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Non-targeted analysis and suspect screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various matrices have gained traction with advancements in accurate mass analytical instruments. This study employed ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry for PFAS suspect screening of paper grades used in the paper recycling chain. The samples were prepared using two extraction techniques; selective accelerated solvent extraction with weak anionic exchange solid-phase extraction and non-selective ultrasonic-assisted extraction. A suspect screening protocol was established to tentatively identify suspected PFAS against spectral databases using a systematic approach of peak filtering and study-specific thresholds for reporting, linked to a confidence level. The possible prevalence of previously unreported PFAS in several paper materials across the various collection sites in the paper recycling chain was inferred by the common detection of short-chain polyfluoroalkyl ketones and diketones in the paper recycling chain. The suspect screening tentatively identified 41 unique PFAS, with 3 common to both pre-treatment techniques. The detection of unique PFAS by the two sample pre-treatment techniques highlighted the significance of both selective and non-selective extraction in PFAS screening endeavours. Further, it showed the importance of understanding the acquisition mechanisms employed in mass spectrometry where data-dependent acquisition triggered fragmentation in certain identified compounds, and not in others. The tentatively identified PFAS indicated that there were several previously unreported PFAS in the paper recycling chain and that additional studies were required to investigate their abundance, possible persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, in relation to their functional groups and carbon chains., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Nondumiso Mofokeng reports funding was provided by Mpact Operations Pty (Ltd). All other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The present study employed powdered activated coke (PAC) for the adsorptive removal of refractory COD from the bio-treated paper wastewater (BTPW). The adsorption reached equilibrium after 3 h, resulting in a decrease in the COD concentration from 98.9 mg L -1 in BTPW to 42.6 mg L -1 when utilizing a PAC dosage of 5 g L -1 . The dominant fractions of dissolved organic matter in BTPW were hydrophilic acids (HIA), hydrophilic neutrals (HIN), and hydrophobic acids (HOA), accounting for 48.8%, 34.2%, and 17.0% of the total dissolved organic carbon, respectively. Three fractions were all predominantly composed of humic/fulvic acid-like substances, while the HOA fraction exhibited highest susceptibility to adsorption by PAC, followed by the HIA and HIN fractions. FT-ICR MS data revealed PAC preferentially adsorbed the unsaturated and oxygen-rich substances containing more carboxyl groups. Additionally, the spent PAC was regenerated through ozonation and subsequently utilized in the adsorption cycles. The regeneration was successfully conducted under an ozone concentration of 1 mg L -1 for a duration of 10 min, and the regeneration efficiency remained about 87.0% even after undergoing five-cycle of adsorption-regeneration. The findings of this study demonstrate that PAC adsorption is a viable and efficacious treatment technology for efficiently removing refractory COD from BTPW., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The large use and emission of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) seriously pollute the environment and endanger human health. In this work, a hydrazone-linked fluorescent covalent organic framework (BATHz-COF) was simply synthesized at room temperature and covalently linked N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NALC) via the "thiol-ene" click reaction, where carboxyl groups were introduced to improve dispersion and fluorescence intensity. As a rapid, good selectivity and reusability fluorescence sensor, the obtained COF-NALC has been used for quantitative analysis of p-NP predicated on the internal filtering effect (IFE). Under optimal conditions, COF-NALC enabled quantitative detection of p-NP with a linear range of 5-50 μM and the detection limit was 1.46 μM. The application of COF-NALC to the detection of p-NP in river water samples was successful, and the satisfactory recoveries were 98.0%-109.3%. Furthermore, the fluorescent COF paper chips constructed by in situ growth were combined with a smartphone to build a visual platform for the quick and real-time detection of p-NP, providing an excellent illustration for the development of intelligent fluorescence sensing in environmental analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The increased production and expanding demand for cellulosic products have required companies to provide solutions for the proper disposal of generated residues without compromising soil quality. In this context, the current research aimed at evaluating the ecotoxicological impacts of dregs application in subtropical soils. The experiments were carried out with the earthworm Eisenia andrei, the springtail Folsomia candida, and the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus in two subtropical soils (Neosol and Cambisol) collected in the southern region of Brazil. The considerable differences in texture and organic matter content motivated the choosing of these soils. The reproductive rate of all organisms was influenced, with varying EC 50 values depending on the soil type. However, more pronounced effects were observed for Neosol. The springtail F. candida proved to be the most sensitive to contamination (EC 50 = 5.8 g kg -1 for Neosol and 48.5 g kg -1 for Cambisol), followed by the earthworm E. andrei (EC 50 = 62.4 g kg -1 for Neosol and 129.5 g kg -1 for Cambisol) and the potworm E. crypticus (EC 50 = 67.2 g kg -1 for Neosol and 230.4 g kg -1 for Cambisol). As a result, while dregs can be used to correct soil acidity, they have been shown to have negative effects on important organisms responsible for functions critical to maintaining ecosystem quality., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Anaerobic digestion of floated paperboard sludge (PS) cake suffers from volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation, nutrient unbalanced condition, and generation of digestate with a risk of secondary pollution. To overcome these drawbacks, sewage sludge (SS) was added to PS cake for biogas recovery improvement under a co-digestion process followed by the thermal treatment of solid fraction of digestate for biochar production. Batch experimental assays were conducted at different SS:PS mixing ratios of 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 20:80 (w/w), and their anaerobic co-digestion performances were compared to the mono-digestion systems at 35 ± 0.2 °C for 45 days. The highest methane yield (MY) of 241.68 ± 14.81 mL/g COD removed was obtained at the optimum SS:PS ratio of 50:50 (w/w). This experimental condition was accompanied by protein, carbohydrate, and VFA conversion efficiencies of 47.3 ± 3.2%, 46.8 ± 3.2%, and 56.3 ± 3.8%, respectively. The synergistic effect of SS and PS cake encouraged the dominance of Bacteroidota (23.19%), Proteobacteria (49.65%), Patescibacteria (8.12%), and Acidovorax (12.60%) responsible for hydrolyzing the complex organic compounds and converting the VFAs into biomethane. Further, the solid fraction of digestate was subjected to thermal treatment at a temperature of 500 °C for 2.0 h, under an oxygen-limited condition. The obtained biochar had a yield of 0.48 g/g dry digestate, and its oxygen-to-carbon (O/C), carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N), and carbon-to-phosphorous (C/P) ratios were 0.55, 10.23, and 16.42, respectively. A combined anaerobic co-digestion/pyrolysis system (capacity 50 m 3 /d) was designed based on the COD mass balance experimental data and biogenic CO 2 market price of 22 USD/ton. This project could earn profits from biogas (12,565 USD/yr), biochar (6641 USD/yr), carbon credit (8014 USD/yr), and COD shadow price (6932 USD/yr). The proposed project could maintain a payback period of 6.60 yr. However, further studies are required to determine the associated life cycle cost model that is useful to validate the batch experiment assumptions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

For decades, the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) has been found to ingest and accumulate high loads of plastic due to its feeding ecology and digestive tract morphology. Plastic ingestion can lead to both physical and toxicological effects as ingested plastics can be a pathway for hazardous chemicals into seabirds' tissues. Many of these contaminants are ubiquitous in the environment and the contribution of plastic ingestion to the uptake of those contaminants in seabirds' tissues is poorly known. In this study we aimed at quantifying several plastic-related chemicals (PRCs) -PBDE209, several dechloranes and several phthalate metabolites- and assessing their relationship with plastic burdens (both mass and number) to further investigate their potential use as proxies for plastic ingestion. Blood samples from fulmar fledglings and liver samples from both fledgling and non-fledgling fulmars were collected for PRC quantification. PBDE209 and dechloranes were quantified in 39 and 33 livers, respectively while phthalates were quantified in plasma. Plastic ingestion in these birds has been investigated previously and showed a higher prevalence in fledglings. PBDE209 was detected in 28.2 % of the liver samples. Dechlorane 602 was detected in all samples while Dechloranes 601 and 604 were not detected in any sample. Dechlorane 603 was detected in 11 individuals (33%). Phthalates were detected in one third of the analysed blood samples. Overall, no significant positive correlation was found between plastic burdens and PRC concentrations. However, a significant positive relationship between PBDE209 and plastic number was found in fledglings, although likely driven by one outlier. Our study shows the complexity of PRC exposure, the timeline of plastic ingestion and subsequent uptake of PRCs into the tissues in birds, the additional exposure of these chemicals via their prey, even in a species ingesting high loads of plastic. [Display omitted] • Plastic-related chemicals were measured in the fulmar Fulmarus glacialis. • PBDE209 was detected in 28% of fulmars' liver with an average of 1.36 ng/g. • Dechloranes were detected in all livers with an average of 0.36 ng/g. • Detectable phthalate concentrations were found in 33% of plasma samples. • No significant positive correlation between any contaminants and plastic burdens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the adverse effects of using plastics and perfluorinated alkyl substances become more apparent, there is a growing need for sustainable hydrophobic products. Cellulose and its derivatives are the most abundant and widely used polymers, and cellulose-based products have great potential in industries where plastics and other hydrophobic polymers are used, such as stain-resistant fabrics, food packaging, and oil-water separation applications. In this study, we extracted cellulose from water hyacinth (WH) biomass, known for its negative environmental impact, and converted it into hydrophobic cellulose. This addresses the issue of managing WH waste and creating an environmentally friendly hydrophobic material. Initially, aldehyde groups were introduced through oxidation with periodate, followed by direct octadecyl amine (ODA) grafting onto dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) via a Schiff base condensation. The resulting ODA modified cellulose (ODA-C) was dispersed in ethanol and used to coat various materials, including cotton fabric, cellulose filter paper, and packaging paper. The modified materials showed excellent hydrophobicity as measured by their water contact angles (WCAs), and the application of the coating was demonstrated for oil-water separation, stain-resistant hydrophobic fabric, and paper-based packaging materials. FTIR, XRD, and WCA analysis confirmed the successful modification of cellulose. A high separation efficiency of 99% was achieved for diesel/water separation using modified filter paper (MoFP), under gravity. On application of the coating, cotton fabric became hydrophobic and resisted staining from dye, and paper-based packaging materials became more robust by becoming water-resistant. Overall, the facile synthesis, low cost, high efficiency, and use of environmentally friendly sustainable materials make this a promising strategy for hydrophobically modifying surfaces for a wide range of applications while reducing the menace of water hyacinth. [Display omitted] • Hydrophobic cellulose produced from water hyacinth and used for oily water treatment • ODA-C modified filter paper shows excellent hydrophobicity with WCA ≥120°. • ≥99% efficiency was observed for separation of diesel/water suspension. • Modified materials show good reusability and durability. • Environmental concerns were addressed by a sustainable approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Switching from a linear mode of waste management to a circular loop by transforming plastic waste into carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a promising approach to current plastic waste treatment. One of the many applications of CNTs is its use for electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen evolution. Existing methods of CNTs-based hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrode fabrication involve additives like polymeric binders and additional steps to improve CNT dispersion, which are detrimental to the CNT structure and properties. The in-situ fabrication approach can potentially be a one-pot solution to HER electrode synthesis. In this study, polyolefins pyrolysis gas and a Co:Ni:Mg catalyst were used to fabricate binder-free CNTs-based electrodes on different substrates for HER. The study assessed CNT quality on conductive carbon paper, semiconductive silicon, and dielectric glass substrates, evaluating their HER performance in 1 M KOH. A mixture of hollow-core, bamboo-like, and cup-stacked arrangement nanotubes were synthesized on the substrates, with CNTs on glass and carbon paper substrates possessing better graphitization than CNTs grown on silicon. This is in agreement with HER performance, whereby the as-prepared electrodes required overpotentials of 267 mV, 241 mV, and 216 mV for silicon, glass, and carbon paper, respectively, to achieve 10 mA/cm2. Despite being poorly conductive, the glass substrate electrode achieved a lower overpotential than the silicon electrode. Additionally, the as-prepared silicon electrode faced a delamination issue likely attributed to the lower surface energy of the silicon substrate surface, demonstrating the weaker adhesion between the CNTs and silicon surface. The proposed approach thus showed that the in-situ fabricated electrodes performed better than separately synthesized CNTs prepared into electrodes by 27.4% and 14.2% for carbon paper and glass substrates, respectively. The improved performance of the as-prepared, binder-free electrodes can be linked to the lower charge-transfer resistance and reduced contact resistance between the CNTs and substrate. [Display omitted] • Co:Ni:Mg catalyst was used for CNT synthesis from mixed plastic. • CNTs was grown on glass, carbon paper, and silicon substrates to fabricate freestanding electrode. • Bamboo-like CNTs were observed on carbon paper and glass substrates. • Carbon paper and glass electrodes exhibited lower overpotentials at 10 mA/cm2. • Freestanding electrodes demonstrated improved HER activity than ink-loaded electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of chemicals that have been widely used by various industries, including the food contact material industry. These substances are favoured for their ability to repel oil and resist moisture. However, exposure to PFAS has been linked to several health problems, including effects on the immune system. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), food contact materials (FCM) are likely to contribute to human exposure to PFAS. Therefore, this study investigated the exposure to PFAS from FCM. One hundred and ten FCM made of paper and board (e.g. straws, cups, bowls, boxes etc.), sugar cane or wheat pulp-based FCM, called paper analogues (e.g., cup, bowls, plates, hamburger boxes etc.) were carefully selected on the Belgian market and investigated using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometery. Out of the 25 PFAS targeted, 11 were detected in the samples, mainly perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA) and PFOS. It was found that all of the paper analogue samples contained PFAS, while 43% of the paper and board samples showed the presence of these chemicals. Except for one sample, most detections suggest contamination rather than intentional use. Finally, a risk assessment was conducted, which revealed potential risks for consumers related to a coffee cup made of paper and board and a food tray made of sugar cane. [Display omitted] • Food contact materials (FCM) contributes to human exposure to PFAS substances. • Paper analogues FCM are more contaminated up to a factor 10 compared to paper and board FCM. • Risk assessment highlighted risks for the consumers regarding a coffee cup and a food tray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BPA and its analogues are facing increasingly stringent regulations restricting their use due to the increasing knowledge of their harmful effects. It is therefore expected that novel BPA analogues and alternatives will replace them in plastic products, cans and thermal paper to circumvent restrictions imposed by legislation. This raises concerns about the safety of "BPA-free" products, as they contain BPA substitutes whose safety has not been sufficiently assessed prior to their market introduction. The regulatory agencies have recognised BPAP, BPBP, BPC2, BPE, BPFL, BPG, BPP, BPPH, BPS-MAE, BPS-MPE, BP-TMC, BPZ and the alternatives BTUM, D-90, UU and PF201 as compound with insufficient data regarding their safety. We demonstrate that the mentioned compounds are present in consumer products, food and the environment, thus exhibiting toxicological risk not only to humans, but also to other species where their toxic effects have already been described. Results of in silico , in vitro and in vivo studies examining the endocrine disruption and other effects of BPA analogues show that they disrupt the endocrine system by targeting various nuclear receptors, impairing reproductive function and causing toxic effects such as hepatotoxicity, altered behaviour and impaired reproductive function. In vitro and in vivo data on BPA alternatives are literally non-existent, although these compounds are already present in commonly used thermal papers. However, in silico studies predicted that they might cause adverse effects as well. The aim of this article is to comprehensively collate the information on selected BPA substitutes to illustrate their potential toxicity and identify safety gaps. [Display omitted] • Newly emerging BPA substitutes react with several nuclear receptors. • BPA replacements affect fertility, behaviour, endocrine balance and liver health. • Novel BPA analogues are found in plastic packaging, food and environment. • Pergafast 201, BPS-MAE, D-90 and UU are used as colour developers in thermal paper. • BPP, BPFL, BPE, BPG, BPZ, BPBP and BPAP have been detected in human urine and serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We hereby report the development of a novel electrochemical method to degrade perfluorooctanoic acid (C 7 F 15 COOH, PFOA). At the center of the approach are bimetallic Pd–Ru nano-catalyst materials called IMPACT : I nnovative (nano) M aterials and P rocesses for A dvanced C atalytic T echnologies. IMPACT uses flavonoid-sequestered Pd–Ru, allowing the development of specialized electrodes with tunable properties to sequentially degrade PFOA in wastewater samples into a sustainable byproduct via an indirect electrochemical method. Electron transfers at RuO x H y species stabilize the Pd component of the nano-catalysts, enabling the degradation process via PFOA deprotonation, chain shortening, decarboxylation, hydrolysis, fluoride elimination, and CF 2 flake-off mechanism. IMPACT enabled the observation of redox peaks at −0.26 V and 0.56 V for the first time, with accompanying reduction peaks at −0.5V and 0.29 V, respectively. These redox peaks, which correlated with the concentrations of PFOA (20, 50, 100, 200, and 400. mg L−1), were verified and confirmed using electrochemical simulations. Control experiments did not show degradation of PFOA in the absence of Pd–Ru nano-catalyst. The degradation in wastewater was obtained within 3 h with an efficiency of 98.5%. The electrochemical degradation products of PFOA were identified using High-resolution desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) analysis. The results yielded C 2 F 5 COOH, C 3 F 7 COOH, and C 6 F 13 OH with dissociation losses of CF 2 O or CO 2. IMPACT introduces a novel nano-catalyst with high efficiency and a reliable capability that defluorinates strong C–F bonds that are components of recalcitrant organics in myriad environmental matrices. [Display omitted] • A sustainable bimetallic Pd–Ru nano-catalyst materials called IMPACT : I nnovative (nano) M aterials and P rocesses for A dvanced C atalytic T echnologies is reported. • IMPACT allowed the development of a novel electrochemical method to detect and degrade perfluorooctanoic acid within 3 h with an efficiency of 98.5%. • IMPACT was employed to degrade PFOA in wastewater via an indirect electrochemical method. • The mechanism of PFOA and its reactive intermediates are confirmed using High-resolution desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth elements (REEs) have attracted much attention because of their unique physical and chemical properties. The root system is the plant organ most directly in contact with REEs, and it is critical to understand the mechanisms of interaction between the two. This paper investigates the effects of REEs on plant enrichment and fractionation, as well as on various developmental and toxicity indices of the root system. REEs are more likely to be deposited on the root surface under the influence of root secretion. The complexation between the two affects the uptake and fractionation of REEs and the altered pattern of root secretion. The toxicity mechanisms of REEs on plant root cells were lied in: (1) REEs generate reactive oxygen species after entering the plant, leading to oxidative stress and damage to plant cells; (2) REEs with higher charge-to-volume ratios compete for organic ligands with or displace Ca2+, further disrupting the normal function of plant root cells. It was shown that the sensitivity of inter-root microorganisms to REEs varied depending on the content and physicochemical properties of REEs. The paper also concluded with a meta-analysis of phytotoxicity induced by REEs, which showed that REEs affect plant physiological parameters. REEs, as a source of oxidative stress, triggered lipid peroxidation damage in plants and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thus revealing the significant toxicity of REEs to plants. The phytotoxic effects of REEs increased with time and concentration. These results help to elucidate the ecotoxicology of rare earth-induced phytotoxicity. [Display omitted] • REEs mainly accumulate in roots with LREEs easily moving into above-ground plants. • Stimulated by REEs, the composition and exudation of root secretions can be altered. • REEs affect root cell function by displacing Ca2+ and inducing ROS. • Interactions between root secretions, microbes, and REEs influence plant growth. • Meta-Analysis reveals the diverse mechanisms of REEs-induced phytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging contaminants (ECs) are gaining attention due to their prevalence and potential negative impacts on the environment and human health. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the status and trends of soil pollution caused by ECs, focusing on their sources, migration pathways, and environmental implications. Significant ECs, including plastics, synthetic polymers, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, and flame retardants, are identified due to their widespread use and toxicity. Their presence in soil is attributed to agricultural activities, urban waste, and wastewater irrigation. The review explores both horizontal and vertical migration pathways, with factors such as soil type, organic matter content, and moisture levels influencing their distribution. Understanding the behavior of ECs in soil is critical to mitigating their long-term risks and developing effective soil remediation strategies. The paper also examines the advantages and disadvantages of in situ and ex situ treatment approaches for ECs, highlighting optimal physical, chemical, and biological treatment conditions. These findings provide a fundamental basis for addressing the challenges and governance of soil pollution induced by ECs. [Display omitted] • The research status of ECs on soil have been reviewed. • A possible interaction mechanism between soil and ECs has been proposed. • The distribution and migration pathways of ECs in soil have been described. • Promising future directions have been proposed for mitigating the contamination of soil by ECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic chromium pollution in soil is widespread, which aroused intensive research in recent decades. In mainstream research, most studies use materials with a reducing ability to adsorb and reduce hexavalent chromium. However, comprehensive analyses and systematic verifications of these different materials are scarce. Therefore, this study conducted a meta-analysis of relevant papers published from 2013 to October 2024 to compare and analyze the performance and usage conditions of some common materials, such as iron-based materials, mineral inorganic materials, organic materials, and layered double hydroxide materials. We synthesized 31 papers for 186 pairwise comparisons and selected the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) as the appropriate effect size for mean-to-mean comparisons. Fe-based materials had the most stable performance based on its numerous data support, while organic materials had the worst performance. The difference in performance between inorganic mineral materials was the greatest, which was closely related to the selection of components. The difference in the effectiveness of inorganic materials was the greatest, which was closely related to the selection of components and there was room for further improvement. Through further analysis of the impact of environmental factors on material performance, it can be concluded that the effect of the material was better under alkaline, non-sandy, low organic matter, and high CEC soil conditions. [Display omitted] • A meta-analysis was conducted on the immobilization materials for soil Cr remediation. • The efficacies and influencing factors of the materials were analyzed and compared. • Performance sequence followed as LDH > Fe-based > inorganic > organic materials. • Fe-based materials had the most stable performance for soil remediation. • Good remediation conditions were pH > 10, non-sandy, low OM, and high CEC soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical fabrication of quantum dot materials, including their size, shape, form, crystallinity, and chemical composition, is a crucial research area in the field of photocatalysis. Quantum dots can effectively enhance the separation and transfer of carriers and expand the utilization of visible light when used in heterogeneous junctions with wide bandgap semiconductors. Additionally, they exhibit excellent photosensitivity properties that significantly improve the material's capacity for absorbing visible light. This paper systematically presents an overview of the outstanding optical properties exhibited by quantum dots based on both domestic and international research on photocatalytic materials. Furthermore, it summarizes the research content, characteristics, and current challenges associated with common types of quantum dots and photocatalytic materials while highlighting their applications in environmental remediation and energy production. Finally, this paper anticipates future trends in the development of photocatalysis by providing valuable insights into more efficient semiconductor materials that are cost-effective yet environmentally friendly. [Display omitted] • The types, properties and application prospects of quantum dots in various fields are reviewed. • It gives the descriptive function of various quantum dot modified photocatalysts and how their photocatalysis is affected. • It further emphasizes the application of quantum dot composites in the fields of photocatalytic CO2 reduction, hydrogen evolution and degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estrogenic compounds are the endocrine disruptors that receive major attention because of their ability to imitate the natural female hormone, 17β-estradiol and cause adverse effects on the reproductive system of animals. The presence of estrogenic compounds in drinking water is a warning to assess the risks to which human beings are exposed. The present work has the objectives of carrying out a systematic review of studies that investigated estrogenic compounds in drinking water around the world and estimate the human health and estrogenic activity risks, based on the concentrations of each compound reported. The systematic review returned 505 scientific papers from the Web of Science ®, SCOPUS ® and PubMED ® databases and after careful analysis, 45 papers were accepted. Sixteen estrogenic compounds were identified in drinking water, from the classes of hormones, pharmaceutical drugs and personal care products, plasticizers, corrosion inhibitors, pesticides and surfactants. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the compound found at the highest concentration, reaching a value of 1.43 mg/L. Non-carcinogenic human health risk was classified as high for 17α-ethynilestradiol and DEHP, medium for dibutyl phthalate, and low for bisphenol A. The estrogenic activity risks were negligible for all the compounds, except DEHP, with a low risk. None of the estrogenic compounds presented an unacceptable carcinogenic risk, due to estrogenic activity. However, the risk assessment did not evaluate the interactions between compounds, that occurs in drinking water and can increase the risks and adverse effects to human health. Nonetheless, this study demonstrates the need for improvement of drinking water treatment plants, with more efficient technologies for micropollutant removal. [Display omitted] • 45 papers investigated estrogenic compounds in drinking water. • 17α-ethinylestradiol presented high risk to human health in drinking water. • Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate presented high risk to human health in drinking water. • BPA presented low human health risk and negligible estrogenic activity risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contamination of groundwater has traditionally been an environmental issue of great concern due to its bioaccumulative and highly toxic nature. This paper presents a review and bibliometric analysis of the literature on the interest area "Cr(VI) in groundwater" published in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1999 to 2022. First, information on 203 actual Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater sites around the world was summarized, and the basic characteristics of the sources and concentrations of contamination were derived. 68.95% of the sites were due to human causes and 56.43% of these sites had Cr(VI) concentrations in the range of 0–10 mg/L. At groundwater sites with high Cr(VI) contamination due to natural causes, 75.00% of the sites had Cr(VI) concentrations less than 0.2 mg/L. A total of 936 papers on "Cr(VI) in groundwater" were retrieved for bibliometric analysis: interest in research on Cr(VI) in groundwater has grown rapidly in recent years; 59.4% of the papers were published in the field of environmental sciences. A systematic review of the progress of studies on the Cr(VI) removal/remediation based on reduction, adsorption and biological processes is presented. Out of 666 papers on Cr(VI) removal/remediation, 512, 274, and 75 papers dealt with the topics of reduction, adsorption, and bioremediation, respectively. In addition, several studies have demonstrated the potential applicability of natural attenuation in the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater. This paper will help researchers to understand and investigate methodological strategies to remove Cr(VI) from groundwater in a more targeted and effective manner. [Display omitted] • 56.4% of human-contaminated groundwater with Cr(VI) concentrations below 10 mg/L. • 75.0% of nature-contaminated groundwater with Cr(VI) concentrations below 0.2 mg/L. • Reduction and zero-valent iron were the most frequently used keywords. • Reduction (76.8%) is the main method for Cr(VI) removal or remediation. • 260 out of 666 Cr(VI) removal papers in groundwater involve zero-valent iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced an interest in the relationship between air pollution and respiratory viral infections, indicating that their burden can be increased under poor air quality. This paper reviews the pathways through which air pollutants can enhance susceptibility to such infections and aggravate their clinical course and outcome. It also summarizes the research exploring the links between various viral infections and exposure to solid and gaseous pollution in Poland, a region characterized by poor air quality, especially during a heating season. The majority of studies focused on concentrations of particulate matter (PM; 86.7%); the other pollutants, i.e., BaP, benzene, CO, NO x , O 3 , and SO 2, were studied less often and sometimes only in the context of a particular infection type. Most research concerned COVID-19, showing that elevated levels of PM and NO 2 correlated with higher morbidity and mortality, while increased PM 2.5 and benzo[a]pyrene levels were related to worse clinical course and outcome in hospitalized, regardless of age and dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant. PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels were also associated with the incidence of influenza-like illness and, along with NO 2 concentrations, with a higher rate of children's hospitalizations due to lower respiratory tract RSV infections. Higher levels of air pollutants also increased hospitalization due to bronchitis (PM, NO x , and O 3) and emergency department admission due to viral croup (PM 10 , PM 2.5 , NO x , CO, and benzene). Although the conducted studies imply only correlations and have other limitations, as discussed in the present paper, it appears that improving air quality through reducing combustion processes in energy production in Poland should be perceived as a part of multilayered protection measures against respiratory viral infections, decreasing the healthcare costs of COVID-19, lower tract RSV infections, influenza, and other respiratory viral diseases prevalent between autumn and early spring, in addition to other health and climate benefits. [Display omitted] • Polluted air may increase the severity of respiratory viral infections. • Poland is a PM and BaP pollution hot spot in Europe. • Air pollution is associated with a higher burden of respiratory viral infections. • Improving the air quality should be a protection measure against infections. • Further studies are encouraged to explore the relationships with other pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of fat, oil and grease (FOG) deposits in sanitary sewer systems is a significant cause of sewer overflows, mainly due to their tendency to adhere to pipe walls. The aim of this study is to (i) develop laboratory-prepared FOG deposits using a mixture of iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) metal ions, fatty acids, saccharides and cooked oils, in addition to various sanitary waste materials such as paper towels, wipes and pads and (ii) examine the characteristics of these FOG deposits. The goals of this study were to (i) gain a deeper understanding of the impact of sanitary waste on the formation of FOG deposits and (ii) discuss the detailed physiochemical properties of these FOG deposits. The findings revealed that FOG deposits can vary in nature, appearing as either a smooth, paste-like substance or a coarse, semi-solid material, depending on the types of waste present in the sewer. Analysis of the fatty acid profile indicated that the FOG deposits with wipes have the highest viscosity (3.2 × 104 Pa s) and larger composition of smaller chain saturated fatty acids (caprylic acid 0.64%, undecanoic acid 5.61%, lauric acid 4.65%, myristic acid 3.21% and palmitic 8.38%). In contrast, FOG deposits with Fe and Al metal impurities have higher heat resistance and thermal stability (melting point of 125 °C) and have larger composition of long chain fatty acids. Furthermore, FTIR analysis confirmed that these FOG deposits are composed of metallic salts of fatty acids, aligning with samples from sewer lines. Our results suggest that FOG deposit formation involves the aggregation of excess calcium, which compresses free fatty acid micelles, and a saponification reaction between the calcium aggregates and free fatty acids. This research illuminates the complex processes behind FOG deposit formation and their varied characteristics, providing valuable insights into potential strategies for preventing FOG-related sewer blockages. [Display omitted] • Sanitary waste adversely impacts the FOG deposits in the sewer system. • FOG deposits with different waste show different physiochemical properties. • FOG deposits with wipes result in high viscosity. • FOG deposits with Fe- and Al-metals result in higher heat resistance. • FOG deposits with different waste items have different fatty acid profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The partial denitrification (PD) coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) (PD/A) process is a unique biological denitrification method for sewage that concurrently removes nitrate (NO 3 −-N) and ammonium (NH 4 +-N) in sewage. Comparing PD/A to conventional nitrification and denitrification technologies, noticeable improvements are shown in energy consumption, carbon source demand, sludge generation and emissions of greenhouse gasses. The PD is vital to obtaining nitrites (NO 2 −-N) in the Anammox process. This paper provided valuable insight by introduced the basic principles and characteristics of the process and then summarized the strengthening strategies. The functional microorganisms and microbial competition have been discussed in details, the S-dependent denitrification-anammox has been analyzed in this review paper. Important factors affecting the PD/A process were examined from different aspects, and finally, the paper pointed out the shortcomings of the coupling process in experimental research and engineering applications. Thus, this research provided insightful information for the PD/A process's optimization technique in later treating many types of real and nitrate-based wastewater. The review paper also provided the prospective economic and environmental position for the actual design implementation of the PD/A process in the years to come. [Display omitted] • PD/A was considered the most economically and environmentally beneficial new nitrogen removal process. • Principles and recent advances of the PD/A process are discussed. • The functional microorganisms and their competition in PD/A process are analyzed. • Influencing factors control and reinforcement strategies of PD/A was classified and conceptualized. • Knowledge gaps and prospects are presented to improve the future of PD/A process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging pollutants are toxic and harmful chemical substances characterized by environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and biotoxicity, which can harm the ecological environment and even threaten human health. There are four categories of emerging pollutants that are causing widespread concern, namely, persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disruptors, antibiotics, and microplastics. The distribution of emerging pollutants has spatial and temporal heterogeneity, which is influenced by factors such as geographical location, climatic conditions, population density, emission amount, etc. Steroidal estrogens (SEs) discussed in this paper belong to the category of endocrine disruptors. There are generally three types of fate for SEs in the soil environment: sorption, degradation and humification. Humification is a promising pathway for the removal of SEs, especially for those that are difficult to degrade. Through humification, these difficult-to-degrade SEs can be effectively transferred or fixed, thus reducing their impact on the environment and organisms. Contrary to the well-studied process of sorption and degradation, the role and promise of the humification process for the removal of SEs has been underestimated. Based on the existing research, this paper reviews the sources, classification, properties, hazards and environmental behaviors of SEs in soil, and focuses on the degradation and humification processes of SEs and the environmental factors affecting their processes, such as temperature, pH, etc. It aims to provide references for the follow-up research of SEs, and advocates further research on the humification of organic pollutants in future studies. [Display omitted] • Degradation and humification synergistically determine the environmental fate of SEs. • Sources and environmental behavior of Steroidal estrogens (SEs) in soil are reviewed. • Humification represents a promising but underestimated strategy for removing SEs. • The effect factors and mechanism of humification of SEs in soil are discussed. • Detection methods and study gap of humification of SEs are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals contamination in soil is a global concern affecting the environment with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and the health of human beings. Heavy metals contamination of soil entails a significant threat to the environment and human health. This research paper focuses on the quantification of heavy metals contamination in soil in Kanpur district, a highly industrialized and densely populated region in India. The study was aimed to identify the sources of heavy metals, map their spatial distribution, and evaluate the potential implications on the environment and human well-being. The prime intent of the current study was quantification of heavy metals in the soil as well as the comparison of risk on the health of human being using two different methods i.e., US EPA methodology for risk assessment and epidemiological study-based risk assessment. Heavy metals like Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Cd were analyzed in agricultural samples of soil with the help of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. On the basis of epidemiological data, the attributable and relative risk came out to be 0.001 and 1.060, respectively. On the basis of the calculation of Cr alone, the values of carcinogenic risk for adults came out to be 3.87 × 10−7 and for children it was 3.01 × 10− 6. In conclusion, this research paper highlights the alarming levels of heavy metals contamination in the soil of Kanpur district, emphasizing the urgent need for remediation and mitigation efforts, thereby guiding policy makers and stakeholders in developing targeted strategies for soil protection and safeguarding human health. [Display omitted] • Assessed elevated levels of heavy metals in agricultural soil. • Significant contamination of heavy metals and potential health risk was identified. • The study area was also investigated epidemiologically. • Quantified carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals. • Strategies for management of risk posed by heavy metals were formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) stands as one of the foremost utilized oxidizing agents in modern times. The established method for its production involves the intricate and costly anthraquinone process. However, a promising alternative pathway is the electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production, accomplished through the oxygen reduction reaction via a 2-electron pathway. This method not only simplifies the production process but also upholds environmental sustainability, especially when compared to the conventional anthraquinone method. In this review paper, recent works from the literature focusing on the 2-electron oxygen reduction reaction promoted by carbon electrocatalysts are summarized. The practical applications of these materials in the treatment of effluents contaminated with different pollutants (drugs, dyes, pesticides, and herbicides) are presented. Water treatment aiming to address these issues can be achieved through advanced oxidation electrochemical processes such as electro-Fenton, solar-electro-Fenton, and photo-electro-Fenton. These processes are discussed in detail in this work and the possible radicals that degrade the pollutants in each case are highlighted. The review broadens its scope to encompass contemporary computational simulations focused on the 2-electron oxygen reduction reaction, employing different models to describe carbon-based electrocatalysts. Finally, perspectives and future challenges in the area of carbon-based electrocatalysts for H 2 O 2 electrogeneration are discussed. This review paper presents a forward-oriented viewpoint of present innovations and pragmatic implementations, delineating forthcoming challenges and prospects of this ever-evolving field. [Display omitted] • H 2 O 2 stands as one of the foremost utilized oxidizing agents in modern times. • Promising alternative pathway is the electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production. • 2-electron oxygen reduction reaction promoted by carbon electrocatalysts. • Treatment of effluents contaminated with different pollutants are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is a polymer which is considered as one of the major contaminants to the environment. The PET waste materials can be recycled to produce value-added products. PET can be converted to nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanocomposites, and nano coatings. To extend the applications of PET nanomaterials, understanding its commercialization potential is important. In addition, knowledge about the factors affecting recycling of PET based nanomaterials is essential. The presented review is focused on understanding the PET commercialization aspects, keeping in mind market analysis, growth drivers, regulatory affairs, safety considerations, issues associated with scale-up, manufacturing challenges, economic viability, and cost-effectiveness. In addition, the paper elaborates the challenges associated with the use of PET based nanomaterials. These challenges include PET contamination to water, soil, sediments, and human exposure to PET nanomaterials. Moreover, the paper discusses in detail about the factors affecting PET recycling, commercialization, and circular economy with specific emphasis on life cycle assessment (LCA) of PET recycled nanomaterials. [Display omitted] • Commercialization potential of PET nanomaterials was analyzed. • Challenges in scaling up of PET recycled nanomaterials along with safety and regulatory considerations were explained. • Challenges associated with PET based nanomaterials were discussed. • Life cycle assessment (LCA) of PET recycled nanomaterials was assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanohydroxyapatite (n-HAP), recognized by its peculiar crystal architecture and distinctive attributes showcased the underlying potential in adsorbing heavy metal ions (HMI). In this paper, the intrinsic mechanism of HMI adsorption by n-HAP was first revealed. Subsequently, the selectivity and competitiveness of n-HAP for HMI in a variety of environments containing various interferences from cations, anions, and organic molecules are elucidated. Next, n-HAP was further categorized according to its morphological dimensions, and its adsorption properties and intrinsic mechanisms were investigated based on these different morphologies. It was shown that although n-HAP has excellent adsorption capacity and cost-effectiveness, its application is often challenging to realize due to its inherent fragility and agglomeration, the technical problems required for its handling, and the difficulty of recycling. Finally, to address these issues, this paper discusses the tendency of n-HAP and its hybridized/modified materials to adsorb HMI as well as the limitations of their applications. By summarizing the limitations and future directions of hybridization/modification HAP in the field of HMI contamination abatement, this paper provides insightful perspectives for its gradual improvement and rational application. [Display omitted] • Discusses the potential and limitations of n-HAP and its composites applications. • Elucidates the mechanism of HAP adsorption of HMIs and the role of microstructure. • Offers a review of the adsorption capabilities of various n-HAP shapes to HMIs. • Provide theoretical basis and ideas for the research of n-HAP and its composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we report a comparative study of different sum parameter analysis methods for the extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from manufactured consumer products, which can be measured by combustion ion chromatography (CIC). Therefore, a hydrolysis-based extraction method was further developed, which accounts for the addition of hydrolyzable covalently bound polyfluoroalkylated side-chain polymers (SFPs) to the extractable organic fluorine portion of the mass balance proposed as "hydrolyzable organically bound fluorine" (HOF). To test this hypothesis, the method was applied to 39 different consumer products containing fluoropolymers or monomeric PFAS taken from four different categories: outdoor textiles, paper packaging, carpeting, and permanent baking sheets. We also evaluated the method's efficiency by extracting four synthesized fluorotelomer polyacrylate reference compounds. The total fluorine (TF) and extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) values were measured through CIC using established protocols. The TF values ranged from sub-ppb to %-levels, depending on the compound class. All samples showed results for hydrolyzed organofluorine (HOF) between 0.03 and 76.3 μg/g, while most EOF values were lower (

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a key carcinogen and plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry. Both field measurements and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling have been employed to investigate the concentrations and sources of HCHO in the Lewiston-Clarkston (LC) valley of the mountainous northwestern U.S. Different instruments were deployed to measure surface formaldehyde and other related compounds in July of 2016 and 2017. The measurements reveal that the average HCHO concentrations have significantly decreased to 2–5 ppb in the LC valley in comparison to its levels (10–20 ppb) observed in July 2006. This discovery with surface measurements deserves attention given that satellite retrievals showed an increasing long-term trend from 2005 to 2014 in total vertical column density of HCHO in the region, suggesting that satellite instruments may not adequately resolve small valleys in the mountainous region. Our PMF modeling identified four major sources of HCHO in the valley: (1) emissions from a local paper mill, (2) secondary formation and background, (3) biogenic sources, and (4) traffic. This study reveals that the emissions from the paper mill cause high HCHO spikes (6–19 ppb) in the early morning. It is found that biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the area are influenced by national forests surrounding the region (e.g., Nez Perce-Clearwater, Umatilla, Wallowa-Whitman, and Idaho Panhandle National Forests). The results provide useful information for developing strategies to control HCHO levels and have implications for future HCHO studies in atmospheric chemistry, which affects secondary aerosols and ozone formation. [Display omitted] • Significant decadal decrease in surface HCHO was discovered in a valley in Northwest. • Surface HCHO trend in the small valley is opposite to that of satellite column data. • HCHO sources include paper mill, photochemical, biogenic and traffic influences. • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the area are influenced by national forests. • The methods can be used to study sources of HCHO and other toxics in any regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the influence of bubbling flow and service life of the Ti|Ti–Ru–Ir-oxides anode during the electrosynthesis of HClO in a laboratory-scale filter-press-type electrolyzer. The electrolyzer was assembled in a flow plant in recirculation mode. Polarization curves in rotating disk electrode (RDE) revealed the coexistence of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during HClO electrosynthesis in diluted chloride solutions (containing 35 mM NaCl at pH 3). CFD simulations of the two-phase (O 2 –H 2 O) flow were obtained by solving simultaneously the Navier-Stokes and charge conservation equations using a finite element method code. The O 2 –H 2 O simulations show the efficient gas release in the electrolyzer provoked by the continuous phase (H 2 O) inertia and the well-engineered cell design. The moderated O 2 dispersion caused a quasi-homogeneous current distribution along the anode. However, the current efficiency during HClO electrosynthesis gave values of ∼32% provoked by the OER on the anode. The HClO accumulations (from 3.02 to 6.64 mM) showed excellent agreement with CFD simulations. The accelerated life tests revealed that the Ti | Ti–Ru–Ir-oxides anode has a lifetime of at least 26 years during the HClO electrosynthesis in diluted chloride solutions. [Display omitted] • HClO electrosynthesis and service life assessment of a Ti.|Ti–Ru–Ir oxides electrode. • Chloride is oxidized at the anode to form HClO with the concurrent O 2 evolution. • CFD simulations of the two-phase (O 2 –H 2 O) flow in a lab filter-press electrolyzer. • Bulk electrolysis produced 6.64 mM mg L−1 HClO with 32% current efficiency. • Experiments in the electrolyzer shows close agreement with CFD simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-caryophyllonic acid (BCA), as an important precursor of aqueous secondary organic aerosols (aqSOA), has adverse effects on the atmospheric environment and human health. However, the key atmospheric chemical reaction process in which BCA participates in the formation of aqueous secondary organic aerosols is still unclear. In this study, the reaction mechanism and kinetics of BCA with · OH and O 3 were investigated by quantum chemical calculations. The initiation reactions between BCA and · OH include addition and H-abstraction reaction pathways, subsequent intermediates will also react with O 2 , ultimately undergo a cracking reaction to generate small molecular substances. The reaction of BCA with O 3 can generate primary ozone oxides and the Criegee Intermediates oIM3, subsequent main reaction products include keto-BCA, as well as other small molecule aqSOA precursors. The entire reaction process increases the O/C ratio of aqSOA in the aqueous phase and generates products of small molecules such as 4-formylpropionic acid, which plays an important role in the formation of aqSOA. At 298K, the transformation rate constants of BCA initiated by · OH and O 3 are 1.47 × 1010 M−1 s−1 and 3.16 × 105 M−1 s−1, respectively, the atmospheric lifetimes of BCA reacting with · OH range from 0.86 h–5.40 h, while the lifetimes of BCA reacting with O 3 range from 0.44 h–10.04 years. This suggests that BCA primarily reacts with · OH. However, under higher O 3 concentrations, its ozonolysis becomes significant, promoting the formation of aqSOA. According to the risk assessment, the toxicity of most transformation products (TPs) gradually decreased, but the residual developmental toxicity could not be ignored. In this paper, the atmospheric liquid phase oxidation mechanisms of sesquiterpene unsaturated derived acid were studied from the microscopic level, which has guiding significance for the formation and transformation of aqSOA in atmosphere. [Display omitted] • Mechanism and fate of BCA with OH-addition and O 3 were investigated. • The intermediate can react with ·OH, H 2 O, dissolved O 2 , and ·HO 2. • The transformation process will increase the O/C ratio of aqSOA. • O 3 and OH-addition promote the conversion of BCA to aqSOA. • Attention should be paid to the risks of BCA transformation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desulphurization of fossil fuels is a critical process in reducing the sulphur content from environment, which is a major contributor to atmospheric pollution. Traditional desulphurization techniques, while effective, often involve high energy consumption and the use of harsh chemicals. Recently, photocatalytic desulphurization has emerged as a promising, eco-friendly alternative, leveraging the potential of photocatalysts especially semiconductor heterojunctions to enhance photocatalytic efficiency. This review comprehensively discusses the significance and mechanism of photocatalytic desulphurization reactions, designing of various heterojunctions such as conventional, p-n, Z-scheme and S-scheme, their charge transfer mechanism and properties and their contribution to the photocatalytic desulphurization activity. Heterojunctions, formed by combining different semiconductor materials, facilitate efficient charge separation and broaden the light absorption range, thereby improving the photocatalytic performance under visible light. Furthermore, the recent advancements in the heterojunction systems in the field of photocatalytic desulphurization activity have been discussed in detail and summarized. The current limitations and challenges in this particular field are also explored. The paper concludes with an outlook on future research directions and the potential industrial applications of heterojunction-powered photocatalytic desulphurization, emphasizing its role in achieving cleaner energy production and environmental sustainability. [Display omitted] • Mechanisms elaboration from perspective of photocatalysts and desulphurization. • Systematic overview on photocatalytic heterojunctions: Issues and innovations. • Investigation on recent advances in photocatalytic desulphurization by heterojunctions. • Evaluation of effectiveness and stability. • Discussion on the development prospects and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of technology motivates the increase of global demands for critical minerals. In this context, the exploration of secondary sources of these components is expanding. End-of-life batteries can be seen as potential sources of lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese for electric vehicles or diverse applications in electronic equipments. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the recovery of metals from waste batteries with diverse chemistry composition. Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NMC) batteries were co-treated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) channels under supercritical water, varying reaction temperature (400–600 °C) and PVC/Battery composition (0–3 m/m) in a tubular continuous reactor. Results show high recovery rates for all metals, with up to 90% percentage recovery of lithium and cobalt in all cases. Temperature and feed composition were identified as determining factors for the recovery of lithium from LCO batteries. In the case of cobalt, temperature was identified as the most important factor that affects its recovery. The selected optimal conditions for cobalt recovery in the solid products of reactions were identified for batteries LCO and NMC: temperature of 600 °C and PVC/Battery ratio of 3.0 and temperature of 500 °C and PVC/Battery ratio of 1.5, respectively. Environmental impacts, primarily Global Warming Potential (GWP), were minimal, with 4.71·10−5 kg CO 2 eq., indicating the benefits of the process as an eco-efficient and promising route for the recycling of valuable metals. [Display omitted] • Cobalt and nickel recovery of 97.08% and 62.37% in solid products from NMC batteries. • 94.20 %mol of H 2 produced at the optimal conditions of LCO battery treatment. • Low environmental impact of the proposed process, with a GWP of 4.71·10⁻⁵. • Cobalt and nickel chlorides identified in liquid products from LCO and NMC batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overuse and reliance on pesticides has caused insects to develop resistance with global concerns. To address this problem extensive research is directed to find new and sustainable alternatives using chemical-free and resistance-free solutions for pest control. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the insecticidal properties of several types of industrially produced graphene powder materials such as graphene and graphene oxide (GO) with micro- and nano size and different structural and chemical properties as new contact nanopesticides against three major stored grain insects: the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)˙ and the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus Horn. Bioassays were performed using different concentrations, i.e., 0, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm of graphene powders on the mortality of selected adult insects recorded after 3, 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure and progeny production after 65 days. Results showed that graphene oxide (GO) has no insecticidal efficacy while graphene powders with nano-size particles showed significantly enhanced insecticidal performance compared to micron-size graphene powders. The observed insecticidal effects are explained by the higher probability that nano-sized graphene particles adhere on the insect body compared to large particles. The mortality is proposed as the result of physical mode of action of attached graphene nanoparticles causing stronger interruption of the protective cuticle layer, gas respiratory functions and faster mortality. The findings of this study revealed that it is important to select graphene materials with optimal structural and interfacial properties to achieve the highest insecticidal performance in potential development of a new generation of sustainable insecticides. [Display omitted] • The insecticidal properties of graphene powders as new nanopesticide are demonstrated. • High insecticidal performance is confirmed against three major stored grain insects. • The efficacy dependence of type of graphene, particle size and concentration is established. • Insecticidal effect is explained by the physical mode of action of graphene on insect body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of xenobiotic pollutants in the aquatic environment troubling the present and future generation. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is one such class of xenobiotic that was dominant in that category. In the present paper, a competent visible light driven heterojunction photocatalyst combining Bismuth niobate and g-C 3 N 4 was developed for the effective removal of Bisphenol A (BPA), a notable POP. Before constructing the heterostructure the calcination temperature for bismuth niobate synthesis was optimised for achieving most proficient photocatalysis. A phase change in the crystal structure of bismuth niobate was apparent. The Bi 3 NbO 7 at 300–500 °C transformed to Bi 5 Nb 3 O 15 at 600–700 °C and to orthorhombic BiNbO 4 at 900 °C as the temperature was enhanced. With the increment in the temperature the light absorbance of the materials enhanced in UV and reduced in visible light. Thus, the bismuth niobate obtained by calcining at 500 °C demonstrated highest BPA removal under sunlight was chosen for heterojunction construction. After the heterojunction construction with g-C 3 N 4 the crystal lattice strain was observed to be reduced for all composites, and a greater mobility of charge carriers was observed within the composite. The presence of either of the materials resulted in a different band structure and thus Type II and Z-scheme pathway was inferred. A commendable photocatalytic activity was observed for B1.5G and BG1.5 under sunlight and LED light respectively. Hight amount of g-C 3 N 4 in the BG1.5 resulted in maximum absorbance in LED light. Superoxide radicals (*O 2 −) radicals were observed as major radicals for B1.5G composite, whereas both *O 2 − and holes (h+) were the major radicals in case of BG1.5. [Display omitted] • BiNbO 4 (BNO)/g-C 3 N 4 heterojunction was obtained for the effective removal of BPA. • BNO calcined @500 °C with superior mechanistic nature chosen for heterojunction. • Greater number of O 2 vacancy lowered the CB position of the composites. • Varied band structures, Type II(B1.5G) and Z-scheme (BG1.5) pathways was inferred. • Maximised (>95 %) BPA removal was achieved for both solar and LED light source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military activities and the production or disposal of ammunition often lead to soil contamination with energetic compounds (ECs) such as dinitrotoluene, trinitrotoluene, and hexogen, posing significant threats to human health and the ecosystem. Biochar has emerged as a cost-effective and widely available solution for remediating contaminated sites characterized by its capacity for pollutant removal through adsorption and conversion process, along with minimal secondary pollution. This paper provides a comprehensive review of relevant literature on biochar's efficacy in eliminating ECs, including an analysis of the underlying mechanisms. The discussion addresses challenges and opportunities associated with biochar application in ECs remediation, offering insights for future research directions. In summary, the use of biochar for ECs removal presents a promising and eco-friendly approach, facilitating the remediation of contaminated sites while promoting soil function and ecosystem recovery. [Display omitted] • Reviewed the functions of biochar in the removal of ECs. • Biochar adsorbed ECs via π−π electron donor-acceptor and hydrophobic interactions. • Biochar facilitated ECs conversion through conductive planes and redox components. • Biochar offers both remediation and ecological advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, air pollution has caused severe environmental and public health problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), fine particulate matter (PM 2.5), a key component reflecting air quality, is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular disease, smoking, and diet. Various research efforts have aimed to develop PM 2.5 forecasting models that can be integrated into a solution to mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution. However, PM 2.5 forecasting is challenging because air pollution data are non-stationary and influenced by multiple random effects. This paper proposes an effective multivariate multi-step ensemble machine learning model for predicting continuous 24-h PM 2.5 concentrations, considering meteorological conditions, the rolling mean of PM 2.5 time series, and temporal features. PM 2.5 is strongly correlated with space and time. Therefore, forecasting results from one location are insufficient to represent the level of air pollution for an entire city. In this study, we established six real-time air quality monitoring sites in different regions, including traffic, residential, and industrial areas in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), and generated forecasting results for each station. Various statistical methods are incorporated to evaluate the performance of the model. The experimental results confirm that the model performs well, substantially improving its forecasting accuracy compared to existing PM 2.5 forecasting models developed for HCMC. In addition, we analyze to determine the contribution of different feature groups to model performance. The model can serve as a reference for citizens scheduling local travel and for healthcare providers to provide early warnings. [Display omitted] • The proposed model accurately predicts urban PM 2.5 contamination for the next 24 h. • MI-based correlation analysis is valuable for understanding the influence of meteorological variables on PM 2.5 concentration. • Combining rolling mean features of PM 2.5 with meteorological features improves PM 2.5 prediction accuracy significantly. • The forecasting model's training protocol effectively addressed the data's non-stationarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity for effective wastewater treatment and purification has grown as a result of the increasing pollution issues brought on by industrial and municipal wastewater. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology stands out when compared to other treatment methods because of its high efficiency, environmental friendliness, small footprint, and ease of maintenance. However, the development and application of membrane bioreactors has been severely constrained by the higher cost and shorter service life of these devices brought on by membrane biofouling issues resulting from contaminants and bacteria in the water. The nanoscale size of the electrospinning products provides unique microstructure, and the technology facilitates the production of structurally different membranes, or the modification and functionalization of membranes, which makes it possible to solve the membrane fouling problem. Therefore, many current studies have attempted to use electrospinning in MBRs to address membrane fouling and ultimately improve treatment efficacy. Meanwhile, in addition to solving the problem of membrane fouling, the fabrication technology of electrospinning also shows great advantages in constructing thin porous fiber membrane materials with controllable surface wettability and layered structure, which is helpful for the performance enhancement of MBR and expanding innovation. This paper systematically reviews the application and research progress of electrospinning in MBRs. Firstly, the current status of the application of electrospinning technology in various MBRs is introduced, and the relevant measures to solve the membrane fouling based on electrospinning technology are analyzed. Subsequently, some new types of MBRs and new application areas developed with the help of electrospinning technology are introduced. Finally, the limitations and challenges of merging the two technologies are presented, and pertinent recommendations are provided for future research on the use of electrospinning technology in membrane bioreactors. [Display omitted] • The article reviews the research and application of electrospinning technology in different types of MBRs. • The article analyzes several approaches (including novel membrane design, additional features, and technological innovation) to combat membrane fouling and enhance the performance of MBRs with electrospinning technology. • The article discusses the problems of combining electrospinning technology with MBRs and envisions future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane filtration is a mainstream method for landfill leachate treatment, leaving the landfill leachate membrane concentrates (LLMCs) a high-toxicity residue. Conventional LLMCs disposal technology shows specific challenges due to the low biodegradability, high inorganic salts, and high heavy metal ions content of LLMCs. Therefore, it is necessary to degrade LLMCs with a more suitable technology. In this study, a special method was proposed to convert some organic chemicals into valuable compounds by aqueous phase reforming (APR). Ni-based catalysts (Ni//La 2 O 3 , Ni/CeO 2 , Ni/MgO, and Ni/Al 2 O 3) were prepared to investigate the effect of different supports on the APR of LLMCs. APR performed outstanding characteristics in the decrease of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC), the degradation of macromolecules, and the removal of heavy metal ions in the aqueous phase. In addition, H 2 was generated which is beneficial for energy compensating during the APR process. The best-performing catalyst (Ni/Al 2 O 3) was selected to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst addition on product distribution. The optimal H 2 selectivity (44.71%) and H 2 production (11.63 mmol/g COD) were obtained at 250 °C with 2 g Ni/Al 2 O 3 usage for 1 h. This paper provided a new perspective on the disposal of LLMCs, which will degrade pollutants efficiently. [Display omitted] • APR on the landfill leachate membrane concentrates (LLMCs) was studied. • APR was capable of degrading macromolecules in LLMCs. • The highest H 2 yield of 11.63 mmol/g COD was obtained on Ni/Al 2 O 3. • The break of C–C bonds led to the degradation of LLMCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report hydroxyapatite derived from egg-shell biowaste embedded on diglycolamic acid functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite (abbreviated as HAp@D-gCN). The compositional and morphological characteristics of HAp@D-gCN were evaluated using scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, BET, FTIR techniques and surface charge using zeta potential measurement. The sorption of U(VI) species on HAp@D-gCN was investigated through batch studies as a function of pH, contact time, initial U(VI) concentration, adsorbent dosage and ionic strength. The adsorption of U(VI) onto HAp@D-gCN was confirmed by FTIR, XRD and EDS elemental mapping. Adsorption kinetics follow pseudo second order model and it attains equilibrium within 20 min. Adsorption isotherm data correlates well with Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum sorption capacity of 993.6 mg of U(VI) per gram of HAp@D-gCN at 298K. U(VI) can be leached from the loaded adsorbent using 0.01 M Na 2 CO 3 as desorbing agent and its sorption capacity remains unaffected even after 4 adsorption-desorption cycles. Hence, the present study reveals that HAp@D-gCN nanocomposite could serve as an environmental friendly material with potential application in environmental remediation. [Display omitted] • Biowaste derived hydroxyapatite embedded on diglycolamic acid functionalized g-C 3 N 4 (HAp@D-gCN) nanocomposite was prepared. • HAp@D-gCN could selectively adsorb U(VI) from aqueous solutions containing various metal ions. • HAp@D-gCN demonstrated a maximum adsorption capacity (q max) of 993.6 mg g−1. • Adsorption equilibrium was achieved with a minimum contact time of 20 min. • HAp@D-gCN nanocomposite can be regenerated and reused for several adsorption-desorption cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an alternative method for the in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with a particle size of less than 3 nm, using nanoreactors formed by reverse micelles of 1,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium (AOT) and nanoparticle stabilization with l -cysteine, which favor the preparation of nanoparticles with size and shape control, which are homogeneously dispersed (1% by weight) on the support of titanium dioxide nanowires (TNWs). To study the activity and selectivity of the prepared catalyst (AuNPs@TNWs), an aqueous solution of 40 mM glycerol was irradiated with a green laser (λ = 530 nm, power = 100 mW) in the presence of the catalyst and O 2 as an oxidant at 22 °C for 6 h, obtaining a glycerol conversion of 86% with a selectivity towards hydroxypyruvic acid (HA) of more than 90%. From the control and reactions, we concluded that the Ti–OH groups promote the glycerol adsorption on the nanowires surface and the surface plasmon of the gold nanoparticles favors the selectivity of the reaction towards the hydroxypyruvic acid. [Display omitted] • The reverse micelle method allows the deposition of small Au NPs nanoparticles. • Reactive –OH groups on H 2 Ti 3 O 7 nanowires surface allow the adsorption of glycerol. • The Au NPs absorb visible green light. • AuNPs@HTNWs and AuNPs@TNWs allow the activation of O 2 via formation of O 2.•-. • Hydroxypyruvic acid was obtained as the main product in glycerol oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores a retrospective non-targeted analysis (NTA), based on Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), to assess hidden chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in marine model organisms. Conventional ecotoxicological studies do not include evaluating the natural habitats of the collected organisms, missing the possibility of highlighting unexpected pollutants, and thus compromising the correctness and reliability of the experimental results. In this paper we reprocessed samples previously collected from the Venice Lagoon for ecotoxicological studies and used for targeted analysis of three bisphenols-related compounds (i.e. BPS, BPF and BPAF) on seawater and specimens of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Results from the validation were the following: accuracy, expressed as percentage recoveries (R%), in the range 80%

As one of the important microorganisms in the mining area, the role of iron-sulfur oxidizing microorganisms in antimony (element symbolized as Sb) migration and transformation in mining environments has been largely neglected for a long time. Therefore, the processes of the typical iron-sulfur oxidizing bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) and pyrite interaction coupled with the migration and transformation of Sb were investigated in this paper. The bio-oxidation process of pyrite by A. ferrooxidans not only accelerates the oxidation rate of Sb(III) to Sb(V) (62.93% of 10 mg L−1 within 4 h), but also promotes the adsorption and precipitation of Sb (32.89 % of 10 mg L−1 within 96 h), and changes in the dosage of minerals, Sb concentration, and pH value affect the conversion of Sb. The characterization results show that the interaction between A. ferrooxidans and pyrite produces a variety of reactive species, such as H 2 O 2 and •OH, resulting in the oxidation of Sb(III). In addition, A. ferrooxidans mediates the formation of stereotyped iron-sulfur secondary minerals that can act as a major driver of Sb (especially Sb(V)) adsorption or co-precipitation. This study contributes to the further understanding of the diversified biogeochemical processes of iron-sulfur oxidizing bacteria-iron-sulfur minerals-toxic metals in mining environments and provides ideas for the development of in-situ treatment technologies for Sb. [Display omitted] • Oxidation of pyrite by A.ferrooxidans promotes the oxidation of Sb(III) to Sb(V). • Reactive oxygen species such as H 2 O 2 and.•OH are direct drivers of Sb oxidation. • Oxidation of Fe2+ by A.ferrooxidans avoids its accumulation and ROS quenching. • A. ferrooxidans mediated secondary mineral formation favors the removal of Sb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lot of research has been focused on increasing the specific surface area of adsorbents over a long period of time to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater using the adsorbent. However, porous adsorbents with high specific surface area have demonstrated drawbacks in water purification processes, such as high pressure drop and limitations in the adsorption capacity of heavy metal ions. In recent years, a mechanism-based convergence method involving adsorption/chemical precipitation has emerged as a promising strategy to surmount the constraints associated with porous adsorbents. The mechanism involves amine groups on chelating fibers dissociating OH− ions from water molecules, thereby raising the pH near the fibers. This elevated pH promotes the crystallization of heavy metal ions on the fiber surfaces. The removal of heavy metal ions proceeds through a sequence of adsorption and chemical precipitation processes. An adsorbent based on chelating fibers, integrating adsorption technology with chemical precipitation, demonstrates superior performance in removing significant quantities of heavy metal ions (ca. 1000–2000 mg/g for Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+) when compared to developed porous adsorbents (ca. 50–760 mg/g for same ions). This review paper introduces advanced polymer fibers endowed with the capability to integrate hybrid technology, delves into the mechanism of hybrid technology, and examines its application in process technology for the effective removal of heavy metal ions. The versatility of these advanced fibers extends far beyond the removal of heavy metal ions in water treatment, making them poised to garner significant attention from researchers across diverse fields due to their broad range of potential applications. After further processes involving the removal of templates from chelating polymeric fibers used as supports and the reduction of precipitated heavy metal oxide crystals, the resulting heavy metal crystals can exhibit thin walls and well-interconnected porous structures, suitable for catalytic applications. [Display omitted] • The hybrid method is the convergence of adsorption and chemical precipitation. • High removal capacity of heavy metal ions is achieved by the hybrid method. • Amine-groups immobilized polymeric fibers are good supporters for the hybrid method. • Polymeric fibers serve enough space and surface for the heavy metal crystal growth. • The electric double layer theory is suggested for an isotherm model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of fluoride ions (F−) in photovoltaic (PV) wastewater significantly affects the integrity of the ecological environment. In contrast to direct current electrocoagulation (DC-EC), positive single-pulse electrocoagulation (PSPC-EC) shows a significant reduction in both the formation of passivation films on electrodes and the consumption of electrical energy. Under the experimental conditions of an Al–Al–Al–Al electrode combination, an electrode spacing of 1.0 cm, a NaCl concentration of 0.05 mol L−1, an initial pH of 5.6, an initial F− concentration of 5 mg L−1, a current density of 5 A m−2, a pulse frequency of 500 Hz, and a 40 % duty cycle, the achieved equilibrium F− removal efficiencies were 84.0 % for DC-EC and 88.0 % for PSPC-EC, respectively, accompanied by power consumption of 0.0198 kWh·mg−1 and 0.0073 kWh·mg−1. The flocs produced in the PSPC-EC process were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and it is revealed that the F− removal mechanisms in the PSPC-EC process include co-precipitation, hydrogen bond complexation, and ion exchange. When the actual PV wastewater was finally subjected to treatment under the optimal PSPC-EC conditions, the F− concentration in the wastewater was reduced from 4.6 mg L−1 to 1.4 mg L−1. This paper provides both a theoretical framework and a technological basis for the application of PSPC-EC in the advanced treatment of PV wastewater. [Display omitted] • F− from photovoltaic wastewater were removed using PSPC-EC. • The energy consumption of PSPC-EC is significantly lower than that of DC-EC. • The mechanism of PSPC-EC to improve F− removal efficiency was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanadate-based photocatalysts have recently attracted substantial attention owing to their outstanding photocatalytic activity for degrading organic pollutants and generating energy via photocatalytic processes. However, the relatively high price of vanadium has hindered the development of vanadate-based photocatalysts for various applications. Spent catalysts obtained from oil refineries typically contain a significant quantity of vanadium, making them valuable for recovery and utilization as precursors for the production of high-value-added photocatalysts. In this study, we transformed the V present in spent catalysts produced by the petrochemical industry into ternary vanadate-based photocatalysts [BiVO 4 /InVO 4 /Ag 3 VO 4 (BVO/IVO/AVO, respectively)] designed for water remediation. The ternary composites revealed an enhanced photocatalytic capability, which was 1.42 and 5.1 times higher than those of the binary BVO/IVO and pristine AVO due to the facilitated charge separation. The ternary photocatalysts not only effectively treated wastewater containing various organic dyes, such as methylene blue (MB), rhodamine 6G (R6G), and brilliant green (BG), but also exhibited remarkable photocatalytic performance in the degradation of antibiotics, reduction of Cr(VI), and bacterial inactivation. This paper proposes a feasible route for recycling industrial waste as a source of vanadium to produce highly efficient vanadate-based photocatalysts. [Display omitted] • Recycling spent catalyst as photocatalysts increases its economic value. • Vanadium has been recycled from spent catalysts from oil refinery. • The ternary BiVO 4 /InVO 4 /Ag 3 VO 4 photocatalysts have been prepared. • The dual Z-scheme ternary photocatalysts show improved degradation efficiency. • The removal efficiency of antibiotics and inactivation of E. coli were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in the treatment of wastewater has achieved increasing attention, as it enhances the efficiency and sustainability of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This paper explores the application of ANN-based models in WWTPs, focusing on the latest published research work, by presenting the effectiveness of ANNs in predicting, estimating, and treatment of diverse types of wastewater. Furthermore, this review comprehensively examines the applicability of the ANNs in various processes and methods used for wastewater treatment, including membrane and membrane bioreactors, coagulation/flocculation, UV-disinfection processes, and biological treatment systems. Additionally, it provides a detailed analysis of pollutants viz organic and inorganic substances, nutrients, pharmaceuticals, drugs, pesticides, dyes, etc., from wastewater, utilizing both ANN and ANN-based models. Moreover, it assesses the techno-economic value of ANNs, provides cost estimation and energy analysis, and outlines promising future research directions of ANNs in wastewater treatment. AI-based techniques are used to predict parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) in WWTP influent. ANNs have been formed for the estimation of the removal efficiency of pollutants such as total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), BOD, and total suspended solids (TSS) in the effluent of WWTPs. The literature also discloses the use of AI techniques in WWT is an economical and energy-effective method. AI enhances the efficiency of the pumping system, leading to energy conservation with an impressive average savings of approximately 10%. The system can achieve a maximum energy savings state of 25%, accompanied by a notable reduction in costs of up to 30%. [Display omitted] • ANNs in wastewater treatment: importance & applications. • Thorough exploration of ANN applications in treatment technologies. • Utilizing ANN for effective pollutant removal in wastewater. • Comprehensive assessments of cost, energy, and future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the extensive application of pesticides and their hazardous effects on organisms, there is an urgent need to remove them effectively from wastewater. Metal-incorporated carbon-mineral composites (Ni/Mn-CMC and Ni/Fe-CMC) described in this paper can certainly be applied for this purpose. They were synthesized by combining mechanochemical and pyrolytic processes and their physicochemical properties were investigated using numerous methods (SEM-EDS, N 2 adsorption/desorption, XRD, surface charge, FTIR). Adsorption capacity towards diuron and carboxin with and without impurities commonly detected in natural ecosystems, cadmium ions or arsenite, was measured. The obtained results indicated that Ni/Fe-CMC is more efficient adsorbent of pesticides due to its well-developed surface. It was able to bind 158.34 mg g−1 of diuron and 133.58 mg g−1 of carboxin in the solutions, where only one pesticide was present. In turn, these values for the Ni/Mn-CMC sample were 126.49 mg g−1 and 102.08 mg g−1, respectively. It should be noted that the composites maintained their high adsorption capacity in the multicomponent solutions, i.e., containing both pesticide and metal ions. Then, the maximum reduction in pesticide adsorption was only 8.36. Ni/Mn-CMC and Ni/Fe-CMC were successfully regenerated with ethanol without changing their structure and adsorption capacity. Also, the extracts from investigated materials did not have negative impact on plant growth. This confirmed suitability of carbon-mineral composites for repeated multiple use without toxic effects to organisms. [Display omitted] • Mechanochemistry was applied to synthesize new adsorbents of diuron and carboxin. • Carbon-mineral composite with Ni and Fe bound even 82.30% of diuron. • The materials retained their abilites in the presence of metals and metalloids. • In the system with both pesticides, their efficiency was reduced by max. 25.78%. • After regeneration with alcohol, they can be reused in pesticide removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosynthesized nanocomposites, particularly those incorporating carbon-based materials, exhibit exceptional tunability and multifunctionality, surpassing the capabilities of conventional materials in these aspects. Developing practical solutions is critical to address environmental toxins from pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, pesticides, and dyes. Biomass waste is a readily available carbon source, which emerges as a promising material for producing biochar due to its inherent advantages: abundance, low cost, and environmentally friendly nature. This distribution mainly uses carbon-based materials (CBMs) and biomass waste in wastewater treatment. This review paper investigates several CBM types, including carbon aerogels, nanotubes, graphene, and activated carbon. The development of bio-derived carbon-based nanomaterials are discussed, along with the properties and composition of carbon materials derived from biomass waste and various cycles, such as photodegradation, adsorption, and high-level oxidation processes for natural remediation. In conclusion, this review examines the challenges associated with biochar utilization, including cost, recovery, and practical implementation. [Display omitted] • The primary characteristics, methodologies, and usage of biochar-based carbon for environmental remediation. • The use of carbon-based materials derived from biomass. • This review also focuses on various carbon-based materials and combination strategies. • Biomass derived carbon nanocomposites are cost effective, emerging and promising technique. • Composites made from biochar used to clean up contaminated areas in a sustainable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]