1. A Pilot Study To Examine the Effects of Smoking Cessation on Serum Markers of Inflammation in Women at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
- Author
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Daniel Jacobsen, Nina Kohn, Christine N. Metz, Arunabh Talwar, Diane Bartscherer, Virginia C. Reichert, Christine Fardellone, Xiangying Xue, and Patricia Folan
- Subjects
Adult ,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,SF-36 ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ,Pilot Projects ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor ,Cohort Studies ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,Risk factor ,Original Research ,Aged ,biology ,Interleukin-6 ,business.industry ,C-reactive protein ,Middle Aged ,Nicotine replacement therapy ,Surgery ,Clinical trial ,C-Reactive Protein ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,biology.protein ,Smoking cessation ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,Inflammation Mediators ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Body mass index ,Follow-Up Studies ,Cohort study - Abstract
Background The links among smoking, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are well established. Several studies have demonstrated that quitting smoking reverses the risk of coronary heart disease within 5 to 10 years. However, the immediate effects of quitting smoking on inflammatory biomarkers associated with CVD risk have not been well described. Methods In this pilot study, we examined a panel of circulating inflammatory biomarkers associated with CVD in "at-risk" women during the smoking cessation program. Forty-six women enrolled in a smoking cessation program consented to attend four study visits over 6 to 7 weeks. Health/medical information and blood were collected at each visit. Circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR)-I, sTNFR-II, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1 were measured, and changes between baseline levels (visit 1, while smoking) and visits 2 through 4 were determined. Results Significant reductions in circulating levels of TNF, sTNFR-I, sTNFR-II, and sVCAM-1 were observed among participants over the course of the smoking cessation program. Serum levels of both IL-6 and CRP declined during the smoking cessation program; the changes were not statistically significant, however. Conclusions These findings suggest there are rapid consequences of smoking cessation on inflammatory biomarkers in women at risk for CVD. Additional, larger studies including diverse smokers desiring to quit are required to confirm changes in "measurable milestones" that could serve as motivating factors to assist smokers to quit.
- Published
- 2009