1. The beneficial role of nano-sized Fe3O4 entrapped in ultra-stable Y zeolite for the complete mineralization of phenol by heterogeneous photo-Fenton under solar light.
- Author
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Tammaro, Olimpia, Morante, Nicola, Marocco, Antonello, Fontana, Marco, Castellino, Micaela, Barrera, Gabriele, Allia, Paolo, Tiberto, Paola, Arletti, Rossella, Fantini, Riccardo, Vaiano, Vincenzo, Esposito, Serena, Sannino, Diana, and Pansini, Michele
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ZEOLITE Y , *ZEOLITES , *IRON oxides , *PHENOL , *X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy , *X-ray powder diffraction - Abstract
Highly efficient, separable, and stable magnetic iron-based-photocatalysts produced from ultra-stable Y (USY) zeolite were applied, for the first time, to the photo-Fenton removal of phenol under solar light. USY Zeolite with a Si/Al molar ratio of 385 was impregnated under vacuum with an aqueous solution of Fe2+ ions and thermally treated (500–750 °C) in a reducing atmosphere. Three catalysts, Fe-USY500°C-2h, Fe-USY600°C-2h and Fe-USY750°C-2h, containing different amounts of reduced iron species entrapped in the zeolitic matrix, were obtained. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized by absorption spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction with synchrotron source, followed by Rietveld analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N 2 adsorption/desorption at −196 °C, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and magnetic measurements at room temperature. The catalytic activity was evaluated in a recirculating batch photoreactor irradiated by solar light with online analysis of evolved CO 2. Photo-Fenton results showed that the catalyst obtained by thermal treatment at 500 °C for 2 h under a reducing atmosphere (FeUSY-500°C-2h) was able to completely mineralize phenol in 120 min of irradiation time at pH = 4 owing to the presence of a higher content of entrapped nano-sized magnetite particles. The latter promotes the generation of hydroxyl radicals in a more efficient way than the Fe-USY catalysts prepared at 600 and 750 °C because of the higher Fe 3 O 4 content in ultra-stable Y zeolite treated at 500 °C. The FeUSY-500°C-2h catalyst was recovered from the treated water through magnetic separation and reused five times without any significant worsening of phenol mineralization performances. The characterization of the FeUSY-500°C-2h after the photo-Fenton process demonstrated that it was perfectly stable during the reaction. The optimized catalyst was also effective in the mineralization of phenol in tap water. Finally, a possible photo-Fenton mechanism for phenol mineralization was assessed based on experimental tests carried out in the presence of scavenger molecules, demonstrating that hydroxyl radicals play a major role. [Display omitted] • Stable catalysts were prepared by entrapping Fe species in ultra-stable Y zeolite. • The catalyst's magnetic properties allow easy separation and reuse. • Complete phenol removal is achieved by solar light-driven photo-Fenton reaction. • Phenol mineralization increases with Fe 3 O 4 content in ultra-stable Y zeolite. • Hydroxyl radicals play the main role in the removal of phenol under solar light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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