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Lipids of air-dried leaves of the hemi-halophyte plant Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze (Plumbaginaceae) growing on the dry bed of the Aral Sea were studied. The leaves contained neutral lipids (NL, 0.84% of the mass), glycolipids (GL, 1.78), and phospholipids (PhL, 0.74). The compositions of the lipophilic constituents of the NL and hydrocarbons were determined. Fatty acids of NL were dominated by 18:2n6 (53.45%); of GL and PhL, 16:0 (40.14 and 53.98%, respectively). The lipophilic constituents exhibited weak antifungal and high growth-stimulating and stress-protective activity under salt stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the lipid composition of Pulmonaria obscura, a plant in the Boraginaceae family. The study focuses on the fatty acid composition of the lipids and their potential biological activity. The results indicate that the leaves contain various fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have positive effects on metabolic processes. The findings suggest that Pulmonaria obscura could be a valuable source of renewable raw material with multiple uses. The study was conducted as part of specific research tasks. [Extracted from the article]

The constituent and fatty-acid compositions of neutral lipids (NL), glyco-, and phospholipids and the squalene contents in seeds and the aerial part of Amaranthus retroflexus were studied for the first time. Elaidic acid was observed in all lipid groups. The squalene content was 4.3% of the NL mass in seeds and 3.15% in the aerial part. Preliminary wetting of wheat and cucumber seeds in unsaponified substances, fatty acids, and their methyl esters obtained from A. retroflexus seeds at concentrations 0.001 and 0.0001% was found to reduce the inhibiting action of salt stress. Neutral lipids did not exhibit a protective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids from seeds, leaves, and roots of Primula capitellata Boiss. (Primulaceae) were studied for the first time. The composition of volatile compounds and the fatty-acid composition of neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids from leaves were established. γ-Linolenic and stearidonic acids and oleic acid methyl ester were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content and composition of neutral lipids (NL), glycolipids (GL), phospholipids (PhL), and fatty acids (FA) from Chenopodium album seeds are established for the first time. NL contained 15 identified FA; PhL, 16; and GL, 19 constituents including trans-18:1n9. The stress-protective effects of NL, FA, methyl esters of FA, and unsaponifiable substances (US) on the growth and development of wheat and cotton sprouts were studied under salt stress conditions. NL at a concentration of 0.001% and US and FA at a concentration of 0.01% had the greatest effects on the growth of wheat roots. US at a concentration of 0.001% stimulated growth of roots and stems of cotton sprouts; FA, only growth of roots at a concentration of 0.0001%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids and essential oil from roots of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Fabaceae) growing in Uzbekistan were investigated. Neutral, glyco-, and phospholipids and lipid-like constituents transferring into benzine (free lipids), CHCl3, and EtOH extracts were identified using CC, TLC, GC, and GC-MS. Total lipids from the roots were dominated (31.8%) by free fatty acids with high contents of linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids (40.0, 22.7, and 18.3%, respectively). The major constituent of essential oil extracted by steam distillation was carvone (65.3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of fatty acids in lipids extracted from roots of Orchis chusua D. Don was studied using GC-MS. It was shown that the extract consisted mainly of unsaturated 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (65.8%) and saturated hexadecanoic acid (17.0%). The extract at concentrations of 0.410 and 0.415 mg/mL exhibited antimicrobial activity against strains B. subtilis and S. aureus and potent antioxidant properties according to absorption of DPPH•, ABTS, and OH radicals and a test for the ability to reduce Fe3+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbohydrate, lipid, and protein contents of Phaseolus vulgaris L. pods during the milk-ripe and fruit-ripening stages were studied and their compositions and physicochemical parameters were established. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides decreased while that of pectinic substances increased during fruit ripening. The monosaccharide composition of the polysaccharides included acidic and neutral monosaccharides in various ratios. The compositions of neutral lipids (NL), their fatty acids (FAs), glycolipids (GLs), and protein amino acids were established. The NL were two times less; GL, 1.5 times less during fruit ripening than during the milk-ripe stages in P. vulgaris pods. The fatty acids of the two stages were dominated by saturated components, predominantly 16:0 acid. The nonessential amino acids in both stages were dominated by aspartic and glutamic acids; essential, isoleucine and leucine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositions of neutral lipids (NL) from fruit of L. barbarum, commercially available (I) and introduced (II), and wild L. ruthenicum (III) were studied. The contents of NL in fruit of I (6.1%), II (3.7%), and III (7.54%) and the fatty acid (FA) compositions were determined. The class composition of NL from I, II, and III was established. The FA compositions of all acyl-containing NL classes were determined. The position-forms (21 forms) and types (4 types) of the triacylglyceride (TAG) compositions of II were established using pancreatic hydrolysis. It was shown that the 2-position in TAG molecules was occupied mainly by unsaturated FA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oil and lipids from leaves of Ferula kuhistanica Korovin (Apiaceae; syn. F. jaeschkeana auct. non Vatke) growing in Uzbekistan were studied for the first time using GC-MS. Essential oil consisted of 51 constituents (99.8% total with mostly α-pinene, 72.9%). Enantioselective analysis of essential-oil constituents found the enantiomeric excesses of (+/–)-α-pinene (61.9/38.1), (+/–)-β-pinene (28.6/71.4), (+/–)-sabinene (13.2/86.8), and (+/–)-limonene (82.7/17.3). Lipids included hexadeca-7Z,10Z,13Z-trienoic acid, confirming that F. kuhistanica belonged to plant group 16:3. Essential oil, chiral constituents, and lipids from leaves of F. kuhistanica were studied for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositions of lipids, fatty acids (FAs), and triacylglycerides (TAG) from seeds of Pulmonaria obscura growing in the Republic of Bashkortostan were studied. The contents of neutral (NL) and polar lipids and the composition of FAs of all acyl-containing NL classes were identified and determined. The largest amounts of polyunsaturated FAs were concentrated in total NL (88.9%, including γ-18:3, 24.3; α-18:3, 10.4; and 18:4, 3.5%) and TAG (85.3%, including γ-18:3, 21.4; α-18:3, 10.7; and 18:4, 3.5%). The speciation (39 species > 0.5%) and type (three types) of TAG were established using pancreatic hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositions of lipids, vinyl alcohols, and fatty acids from total lipids of the soft tissues of the bivalve mollusk Mactra chinensis were analyzed. Bound lipids were found to be dominant in all parts and made up >83.3% of the lipid mass predominantly in adductor. The total contents of dimethylacetals in various mollusk parts were 3.3-11.9% of the total FAs predominantly in motor muscle and viscera. The lipids contained 39 FAs of various structures with different quantitative contents and localizations of which 6 were saturated; 14, unsaturated, and 19, polyunsaturated. Adductor and muscle contained 37 FAs; viscera, 38 FAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contents of total and separate classes of lipids and photosynthetic pigments from various anatomical parts of the brown alga U. pinnatifida were determined. Differences were found in the contents of separate lipid constituents. The maximum amount of free lipids was found in stipe (0.012% of moist mass); of bound lipids, in sporophylls (0.98% of moist mass). Polar lipids constituted a large part of the bound lipids with glyceroglycolipids and neutral lipids dominating. A total of 20 fatty acids with 5 unsaturated, 4 monounsaturated, and 11 polyunsaturated were determined. The last were greatest in thallus, stipe, and rhizoids; unsaturated acids, in sporophylls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lipid composition of soft tissues of the Far-East bivalve mollusk Spisula sachalinensis was studied. Differences in the contents of individual lipid components, i.e., free and bound lipids including neutral lipids, sterols, glyceroglyco- and phospholipids, and cholesterol and its esters, were found. Bound lipids made up 84.2-90% of the lipid mass and were the major component of all soft tissues. The presence of 46 FA of various structures with different quantitative contents and localizations was established experimentally. The fatty acids included 12 saturated, 15 unsaturated, and 19 polyunsaturated ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositions of neutral lipids (NL) and fatty acids (FA) from subterranean parts of the introduced plants Helleborus abchasicus and H. caucasicus (Ranunculaceae) were established and compared with those of the wild species. The FA from diacyl- and triacylglycerides and free FA from these introduced species had elevated contents of unsaturated acids because of 18:2. The lipid-soluble NL constituents included 10 identified sterols, the major ones of which were cholesterol, sitosterol, and lanosterol. NL from H. abchasicus (introduced and wild) and H. caucasicus (wild) exhibited pronounced anti-inflammatory activity at the level of Voltaren and moderate wound-healing activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids from various anatomical parts of Costaria costata were characterized. Differences were found in the contents of individual lipid constituents. Free lipids were isolated from stipe (0.084% of moist mass) and rhizoids (0.079% of moist mass). Thallus typically had lower contents (0.068% of moist mass). A large part of the bound lipids consisted of polar lipids, primarily glyceroglycolipids. A total of 19 fatty acids, i.e., five saturated, three monounsaturated, and 11 polyunsaturated, were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contents and compositions of neutral and polar lipids from seeds of Artemisia annua and neutral lipids from seeds of Guizotia abyssinica were established. The yields of neutral, glyco-, and phospholipids from A. annua were 99.65, 0.25, and 0.10%, respectively. The compositions of their fatty acids (FA) were analyzed by GC and IR and UV spectroscopy. Acid 18:2 dominated ordinary FA in most lipid classes from A. annua. Acids 18:2 and 16:0 dominated neutral lipid classes from G. abyssinica. The isomeric compositions of epoxy-FA and hydroxy-FA from A. annua and G. abyssinica lipids were determined. The principal epoxy-FA contained in lipids from both plants was 9,10-epoxy-18:1(12). The two geometric isomers 13-OH-18:2(cis-9,trans-11) and 13-OH-18:2(trans-9,trans-11) dominated hydroxy-FA in A. annua lipids; the two positional isomers 9-OH-18:2(trans-10,cis-12) and 13-OH-18:2(cis-9,trans-11), G. abyssinica lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty-acid (FA) compositions of total lipids from the aerial parts of two newly studied horsetail species, Equisetum scirpoides and E. arvense, and the refined FA composition of E. variegatum growing under the distinctly continental climatic conditions of Yakutia were compared. All three species were shown to be 16:3-type plants according to the contents of the corresponding acid. Acids of the Δ-5 family that were characteristic of evolutionally ancient taxa were identified among the fatty acids. Juniperonic acid occurred in tissues of all studied species; taxoleic acid, in tissues of E. scirpoides, where its content was ~6% of the total acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on study conducted on the fatty acid and sterol composition of the marine sponge Psammaplysilla purpurea collected from the Bay of Bengal region of the Odisha coast. Forty-nine fatty acids were identified in the lipids of Psammaplysilla purpurea by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.

Free (FL) (1.25 and 1.22%) and bound lipids (BL) (1.75 and 1.63%) were isolated from skin of ripe Lycopersicon esculentum fruit grown in open plots and in a hothouse. The groups and classes of lipids were established. The FL consisted of 9.3% natural fatty acid ethyl esters and 3.7% carotinoid pigments. The compositions of the hydrocarbons, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and fatty acids of all lipid classes were determined. Saturated fatty acids, mainly 16:0, dominated the majority of acyl-containing lipids. Acid 18:2 dominated the unsaturated acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositions and contents of fatty acids and prostaglandins from therapeutic mud bacteria Pseudomonas sp. and Arthrobacter sp. were established. It was shown that they synthesized from 10 to 14 fatty acids as methyl esters and only an insignificant part as free fatty acids. They produced the same type of prostaglandins, also as the methyl esters, namely, prostaglandin group E methyl ester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contents of total lipids (TL), individual lipid classes, and photosynthetic pigments (PSP) from the brown alga Fucus evanescens (C. Agardh) from different habitats (Kuril Ridge, Sea of Okhotsk, and Rudnaya Bay, Sea of Japan) and the antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of the lipids were studied. It was shown that the habitat, alga collection time, and age of its tissues were important factors that affected the contents of TL, separate lipid classes, and PSP and their biological activity. Lipid FA affected the manifestation of their biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lipid compositions from four alga species of the family Laminariaceae and one species of the family Alariaceae in addition to the antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of the lipids and pigments from these algae were studied. Total lipids (TL) from the Laminariaceae algae, in contrast with those from the Alariaceae alga, were more active against microorganisms and exhibited greater hemolytic activity. Separate lipid classes and their fractions isolated from the less active Alariaceae alga suppressed the growth of microorganisms and caused hemolysis of erythrocytes. The lipid fatty acids affected the manifestation of biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatty-acid composition of total lipids from eurybiotic species of green alga Ulva intestinalis from saltwater and estuaries of the Caspian arid zone basin (Elton Region) was studied. It was shown that the relative content of trienoic acids increased and the relative content of long-chain acids decreased as the salinity of the water increased. A feature of the phospholipid composition of U. intestinalis estuary populations was the presence of phosphatidylcholine in plants growing in water with salinity 10.0-11.6 g/L and its absence in algae at higher salinities (28.5-31.2 g/L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids of Crambe abyssinica Hochst (Brassicaceae) seeds grown in hothouses in Israel and in the open in Uzbekistan in soil imported from the Aral Sea region were studied. It was found that the seed oil content decreased as the irrigation-water salinity increased. The content of total unsaturated fatty acids of neutral lipids was in the range 91.31-94.81%; of polar lipids, 69.59-83.78%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the lipid contents of celastrus paniculatus seed oil. It says that there are about 100 species of shrubs belonging to the celastrus genus found mainly in Asia, China, Japan Australia and North America. The study found a 46% of crude oil presented in the celastrus paniculatus seeds. Apart from other chemical components, the seeds contain triacylglycerol (TAG), free fatty acids (FFA), diacylglycerol (DAG), esterified sterols (STE) and monoacylglycerol (MAG).

Cuticular lipids were isolated via enzymolysis and acid and alkaline hydrolysis of defatted skin of ripe tomatoes Lycopersicon esculentum. Their composition and that of fatty acids from acyl-containing constituents were established. Sterylglycosides and their fatty-acid (FA) esters, lysophosphatidylethanolamines, and lysophosphatidylinositols were identified in skin cuticular lipids that were isolated by enzymolysis. Not only C16 and C18 FA but also 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 15:0, 17:0, 20:0, 20:1, 22:0, and 24:0 acids were found in the enzymolysis and acid-hydrolysis products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids from seeds of the new Indigofera tinctoria variety Feruz-1 that was grown in saline soil near the Aral Sea were studied for the first time. The seed oil content was 2.66%. The fatty-acid compositions of triacylglycerides, glyco- and phospholipids, free fatty acids, and fatty-acid esters of cyclic alcohols were determined. The dominant acids by mass were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids and lipophilic components from seeds of grape seeds and apricot, almond, and peach pits were studied. The compositions of fatty acids and unsaponified oil compounds were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids from seeds of three plants of the Asteraceae family, Cousinia franchetii, Arctium leiospermum, and Rhaponticum integrifolium, were studied. The principal constituents of lipids from the three plants were shown to be acylglycerides of ordinary fatty acids and oxygenated fatty acids using chemical and chromatographic analyses. The composition of the ordinary unoxidized and epoxy acids was determined by GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of lipids and fatty acids from seeds of Oenothera biennis growing in the RF near Kazan’ was determined. The content of γ-linolenic acid in all groups of acyl-containing lipids in the oil to be 4.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of lipids and their fatty acids in tissues of scalp, gonads, and internal organs of the sand dollar Scaphechinus mirabilis was determined using one-and two-dimensional TLC and GC-MS. Lipids of S. mirabilis scalp consisting of several neutral and phospholipids were characterized for the first time. A significant quantity of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) was found in scalp lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of reduced temperature (frost) on the lipid composition of Viburnum opulus seeds was studied. Low temperatures changed lipid metabolism by forming hydroxyglycerides in NL, lowering significantly the GL and PL contents, and changing their class composition. The structures of hydroxyacids in the hydroxyglycerides were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids, total lipids, phospholipids, and the betaine lipid DGTS in aerial and underwater leaves and sori of the aquatic fern Salvinia natans were investigated. Lipid compositions from various parts (organs) of the fern were different. The distributions of polar lipids and fatty acids in various organs were discussed. Special attention was paid to the DGTS-forming capability of this fern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical, chromatographic, and spectral methods were used to show that the main components of the lipid extract of flowers and leaves are free and bound aliphatic and cyclic alcohols (sterols and triterpenols) and essential oil. It was shown that the lipid extract of Artemisia annua has a positive influence on skin metabolism and possesses anti-inflammatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of lipids and fatty acids from the red alga Gracilaria verrucosa, for which a high content of 20:4n-6 acid is typical, was studied. The principal lipids were digalactosyldiacylglycerides, phosphatidylcholines (PC), monogalactosyldiacylglyderides (MGDG), and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerides, the fraction of each was approximately the same. Sphingophospholipids, inositephosphoceramides, were identified among the polar lipids. Each lipid class differed in the ratio of fatty acids (FA). The FA of all glycerolipids contained 20:4n-6 acid but its concentration was greatest in MGDG and PC, 67.2% and 56.5% of the acid mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatty acid (FA) composition of total lipids from the marine sponge Tedania dirhaphis from the Sea of Okhotsk was studied. GC and GC-MS identified 50 acids, particular attention being paid to components with 14–22 C atoms. Acids 16-Me-19:0, 10,14-Me2-15:1(Δ6), 18:1(Δ6), 18:1(Δ8), and 22:1(Δ16) were observed and identified for the first time in sponges. The main FA in lipids from T. dirhaphis was 28:3(Δ5,9,21), the relative content of which reached 63.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids from fruit pulp of the sweet red pepper (Capsicum annuum, Solanaceae) were characterized. The principal components of the lipids from pepper fruit pulp were neutral lipids with predominance of triacylglycerines (55.8%). The polar lipids contained sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerines and phosphotidylglycerines. The fatty-acid compositions of the neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed characteristics and the lipid and fatty-acid compositions were determined for the new cotton varieties ASh-25, Omad, 9771-I, Termez-43, and Bukhara-6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatty acid composition of the lipoid extracts of four marine alga species, Halopteris scoparia (L.) Sauvagau, Scinaia furcellata L., Sargassum natans (L.) J. Meyer, Padina vickersiae Hoyt, and the sea grass Posidonia oceanica L. as well as six freshwater alga species, namely Cladophora fracta (Dilw.) Kutz, C. glomerata (Dilw.) Kutz, Zygnema pectinatum (Vauch.) C. A. Agardh, Maugeotia sp. (C. A. Agardh), Vaucheria sessilis (Vauch.) De Candolle, and Spyrogyra gratiana Link. together with the aquatic plant Potomogeton perfoliatus L., collected from Turkish waters, was characterized by capillary GC-MS. Only the saturated fatty acids were found in the species investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methyl and triterpenyl fatty-acid esters and triterpenic acids are isolated and identified from seeds ofViburnum opulus (Caprifoliaceae). The biological activity of pigments and proteins is determined [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutral lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids, pigments, and essential oil of the above-ground part of Origanum onites L. (Lamiaceae) are isolated and characterized for the first time. The fatty-acid composition of the lipids and the components of the hydrocarbons, sterols, and essential oil are determined by GC/MS. Linolenic and palmitic acids dominate in the acids of the lipids. The main components of the hydrocarbons are nonacosane; of the sterols, \-sitosterol; of the pigments, chlorophylls a and b. A total of 54 components are identified in the essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids of seeds with pericarp and an admixture of the air-dried aerial part (AP) of Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisch. et Mey. (Boraginaceae) were studied. The contents and component and fatty-acid compositions of neutral lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids, and strongly bound lipids were established. It was found that part of the alkaloids was extracted together with the lipids from these plant organs. The chromatographic mobility of the heliotrope alkaloids was determined under the lipid separation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids from the air-dried aerial part (AP) and seeds of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerth. (Asteraceae) were studied. The class and fatty acid compositions of neutral lipids (AP, seeds) and glyco- and phospholipids (AP) were determined. Neutral lipids (NL) with a complicated set of lipophilic components, mainly triterpenols, sterols, and their esters predominated in the AP. The fatty acids of the AP were dominated by 16:0, 18:2 (glycolipids), and 18:3 (neutral lipids, phospholipids); of seed NL, by 18:2 and 18:1. The content and composition of flavolignans isolated from defatted seeds and the content of total protein in the meal were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids from Crambe amabilis Butk. et Majlun and C. kotschyana Boiss. grown in the open in Uzbekistan in soil imported from the Aral Sea region were studied. It was found that the seed oil content decreased with increasing salinity of irrigation water with EC 1.5 up to 9.0 dS/m. The content of polar lipids increased. The content of unsaturated acids from C. amabilis neutral lipids was 94.74-97.46%; C. kotschyana, 95.76- 96.78%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the findings of a study regarding the fatty acid and lipid content of aromatic plant Salvia sclarea. The study revealed that the plant contains 32 fatty acids which include linolenic acid in seeds, and palmitic acid in leaves and showed that 29.38% and 9.42% of lipids are found in seeds and leaves of the plant respectively. Also presented are charts related to the study.

The article informs about a study on the rosa species of the family Rosaceae. It is stated that this study focused on the composition of pericarp neutral lipids (NL) and the fatty acid composition of acyl-containing classes, as part of the research on lipids and lipophilic components of this plant. It is mentioned that these plants exhibit antibacterial activity and are used in cosmetology.

The composition of lipids from the aerial parts of two species of halophytes from the family Chenopodiaceae, Halostachys caspica C. A. Mey. and Halocharis hispida Bge. was determined. Neutral lipids (NL, 62.1 and 54.2%, respectively) dominated the total lipids (TL) of these plants. More than a third of the NL were esters of aliphatic alcohols and phytosterols (FAE). Fatty acids 16:0, 18:1, and 18:2 dominated the acids of FAE; 16:0, 18:1, and 18:3, the phospholipids. The principal fatty acids of glycolipids were unsaturated acids (68.3 and 75.1%) with linolenic acid dominating (44.9 and 43.5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]