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Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most serious form of cardiovascular diseases. The case fatality rate (CFR) of AMI patients is an important index to reflect the prognosis of AMI.During the study period, the overall 30-day, 60-day, and 90-day CFR of AMI was 5.9%, 6.9%, and 7.6%, respectively. The CFRs in grade Ⅲ hospitals were lower than in grade Ⅱ hospitals, and the in-hospital CFR was significantly lower than that in post-discharge out-of-hospital.This study can provide evidence for targeted prevention and highlight the need to strengthen the level of treatment of patients with AMI in grade Ⅱ hospitals.

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and has caused a heavy burden in China. China has about 106 million CVD patients, including 33 million with stroke. This study presents the latest cardiovascular mortality in China in 2019 to provide evidence for disease control and prevention. Methods: Mortality data from the China Death Surveillance Point System (DSP System) was used for CVD mortality estimation. A descriptive analysis was conducted to demonstrate the results. Results: A total of 5.09 million CVD deaths were estimated in China in 2019, with a mortality rate and age-standardized mortality rate of 364.5 per 100,000 population and 276.0 per 100,000, respectively. Stroke is the leading cause of death, and the mortality rate and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) were 171.6 per 100,000 and 130.0 per 100,000, respectively. The second major cause was ischemic heart diseases, and the mortality rate and ASMR were 147.3 per 100,000 and 142.1 per 100,000, respectively. Stroke and ischemic heart diseases were the two major causes of CVD deaths, which accounted for over 87% of all CVD deaths. Conclusions: Although age-standardized mortality of CVD continues to decline in China, the number of deaths is still increasing. Therefore, prevention and control efforts for CVD should be maintained. In order to achieve the “Healthy China 2030” goal of reducing the mortality rate of CVD in China, it is necessary to further strengthen the prevention, control, and treatment capacity of stroke. Meanwhile, increases in ischemic heart disease deaths in highly developed areas should be monitored.

What is already known about this topic? Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in China and around the world. By 2019, 121 countries have instituted a national screening program as a secondary prevention measure for breast cancer. What is added by this report? Breast cancer screening rates in China were 18.9% in women aged 20 years and above, and 25.7% in women aged 35–64 years in 2015. The screening rate for women aged 20 years and above was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas (24.6% vs. 15.0%), and in the eastern region than in the central and western regions (24.0% vs. 15.1% and 15.3%). What are the implications for public health practice? Continued efforts should be made to strengthen national and local policy initiatives and financial support for population-based, organized screening programs for breast cancer. Health education and accessibility of screening services to women across the country should be strengthened, especially for women aged 50 years and above.

IntroductionCancer is an important public health concern with heavy disease burden in China. In 2017, cancer is the leading cause of death, with around 2.60 million deaths, which accounts for 26.07% of all deaths. This study aims to present cancer mortality in China in 2018 to provide evidence for cancer control and prevention. MethodsMortality data from China Cause of Death Reporting System (CDRS) and population data from National Bureau of Statistics are used for cancer mortality estimation. A descriptive analysis was conducted to demonstrate the results. ResultsA total of 2,557,297 cancer deaths were estimated in China in 2018 with a mortality rate and age-standardized mortality rate of 183.89 and 145.60 per 100,000, respectively. Lung, liver, and stomach cancer were the three leading causes of cancer death and accounted for around 56.75% of all cancer deaths. The age-standardized mortality rate was higher in men (194.37 per 100,000) than in women (99.47 per 100,000), in urban areas (148.25 per 100,000) than in rural areas (144.62 per 100,000), and in eastern regions (150.57 per 100,000) than in central (142.09 per 100,000)/western regions (141.54 per 100,000). The age-specific mortality rate remains low for the population younger than 44 years old and reaches its peak after 80 years old. Leukemia is the leading cause of cancer death among those aged 0–14 years in both sexes, while breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women aged 15–44 years. Conclusions and Implications for Public Health PracticeThe cancer mortality patterns show substantial disparities among sexes, age groups, areas, and regions. Healthy lifestyle promotion, active vaccination uptake, and environmental governance are essential to eliminate cancer-related risk factors in the overall population. Tailored strategies for the early screening and diagnosis, therapeutic management, and palliative care should be a top priority for enforcement among target populations and regions.

What is already known about this topic? The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Health Estimates (GHE) reported that acute hepatitis caused 9,213 deaths and 307,720 person years of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2016, and acute hepatitis B accounted for 85.81% of all DALYs among acute hepatitis types A, B, C, and E in China. What is added by this report? In China, the percent changes in years lived with disability (YLDs) due to acute hepatitis A, B, and E in groups aged 50–69 years and 70 years or more and in all age groups for acute hepatitis C were increased from 2000 to 2019. What are the implications for public health practices? Effective vaccines, interventions, and treatments are key approaches to achieve the WHO’s goal of reducing new hepatitis infections by 90% and deaths by 65% between 2016 and 2030.

What is already known about this topic? Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer of women around the world. Age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer were 11.78 and 3.29 per 100,000, respectively, in China in 2015. What is added by this report? Cervical cancer screening rates were 25.7% for women aged 20–64 years old and 31.4% for women aged 35–64 years old in China in 2015. Screening rates were lower in rural areas than in urban areas and varied across provinces. What are the implications for public health practice? Efforts should be made to continue to strengthen national and local policy initiatives, financial support, health education, and accessibility to women in rural areas for cervical cancer screening coverage.

What is already known on this topic? Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) such as sports, fitness, and recreation, is well documented to prevent chronic disease and improve health. The age-adjusted prevalence of regular LTPA was only 11.9% among Chinese adults in China in 2010. It has been reported that the age-adjusted LTPA prevalence increased from 7.13% in 2000 to 11.79% in 2011. What is added by this report? According to the latest available data, in 2015, the prevalence of LTPA and regular LTPA was 19.7% and 12.5% in adults aged 18 years old and above, respectively. Both LTPA and regular LTPA were lower in rural areas than in urban areas, higher in people with higher socioeconomic position, and varied across provinces. What are the implications for public health practice? To promote more people, especially those with lower socioeconomic position to participate in LTPA, great efforts are required to strengthen national and local policy initiatives, financial support, sports facility construction, and health education, especially in rural areas and in western China.

What is already known about this topic? Mental and substance use disorders have notable contributions to the disease burden in China. What is added by this report? In China, mental disorders and substance use disorders accounted for 20.29 million and 5.76 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019, respectively; depressive disorders were the leading cause of DALYs. For mental disorders, the numbers of DALYs increased 12.06% from 2000 to 2019 while the standardized rates declined 5.24%; for substance use disorders, both the numbers and standardized rates of DALYs decreased 8.52% and 18.52%, respectively. What are the implications for public health practices? Mental and substance use disorders pose a challenge to the healthcare system in China. The government should take action and decrease the associated burden of disease.

What is already known about this topic? Hypertension has become a major public health problem worldwide because of its high prevalence and various complications, and it ranks the most important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). What is added by this report? The prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the labor force population in 2015 in China were 21.4%, 26.1%, 19.6%, and 6.3%, respectively. Hypertension prevalence in the labor force population remains high and the control of hypertension is still very low. What are the implications for public health practice? Effective public health strategies targeting the labor force population, especially older adults, males, and overweight and obese participants are needed for hypertension prevention and control.

What is already known about this topic? There were approximately 1.23 million deaths reported among individuals aged 5–19 years worldwide in 2017. Limited attention has been paid to current mortality among primary and secondary school students aged 6–18 years in China. What is added by this report? In 2018, an estimated 28,519 deaths occurred among primary and secondary school students aged 6–18 years in China with an age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of 17.66 per 100,000. Substantial disparities existed among sexes, age groups, areas, and regions for different causes of death. Drowning, road traffic injuries, and leukemia were three leading causes of death. What are the implications for public health practice? Government support, legislation enforcement, multisectoral cooperation, and stakeholder engagement should be initiated to reduce premature deaths among primary and secondary school students in China, especially those due to injuries.

The National Cancer Center (NCC) and China CDC cooperatively designed a National Cancer Data Linkage (NCDL) Platform to fulfill the task of sharing cancer outcome data through an automatic web-based system.NCC and China CDC established a web-based NCDL Platform to link death information from China CDC with the cancer database from NCC. Overall, 76,708 cancer patients' data were analyzed to assess the feasibility and match rate of the NCDL Platform for 7 major cancers.The function of the platform includes a data application and approval system, data linkage module, and results visualization system. Through the platform, 38.9% cases were identified as deaths cases from the NCDL Platform in the first 3 years after cancer diagnosis. The linkage rate was highest in liver cancer and lowest in breast cancer.The NCDL Platform provides a powerful and efficient way to link national vital statistics with national cancer programs' data. Expanding cancer outcome data linkage may not only improve data collection efficiency, but also improve data use.

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in China is high, while effective prevention and proper management is lacking. No available indicators were found before 2016 that could comprehensively evaluate different aspects of CVD prevention and treatment.Constructed by combining data from multiple dimensions, China cardiovascular health index (CHI) has provided a practical indicator for each provincial-level administrative division (PLAD) to comprehensively understand its overall level and rankings of the specific dimensions of cardiovascular health.The CHI will be beneficial for each PLAD to identify weak aspects in CVD control and prevention and redistribute resources to the most needed areas.

What is already known about this topic? Previous studies have mainly focused on the relationship between temperature and mortality from stroke, but analysis on the effects on years of life lost (YLL) is limited. What is added by this report? YLLs were used as the health outcome, and cold and hot weather were found to be significantly associated with an increase in YLLs from stroke and for different groups, with a stronger effect found to be associated with low temperature. What are the implications for public health practice? These findings could help identify vulnerable regions and populations that have a more serious temperature-related burden and to guide the practical and effective measures for stroke control from a YLL perspective.

What is already known about this topic? The burden from chronic non-communicable diseases has become an important public health concern in China. What is added by this report? The most recent estimates on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes in China during 1990-2017 reveal that the accumulated prevalences of the four major NCDs are increasing, but the age-standardized mortality rates for CVD, cancer, and CRD have been on a decline during the period of 1990-2017. What are the implications for public health practice? More effective intervention strategies should be developed to deal with the continuously increasing burden caused by NCDs.