1. Correlates and consequences of spanking and verbal punishment for low-income white, african american, and mexican american toddlers.
- Author
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Berlin LJ, Ispa JM, Fine MA, Malone PS, Brooks-Gunn J, Brady-Smith C, Ayoub C, and Bai Y
- Subjects
- Black or African American psychology, Black or African American statistics & numerical data, Age Factors, Aggression, Child Behavior ethnology, Child Behavior psychology, Child Behavior Disorders ethnology, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Infant, Interviews as Topic, Male, Maternal Behavior ethnology, Mexican Americans psychology, Mexican Americans statistics & numerical data, Poverty ethnology, Poverty psychology, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, White People psychology, White People statistics & numerical data, Adaptation, Psychological, Child Rearing ethnology, Child Rearing psychology, Mother-Child Relations ethnology, Punishment psychology
- Abstract
This study examined the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of spanking and verbal punishment in 2,573 low-income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers at ages 1, 2, and 3. Both spanking and verbal punishment varied by maternal race/ethnicity. Child fussiness at age 1 predicted spanking and verbal punishment at all 3 ages. Cross-lagged path analyses indicated that spanking (but not verbal punishment) at age 1 predicted child aggressive behavior problems at age 2 and lower Bayley mental development scores at age 3. Neither child aggressive behavior problems nor Bayley scores predicted later spanking or verbal punishment. In some instances, maternal race/ethnicity and/or emotional responsiveness moderated the effects of spanking and verbal punishment on child outcomes.
- Published
- 2009
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