles were analyzed separately, the psychology articles exhibited a lower rate of both ES reporting and ES interpretation by labeling. In sum, the majority of articles reported at least one ES, but few interpreted ES fully or meaningfully. To assist authors with a full and meaningful ES reporting, we offer five suggestions and one exemplary ES reporting in the Extended Abstract. It is hoped that this paper contributes to an increased practice of meaningfully reporting ES(s) in empirical quantitative studies in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport and Exercise Psychology research has gradually gained attention in the public eyes in Taiwan and has become an indispensable professional field to promote athlete achievement or mass sports quality. This study aims to review 121 data on sports psychology-related topics which were contained 115 academic papers in the Taiwan Social Science Citation Index (TSSCI), and 6 doctoral dissertations, exploring the relationship between the focus of past research topics and discussing trends and changes in research themes across generations through rigorous social network analysis methods. The study found that: (1)“Sportsmanship/Moral Development” and “Modeling/Observational Learning” are the research topics that are less discussed in Taiwan. The other nine research themes can be divided into three categories: a) “Competition/Achievement Orientation” and “Multidisciplinary Approaches to Psychological Issues”; “Self-Perceptions”, “Emotion/Arousal/Anxiety”, “Physical Activity Adoption, Maintenance, and Adherence”; b) “Gender Role”, “Attitude/Motivation”, “Social Development/Significant Others”, “Measurement Development and Validation”. Among which “self-cognition” is the key role of the most developmental potential context, and the frequency of integration with other research topics is also the highest. (2) In the decade after 2006, the development of Taiwan’s sports psychology is the most diverse, and after 2016, it becomes an in-depth study of several research topics. In the time interval 1(1993-2000), the most critical research topic is “Attitude/Motivation”. In time interval 2(2001- 2005), the most critical research topic are “Self-Perceptions”, “Attitude/Motivation”. In time interval 3(2006-2010), the most critical research topics are “Self-Perceptions”,” Multidisciplinary Approaches to Psychological Issues”, “Emotion/ Arousal/Anxiety”, “Social Development/Significant Others”, “Gender Role”, “Attitude/Motivation”. In time interval 4(2011- 2015), the most critical research topics are “Self-perceptions”, “Attitude/Motivation”, “Multidisciplinary Approaches to Psychological Issues”, “Emotion/Arousal/Anxiety”, “Social Development/Significant Others”. At last, “Self-Perceptions” is the most critical research topic in time interval 5(2016-2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletic performance is closely related to brain mechanisms. Sport cognitive neuroscience, an area of research utilizing brain imaging tools for the understanding of potential in human motor performance with roots in psychophysiology, has incorporated sport psychology theories and neuroscience techniques to evolve as a distinct research field. Research topics in this field mainly focus on the relationship between neurocognitive processing and athletic performance by recording the neural activity with brain imaging tools, particularly with electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This paper reviews relevant research on sport cognitive neuroscience with an emphasis on work conducted by local researchers. An overview of the evolution and theories of sport cognitive neuroscience is provided, as well as exploration of studies categorized by the cross-sectional and longitudinal design in sport cognitive neuroscience using EEG and fMRI. Lastly, the unresolved issues in the previous studies are discussed, with suggestions for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To provide a general overview of Taiwanese scholars’ publication history in sport and exercise psychology in international journals in the past 10 years. The aim was to encourage more young scholars to develop careers in this area. Method: Following the methodological suggestions by Cooper (2016) in research synthesis with some small modifications, we adopted a “quasi-systematic review” approach to collect, sort and analyze Taiwanese scholars’ publications in the field of the social psychology of sport and exercise in the past decade. We only considered papers published in international journals and TSSCI journals. Results: The results of this review can be summarized in five points: (a) most Taiwanese scholars conducted their research in sport contexts; (b) most of the studies used undergraduates and adolescents as participants; (c) most scholars adopted quantitative methods to conduct their research, and the studies published in international journals had a higher proportion of longitudinal designs than those published in TSSCI journals; (d) 34 (17.71%) studies examined the issue of “interpersonal relationship in sport”; 51 (26.56%) studies investigated “leadership and group dynamics”; 74 (38.54%) investigated “motivation”; 107 (55.73%) investigated “social cognition in sport”; and 67 (34.90%) investigated the “influence of the environment”; and (e) among the studies published in international journals, 24 (28.57%) were ranked as Q1, 17 (20.24%) as Q2, 30 (35.71%) as Q3; and 13 (15.48%) as Q4. Discussion and suggestion: Future research may examine how social facilitation influences athletes and exercisers’ behavior. Issues such as audience effect or home-court advantage are worth investigating. We also suggest that future studies may adopt cross-cultural or cross-ethnic designs. In addition, we suggest that future studies adopt multi-samples, multi-measures, and multi-timing data collection. Other research designs such as longitudinal interventions and qualitative-quantitative mixed design are recommended. Finally, we suggest that future studies use more diverse populations as research participants, especially older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Sport and Exercise Psychology” is a relatively newborn sub-discipline in the field of Psychology. However, after several years’ development, Sport and Exercise Psychology has spawned its own unique themes in many related research areas. Being first funded in 2001, the Society for Sport and Exercise Psychology of Taiwan (SSEPT) has energetically advanced the Sport and Exercise Psychology academic discipline and its research in Taiwan. The SSEPT has established a firm research foundation for Sport and Exercise Psychology in Taiwan, reflected in three broad dimensions, which are advancing research topics, engaging in related international professional affairs, thereby promoting global attention, and suggesting practical research applications. This special issue includes eight research papers, not only introducing and analyzing certain specific international research topics, but also annotating and emphasizing the roles which the Taiwanese academic community plays in furthering those research topic areas. In conclusion, this special issue not only reflects the diverse developments of Sport and Exercise Psychology in Taiwan, but also demonstrates the contributions of the Taiwanese academic community to the international Sport and Exercise Psychology community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of organizational behavior research in Taiwan has been approximately 50 years. This paper reviews both the logic and the transition of research approaches, including etic approach, cross-cultural approach, indigenous approach, and globalized approach. On one hand, this essay indicates that the advantages and disadvantages of different types of research methods employed by organizational behavior researchers. On the other hand, by depicting the context and background of the transition of each research approach, this essay highlights the theoretical contribution of different research approaches, thus shedding some light on further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking back at the development of psychology in Taiwan, we can review the progress in various fields from three dimensions. The one is to explore the issues in universality and specific dimension, such as through the holistic concept dominant in the discipline or the topic of specific issues. The other is the temporal dimension, such as the review and outlook through the axis of the historical articulation and futuristic guidance. The third is the spatial dimension, such as the dialectical debate between the globalization and localization involved in the progress of various fields of psychology. Back to the progress of clinical psychology in Taiwan, we pay more attention to the link the science and application to solve the separation crisis between theory and practice. In this paper, literature review method is applied to inquire into the discussion of clinical psychology in Taiwan. It is not based on diachronic review, but on the combination of specific and universal themes, as well as the characteristics of local research outcome through the sampling approach and sign approach of the dual strategies to explore. First, it is discussed from the representative sample specific study topic covering three levels of psychopathology, psychological assessment and psychotherapy, including autism, sleep psychology, breast cancer psychological growth, and cardiac psychology research. Second, it is to discuss the characteristics of neuropsychological and rehabilitation psychology and the development of humanistic clinical psychology with the sign approach. Through the sampling and sign approach review, it shows that the research and development of clinical psychology in Taiwan is the reflective outcomes of the training process of both scientists and practitioners. Finally, under the retrospective results and exposition of the depth, localization and ethical act, we put forward the reflection on clinical practice through research and development, and towards the agenda that has yet to be deepened in further situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]