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A study was carried out on the effect of ionic liquids (morpholine formate and aniline formate) on the desulfurization of catalytic cracking gasoline and coking gasoline. A relationship was found between the extent of desulfurization of the gasolines on the ionic liquid:gasoline ratio and the duration of the extraction. An increase in the ionic liquid: coking gasoline ratio from 1:10, to 1:5, and then 1:1 led to enhancement of desulfurization t o 19.5%, 21.5%, and 49%, respectively. An increase in the ionic liquid: catalytic cracking gasoline ratio from 1:3 to 1:1 led to an increase in the desulfurization of this gasoline from 40.2% to 65.4% for 0.2 h extraction time. When the extraction time was extended to 0.5 h, the desulfurization of catalytic cracking gasoline was enhanced from 50 to 70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data are given on the cracking of vacuum gas oil with HY zeolite catalysts on aluminum pillared natural calcium montmorillonite under vigorous cracking conditions in laboratory reactors of different volumes with a fixed catalyst bed at 500-600°C. Increasing the cracking temperature and contact time of the vacuum gas oil with the catalyst was shown to increase the yield of the gas phase. The greatest gas yield was 42%. In this case, the gas contained C2 - C4 alkenes, including 28% propylene. We concluded that it should be possible to use aluminum pillared calcium montmorillonite as a component of a zeolite cracking catalyst for petrochemical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proppant embedment in hydraulic fracturing can reduce remarkably the fracture width and thus damage the fracture conductivity. This paper describes a study of the proppant embedment mechanism. Two groups of experiments were carried out. A proppant embedment mechanism was proposed. An analysis showed that proppant embedment is not an elastic process but could be a plastic or even failure process depending on the surface microstructure of the formation core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint thermal treatment of heavy oil and liquid products of fast wood pyrolysis is investigated. Thermal analysis shows that the coke yield does not increase if the liquid products are added up to 20 mass%. The liquid wood-pyrolysis products decompose much earlier than heavy oil. However, the decomposition of the blends is essentially the same as pure-oil decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cracking residual fuel oil separated from a mixture of Azerbaijanian crude oils using catalysts based on aluminum plant sludges containing up to 50-70% FeO was investigated. It is shown that the yield of liquid products, including motor fuels, upon residual fuel oil cracking at 550 °C rises to 80 and 70 wt. %, respectively. Steam gasification of carbonized and partially reduced catalyst allows production of gas with hydrogen content of up to 72.84 vol. %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of modeling of thermal cracking of oil sludge activated by electromagnetic radiation are reported. An experimental-statistical model of dependence of wide gas oil fraction yield on radiation frequency, electromagnetic radiation power, and oil sludge activation time is obtained to optimize the cracking process conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calculations are performed to determine ionization potentials and wave parameters for different types of bonds, which allows the minimum time of activation of hydrocarbons containing those bonds to be calculated as well. Results are presented from a study of the effect of the parameters of electromagnetic radiation on the yields of products in the thermal cracking of non-hydrofined oil sludge. The results were used to construct the first mathematical models that make it possible to both interpolate and extrapolate the parameters of the sludge-cracking operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical properties of liquid products from pyrolysis of wood biomass alone and its blend with residual fuel oil are compared. The characteristics of the liquid pyrolysis products with residual fuel oil in the mixed feedstock show a tendency to vary. Thermal conversion of combined sawdust and residual fuel oil in a 1:3 ratio provides the maximum yield and the best physicochemical properties of the liquid bioproduct. The possibility of utilizing the middle-distillate fractions of the pyrolysis products as diesel fuel components is examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that axial, radial, and peripheral velocities of feed material in centrifugal vortex chamber pronouncedly differ in magnitude. The full velocity is high and attains 43 m/sec on the vortex surface. It is concluded that the cavitation region must be on the vortex surface itself, where indeed cracking of hydrocarbons intensifies. The parameters of the cavitaiton region are determined from the static liquid pressure at all points of the cavitation apparatus. The distribution of static pressure of the liquid in the centrifugal vortex chamber has a complicated pattern: the cavitation region represents a hollow truncated cone, inside which occurs a cylindrical steam vortex. Formation of a turbulent layer expands the cavitation region, the shape and size of which are calculated from the parameters of a real centrifugal chamber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new domestic catalytic cracking process with a high yield of light olefins which corresponds to the best foreign analogs with respect to the technical and economic indexes is described. This process differs from the traditional process by more severe conditions of cracking the feedstock, an increased content of ZSM-5 additive in the equilibrium catalyst, and conducting repeated cracking of light naphtha in an additional continuous reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of the yield of products of catalytic cracking of vacuum gasoil and repeated cracking of light naphtha in the high-temperature region was investigated. The results of the studies served as the basis for developing catalytic cracking technology with a high yield of light olefins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulas are derived for the weighted mean number of preliminary cavitation processing cycles for crude oil. It is shown that the mean number of cavitation cycles can be varied widely in accordance with the cycle period, the volume of the circulation vessel, and the volume flow rates, up to several hundred cycles. An optimistic forecast is made on the scope for increasing the extent of oil processing by 20–30% by intensifying the cracking by cavitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In catalytic cracking of vacuum gasoils, the yields of products are correlated with their hydrogen content. A correlation that allows predicting the yields of products of this process was elaborated based on the results of cracking of 11 gasoils of different origin and data on their density, refractive index, and 50% distillation temperature. However, it is not possible to predict the octane number of the naphtha obtained in cracking with the group hydrocarbon composition of the feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strategic problem of making oil refining more exhaustive consists of qualified refining of high-molecular-weight petroleum residual and distillate products (vacuum resids, asphalts, heavy gasoils from thermal processes and catalytic cracking) with production of the maximum possible amount of light, high-quality motor oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the goals in revamping the internals of the main tower of the IA/1M unit. Performance of the process design of the tower, the hydraulic design, and manufacture and delivery of the internals; Version of revamping after modeling operation of the tower; Details of the main process scheme for the tower.

Determines the efficiency of the stages of liquid-phase thermal degradation of petroleum residues, light thermal cracking or exhaustive thermal cracking. Degree of thermal degradation established as a function of the fractional and group hydrocarbon compositions of the petroleum residue; Target designation of the process variants of liquid-phase thermal degradation; Methods of optimum design and operation of units for liquid-phase thermal degradation of heavy hydrocarbon feedstock.

Modernization of cat cracker reactor block equipment in the G-43-107M/1 combined unit, which significantly increases the unit’s efficiency and reliability, is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revamping of the catalytic cracking reactor block on the combined G-43-107M/1 unit with introduction of a set of new technological elements and equipment units that significantly increase the efficiency and reliability of operation of the unit and create conditions for its conversion to two-year operation between maintenances is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In extraction treatment of the 470°C-EP cut of heavy vacuum gasoil with a mixture of N-methylpyrrolidone and octane, the carbon residue of the gasoil decreases from 4 to 1.75 wt. %. In catalytic cracking of such treated feedstock, the relative yield of naphtha and diesel cuts increases by 10 and 37% and coking decreases by 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on VNIPIneft Co.'s experience in designing hydrocracker units at the oil refinery in Russia. Operating pressure and temperature; Use of a double-flow reactor block and stabilization unit scheme; Output of the unit in feedstock per year for the winter and summer diesel fuel version; Advantages of the T-Star process;

Reports on VNIPIneft Co.'s experience in designing cat crackers at oil refineries in Russia. Conversion to a zeolite-containing catalyst; Operating pressure and temperature; Implementation of the reactor-regenerator unit and system for preparation of stack gases for recovery; Diagram of the fractionation and gas separation unit.

A naphtha cut hydrotreating unit with output of 750,000 tons/year was started up in October 2003 at Slavneft'—Yaroslavnefteorgsintez OJSC. The unit was “turnkey” designed and built by Kedr–89 SIC on order of YaRVAZ CJSC — a subsidiary of Slavneft' OGC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the activation of zeolite-aluminosilicate catalysts (ZASC) with aluminomethylchlorosiloxane (AMCS). Kinetics of cracking of the crude oil; Coke deposition on the catalyst; Regeneration in air current.

Type 1A/1M, GK–3, and G–43–107 cat crackers (CC) with pulverized catalysts are important in the oil refining industry. A special feature of these cat crackers is the presence of parts subject to significant abrasive wear at 400–700°C. In the last ten years, CC have been actively revamped with the participation of the leading American firms (in Ryazan' and Yaroslavl') and domestic specialists (in Angarsk, Ufa, Lisichansk, and Turkmenbashi) to improve the process parameters. After revamping, the rate of movement of the catalyst in transport lines and cyclones and consequently the rate of abrasive wear increase, and this must be taken into consideration in designing and manufacturing CC. This article reports the experience of Aliter–Aksi CJSC in manufacturing abrasion–resistant parts obtained since the mid–1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granulated adsorbents with elevated sorption and separating properties for gas mixtures in a wide temperature range are manufactured with a multifunctional substance — thermal cracking resid. Their sorption capacity and selectivity in sorption of precious metals from multicomponent solutions is higher than the sorption capacity for industrial adsorbents. Crushed adsorbents are superior to industrial granulated adsorbents due to their high mechanical strength and developed porosity, but another energy–intensive production stage is issued for their manufacture. Cracking resid copolymers are radiation–resistant ion exchangers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revamping of the 1A/1M cat cracker with introduction of new technologies and equipment units is described: feedstock and sludge nozzles, single–stage reactor cyclones, two–stage catalyst stripping, air– and steam–distributing devices, and two–stage regenerator cyclones. The output of the unit increased by 40%, and the yield and octane characteristics of the naphtha cut increased as a result, and grounds were created for converting the unit to a two–year operating cycle between repairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyfunctional catalyst for hydrorefining of the catalytic naphtha cut with a high olefin content is proposed. This catalyst induces isomerization and hydrogenation of olefins on contact with the feedstock with formation of isoparaffins, isomerization of n-paraffins, hydrotreating to remove sulfur, and other processes. The naphtha obtained satisfies the Euro-4 standard (2005) with respect to quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was found that catalysts containing a filler (alumina) exhibit higher activity and selectivity during cracking than catalysts with no filler. Domestic alumina has higher activity and selectivity with respect to naphtha than imported alumina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the use of heavy cuts for exhaustive refining of crude oil in cat crackers. Activity of catalysts in cracking heavy cuts; Determination of the impact and abrasive strength of the catalysts; Method of determining the content of intact and mechanically strong spheres using an air lift.

Focuses on the introduction of catalytic reforming and cracking processes. Characterization of isomerizate by a comparatively low octane number; Blending of gasolines with isomerizate or alkylate; Dimerization of propane-propylene fraction.

The efficiency of GR–24M catalyst in hydrotreating of heavy vacuum gasoil (HVG) was investigated in the pilot hydrogenation plant at Middle–Volga Scientific–Research Institute of Oil Refining Co. (MVSIOR) The catalyst ensures production of better–quality catalytic cracking feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]