Search

The novel oxidant of sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate (NaOCl·5H2O), which is now available for industrial and laboratory use has several advantageous properties. The crystalline material has 44% of NaOCl, contains minimal sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride, and the aqueous solution indicates pH 11–12. Herein, NaOCl·5H2O crystals are examined for use as an oxidant for primary and secondary alcohols, with or without nitroxyl radicals, in the presence or absence of phase-transfer catalysts. The pentahydrate crystals alone (without nitroxyl radicals) demonstrate a powerful oxidizing ability, converting secondary alcohols to the corresponding ketones. In the presence of TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl) or 1-Me-AZADO (1-methyl-2-azaadamantane N-oxy radical), sterically hindered secondary alcohols are oxidized without pH adjustment. A proposed mechanism for the oxidation is discussed.

Diethylene glycol-bis(3-methylimidazolium) dihydroxide [DiEG(mim) 2 ][OH] 2 was prepared by the reaction between sodium hydroxide and diethylene glycol-bis(3-methylimidazolium) dibromide in aqueous ethanol at room temperature. This solid, quaternized ionic liquid was employed as a recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of 4 H -pyrane derivatives in high yields from the three-component condensation reaction of malononitrile, aromatic aldehydes, and 1,3-dicarbonyls in water at room temperature. In addition, spiropyrane derivatives were synthesized from the reaction of isatin, malononitrile, and 1,3-dicarbonyls in water at reflux. The dicationic ionic liquid showed the same efficiency when used in consecutive reactions.

A method for the one-pot synthesis of substituted amides from aldehydes and amides is presented. Namely, condensation of aldehydes with N-tosylhydrazide generated the N-tosylhydrazones which were then reductively cross-coupled in situ with primary or secondary amides in the presence of a copper catalyst to afford secondary or tertiary amides, respectively. The reaction proceeded efficiently for a wide range of aldehydes and amides under the optimized conditions, i.e., 10 mol% of tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) tetrafluoroborate [Cu(CH3CN)4BF4], 1 mol% of tetra-n-butylammonium iodide [(n-Bu)4NI], and sodium hydroxide [NaOH] as base in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 80 °C. As a result, the method provides a straightforward route for the synthesis of substituted amides from readily available aldehydes via a transition metal-catalyzed C(sp3)N amide bond forming reaction.

An economic, environmental and practical aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols and hetero aryl alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds with good substrate scope is disclosed for the first time. Good to excellent yields were obtained by employing economic and commercially available sodium bromide and a catalytic amount of azobenzene under metal-free and ligand-free conditions. Moreover, aldehydes and acids, the oxidation products of benzylic 1° alcohols, could be obtained using sodium bromide and sodium hydroxide as the co-catalyst respectively in high yields.

Recent solubility measurements of a variety of solid electrolytes in water and aqueous solutions in the author's laboratories are reviewed. The experimental challenge of performing such measurements with high accuracy is demonstrated using the solubility of solid sodium chloride in water at near-ambient temperatures as a paradigm. The special difficulties of measuring low solubilities are demonstrated using Pb(II) sulfate in various aqueous solutions and Pb(II) oxide in sodium hydroxide solutions, and the usefulness of such measurements for obtaining reliable information on homogeneous reactions in solution is briefly discussed. It is also shown, using the alkali metal triflate salts as examples, that determination of the solubilities of even highly soluble salts can be problematic. Lastly, data for the solubilities of a series of sodium carboxylate salts of industrial relevance are discussed and are used to illustrate why the theoretical prediction of solid electrolyte solubilities remains such a challenge.

By the treatment of N-3-bromo-3-alkenylthioamides with sodium hydroxide in DMF-H2O in the presence of tetra-butylammonium bromide, series of 6-alkylidene-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine derivatives were prepared in moderate to good yields. The cyclization is supposed to proceed via both the intramolecular vinylic nucleophilic substitution and the elimination-addition mechanisms (formation of acetylenic intermediates) in a competitive manner.

This work described a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of some 2,6-dicyanoaniline derivatives. This reaction carried out between arylidenemalononitrile and excess malononitrile in the presence of sodium hydroxide in ethanol at room temperature to afford the aromatic products in good to excellent yields. The experimental work-up of this method is very easy and the only reaction product was obtained in crystalline form.

The synthesis of quinoline and quinazoline derivatives is attempted using magnetically separable and reusable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in aqueous media. Nano sized CuFe2O4 was prepared by the thermal decomposition of Cu(NO3)2 and Fe(NO3)3 in water in the presence of sodium hydroxide and confirmed by X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalytic activity of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles was evaluated in aqueous media and the results show its applicability as a green, reusable and promising catalyst in organic synthesis.

(+)-Chloriolide, a metabolite of the ascomycete Chloridium virescens var. chlamydosporum, was synthesized in 16 linear steps from cellulose as a source of a levoglucosenone that contributed the (Z)-alkene and the R stereocenter. The attachment of a spacer derived from l-lactate gave an ω-hydroxyacetal which was added to the phosphorus ylide Ph3PCCO. The resulting ester ylide was treated with hydrochloric acid to liberate the hemiacetal shown. Addition of sodium hydroxide regenerated the corresponding ylide, which underwent a spontaneous intramolecular Wittig olefination to afford (+)-chloriolide in 65% yield without the necessity of high-dilution conditions. This is the third synthesis of (+)-chloriolide and the first one ever of a macrolide by a ring-closing Wittig olefination of a stabilized phosphorus ylide bearing an ω-hemiacetal. Our synthetic sample exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against cancer cells but no antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate containing less free sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones in the presence of TEMPO and Bu4NHSO4.

Acetylacetone reacted with formaldehyde and thiols in aqueous medium or in the presence of 0.1 equiv of sodium hydroxide to give the corresponding 3-[(alkylsulfanyl)methyl]pentane-2,4-diones which exist in solution as mixtures of diketone and enol tautomers. Four-component condensation of acetylacetone with formaldehyde, methanethiol, and sodium sulfide, depending on the reaction time, led to the formation of a mixture of 1,1-bis(methylsulfanylmethyl)propan-2-one with 1,1′-{3-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3,5-diyl}diethanone or with 8-methyl-5-(methylsulfanylmethyl)-3-thiabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-en-6-one.

The condensation of 3-arylpropynals with aryl methyl ketones in the presence of sodium hydroxide in 50% aqueous ethanol at 0°C (Claisen-Schmidt reaction) afforded up to 89% of the corresponding (E)-1,5-diarylpent-2-en-4-yn-1-ones. The E configuration of the double C=C bond and cis conformation of the enone fragment in the products in crystal and CDCl3 solution were determined by X-ray analysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy.

The title reaction proceeds under mild conditions with high chemoselectivity and uses easily available materials.

This novel method provides an access to a wide range of different substituted aminoheterocycles under mild conditions by using catalytic amounts of NaOH or equimolar amounts in case of the synthesis of compounds (VII) and (IX).

A facile and efficient synthesis of isothiocyanates from amines is described. This method involves the reaction of amines with phenyl chlorothionoformate in the presence of solid sodium hydroxide by either a one-pot process or a two-step approach. The one-pot process is useful for preparing alkyl and electron-rich aryl isothiocyanates, whereas the two-step approach is more versatile, working very well not only for alkyl and electron-rich aryl isothiocyanates, but also for highly electron-deficient aryl and heterocyclic isothiocyanates.

A reaction of 1-nitro-3,3,3-trichloro(trifluoro)propenes and β-nitrostyrene with pyridoxal hydrochloride in the presence of sodium hydroxide in aqueous medium gives good yields of new derivatives of 7-aza-2H-chromene system.

Reaction of 2,2,3,3-tetracyanocyclopropyl ketones with water solution of sodium hydroxide after neutralization with sulfuric acid leads to the formation of 4-amino-1-hydroxy-3,6-dioxo-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1Hpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-7-carbonitriles. Pivaloyltetracyanocyclopropane reacts in another way and is converted into sodium 6a-tert-butyl-3,4-dicyano-5-oxo-1,5,6,6a-tetrahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrrol-2-olate. 1-Benzoyl-1-methylcyclopropane-2,2,3,3-tetracarbonitrile reacts with the sodium hydroxide with the retention of the threemembered ring and the formation of 11-methyl-4-phenyl-3,5,9-triazatetracyclo[5.3.1.01,7.04,11]undecane-2,6,8,10-tetraone.

N-chloro compounds have been extensively exploited, both for fundamental research and a wide range of industrial applications, owing to their easy handling, commercial availability and high storage stability. As a result, intensive research and studies have been carried out over a long period of time on their chlorination, oxidation, water disinfection and some other applications 1-8 in synthetic organic chemistry 9 . N-Chloro compounds have also been employed for decontamination of chemical warfare agents 10,11 . N, NDichlorocarbamate was prepared by Dutta and Gupta 12 and subsequently by Houben 13 and by Chabrier 14 but explicit details concerning yield, methods of isolation and purity and physical characteristics of products was not reported. A major drawback of the Foglia and Swern 15 method was passage of chlorine gas for an extended period at RT, which can result in inhalation toxicity. White and Kovaic 16 have also reported low yields and time consuming processes for the synthesis of N,Ndichlorocarbamate and also difficulties in isolation of pure N,N-dichlorocarbamate. These limitations prompted the development of a rapid and efficient synthetic procedure for N, Ndichlorocarbamate that involves easy work-up and quantitative yields with shorter reaction times by making use of calcium hypochlorite. In this paper is reported an improved method, which results in high yield in shorter time to give pure N,Ndichlorocarbamate in acidic medium without using any volatile solvents for extraction. Calcium hypochlorite is a versatile and very safe reagent for Nchlorination of substituted carbamates as compared to other reagents like sodium hypochlorite and chlorine gas. This reagent is commercially available, cheap, has high chlorine content and storage stability. Synthesis of all other hypochlorites involve passage of chlorine gas either into aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or tert-butyl alcohol for extended periods, which result in inhalation toxicity and difficulties in handling and work-up procedures. Due to the high chlorine content of Ca(OCl)2 (6070%) as compared to NaOCl (4-12%), a lesser quantity of the reagent is able to convert a larger portion of the substituted carbamates into N,Ndichlorocarbamates with high yields in less time. Calcium hypochlorite is a commercially available compound that produces positive chlorine in aqueous medium for N-chlorination of carbamate. It was found that for chlorination of carbamates, an acidic medium is required to avoid the formation of salt of monochlorocarbamates. In this procedure, the carbamates was first suspended in acetic acid and the reaction mixture cooled to 0-5°C with stirring till the starting material dissolved completely. To this mixture, an aqueous solution of calcium hypochlorite was added slowly in 10 min with stirring. Acetic acid was added in portions to bring the pH of the mixture to acidic condition. After 15 min, a translucent yellow organic layer was well separated in aqueous medium. Acetic acid was used for complete dissolution of calcium hypochlorite in aqueous medium and also used as a solvent and to maintain acidic pH of the reaction mixture. The reaction of various substituted alkyl and aryl carbamates (Entry 1-8) with calcium hypochlorite afforded corresponding N,N-dichlorocarbamates in

Temperature is an important factor in the copper catalyzed alkyne azide cycloaddition under oxidative conditions. 1,2,3-Triazoles were obtained in high yields when several alkynes and azides were reacted at methanol reflux using catalytic amounts of both copper iodide and sodium hydroxide. On the other hand, bistriazoles were major products when reactions were performed at −35 °C using excess sodium hydroxide.

Carbohydrazide derivatives (II) react with aryl isothiocyanates (III) to afford the corresponding thiosemicarbazides which are cyclized to the final compounds (IV) by treatment with sodium hydroxide solution.

Nucleophilic substitution reactions between thienopyrimidinones (III) and substituted benzimidazolylthiols (IV) result in the formation of compounds (V) while interaction of (III) with unsubstituted benzimidazole (VI) in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide and potassium carbonate affords higher yields of the products (VII) than in the presence of sodium hydroxide.

This solventless method combines aldehyde (I), α-amino acids (II), and sodium hydroxide in a mortar and aggregates the dry solid mixture until a powder is formed, thus accelerating the condensation reaction.

The reaction of diphenylcyclopropenone oxime (1a) with acetyl or tosyl isocyanate, carboxylic anhydrides, or nitrohalobenzenes yielded the cyclopropenone O-substituted oxime derivatives. Treating with thionyl bromide and chloride 1a gave 3-haloacrylonitriles. Whereas 1a as well as other cyclopropenone oximes, were stable under acidic conditions, heating in methanolic sodium hydroxide gave the ring-opened α,α-dimethoxyketones oximes.

Ketones are readily reduced to secondary alcohols with sodium hydroxide in refluxing isopropanol.

A portion of the quaternary phase diagram for Na2O-CaO-SiO2-H2O has been constructed. Plotting concentrations as their 10th roots allows compounds having solubilities which differ by several orders of magnitude to be represented on a single diagram. The compositional relationships among sodium-substituted calcium silicate hydrate, calcium-substituted sodium silicate hydrate, calcium bydroxide, a quaternary compound of approximate composition 0.25Na2O · CaO · SiO2· 3H2O, sodium hydroxide monohydrate, and miscellaneous sodium silicate hydrates are presented. The quaternary diagram constructed shows the quaternary compound to exist in equilibrium with sodium-substituted calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide. Conditions in concrete pore solutions which favor the formation of this quaternary compound may also favor the occurrence of the alkali-silica reaction.

Dihydrochalcones formed by bromomethylation of the side-chain of 2'-acetoxychalcones were found to produce minor quantities of flavones as well as the major product aurones when cyclized by aqueous ethanolic sodium hydroxide. The yields of flavone increased with increasing base concentration. The optimum concentration of hydroxide for aurone formation was below 1%. Greatly diminished yields of O-heterocycles were obtained when a nitro substituent was introduced para to the cyclizing 2'-oxy function.

Cleavage of unsaturated thiocyanates, RSCN (R=alk-1-enyl or alk-1-ynyl) by sodium hydroxide affords the corresponding thiolate anions, RS − , which may be isolated as silver(I) or mercury(II) thiolates, protonated to thiols, alkylated to sulphides, or oxidized to disulphides

Unequivocal methods for the specific preparation of title compounds are reported. 5-Acyl-2-aminophenols are obtained by ring opening with dilute sodium hydroxide of 2(3H)-benzoxazolinones acylated at position 6. 4-Acyl-2-aminophenols are obtained by acylation of 2-acetamidophenol in the presence of aluminium chloride/dimethylformamide followed by a deprotection of the amino group

Quaternary quinolinium salts, 1-methyl-, 1, 3-dimethyl-, and 1, 4-dimethylquinolinium iodide, react with trichloromethyl carbanion, which is generated from chloroform and sodium hydroxide in methanol, to give the 1, 2-dihydro adducts, 1-methyl-2-trichloromethyl-1, 2-dihydroquinolines. 1, 2-Dimethylquinolinium salt gives a different type of addition product and further reaction also occurs with dichlorocarbene to give a dichlorocyclopropane-fused compound under similar reaction conditions. Reduction of the 1, 2-dihydro adduct gives 1-methyl-2-trichloromethyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinoline or 1-methyl-2-dichloromethyldecahydroquinoline depending on the catalyst used. These adducts are useful intermediates for synthesis of chlorine-containing heterocycles.

Colchiceinamide on reaction with phosgene and thiophosgene in the presence of triethylamine afforded tetracyclic compounds:benzo[9,10]heptaleno[4,3-d]oxazolones , -oxazolethiones . Treatment of the resulting tetracyclic oxazolethione with sodium hydroxide afforded tetracyclic thiazolone . All three tetracyclic compounds had very high negative specific rotations, but none of them inhibited tubulin polymerization in vitro.

Cyclocondensation of acetylenic amides with triethylorthoformate and triethylorthoacetate in boiling glacial acetic acid under nitrogen gave 3-propynylquinazolinones. 2-Ethoxy-2-methyl-3[1,1-dimethylpropynyl]quinazolin-4(1H,3H)-one (3b) and 2-ethoxy-2-methyl-3-[1-cyclohexylpropynyl]quinazolin-4(1H,3H)-one (3c) in refluxing ethanolic sodium hydroxide afforded the corresponding oxazoloquinazolinones.

The potassium salt 2 of 1,3,3-trimethyl-N-nitro-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-6-imine 1 reacted with bromine in acetic acid solution to give (1S,4S,5S)-5-bromo-1,3,3-trimethyl-N-nitro-2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-6-imine 3. Bromination of the salt 2 in methanolic potassium hydroxide afforded a mixture of (1S,4S)-5,5-dibromo-1,3,3-trimethyl-N-nitro-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-6E-and -6Z-imine 4 and 5, whose X-ray crystal-structure determinations allowed their absolute configurations to be established. Bromination of monobromide 3 under different conditions gave the dibromide 4, which was converted into isomer 5 by storage in chloroform solution. Nitrimine 3 reacted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium hydroxide or piperidine to give (1S,4S,5S)-5-bromo- and -5-hydroxyamino-N-hydroxy-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-6-imine or (1S,4S,5S)-N-hydroxy-1,3,3-trimethyl-5-(piperidin-1-yl)-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-6-imine. Reaction of compound 3 with aliphatic and aromatic primary amines afforded N-substituted (1S,4S,5S)-5-bromo-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-6-imines. Reduction of compound 3 with sodium cyanoborohydride gave (1S,4S,5S)-5-bromo-1,3,3-trimethyl-N-mtro-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-6-amine, whereas consecutive treatment with potassium hydroxide and aq. hydrochloric acid afforded the less stable isomer (1S,4S)-5-bromo-1,3,3-trimethyl-N-nitro-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-6-amine.

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy has been used to study polycrystalline aluminum in sodium hydroxide solution. The effect of oxidation and reduction processes on the electrode surface has been studied in-situ. The initiation of oxide formation appears to start in the form of patches or clusters. In the study of the oxide formation by STM, a passive to active region was detected at −1.05 V vs. SHE in 0.01 M NaOH.

Cobalt-containing Y-zeolites, prepared by ion exchange and treatment with aqueous alkali-metal hydroxide solution, have been investigated. The reducibility of cobalt ions in each site of zeolite Y was investigated by TPR. X-Ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, UV–VIS DRS and Xe adsorption were used to investigate the effect of sodium hydroxide treatment. The cobalt ions in the sites, SI and SI migrated to the sodalite cage and supercage after treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The extent of migration was related to the concentration of sodium hydroxide and the cobalt loading. The amounts of cobalt ions located at various sites were estimated from the area of each TPR peak. The other alkali-metal hydroxides, KOH and LiOH, showed a similar effect. Cobalt species in the supercage and on the exterior surface of the zeolite after treatment with sodium hydroxide solution were shown to be CoO(OH) by the IR band at 3631 cm–1 which was oxidized to Co3O4 during calcination at 623 K. The formation of cobalt metal clusters is facilitated by treatment with sodium hydroxide solution and by subsequent reduction with hydrogen.

The reductive cyclisation of o-nitrobenzanilides with zinc and sodium hydroxide in aqueous methanol provides a convenient source of 2-arylindazol-3-ones.

1,2-Disubstituted 4-alkylcarbamoyl-5-methyl-1H-imidazoles and 2-substituted 5-methyl-4-phenylcarbamoyl-1H-imidazoles were synthesized from 5-acylamino-6-methyluracils and 5-acylamino-6-methyl-3-phenylpyrimidin-4(3H)ones by treatment with sodium hydroxide in ethanol. In the case of 5-acylaminopyrimidinones which possess an olefinic group in the acylamino group, 2-ethoxyethyl (or 2-ethoxypropyl)-5-methyl-4-phenylcarbamoyl-1H-imidazoles were prepared as major products and the corresponding 2-alkenyl-1H-imidazoles were only minor products. Compounds which contain an aryl function in their acylamino group gave glycine anilides as by products.

(Polyfluoroalkyl)trimethylammonium iodides (1a–d), RfCF2CH2N+Me3I− (Rf−, a = HCF2,b = CF3, c = H(CF2)3, d = H(CF2)5), reacted easily with an equimolar amount of sodiumhydroxide in water at 20°C to give Z isomers of (polyfluoro-1-alkenyl)trimethylammoniumiodides (2a–d), RfCFCHN+Me3I−, quantitatively. However, treatment of 1 with 3 equimolaramounts of sodium hydroxide yielded different products depending on the length of the Rfchain: la gave (2-oxo-3,3-difluoropropyl)trimethylammonium iodide (3a), which had a greattendency to form the hydrate 4a; 1b produced a mixture of the analogous ketone 3b and betaine6; 1c and 1d afforded the corresponding 1H,ωH-perfluoroalkanes 7c and 7d, respectively,together with 6.

The formation of a film on the cathode surface due to electroreduction of chromate and its effect on other cathode reactions have been studied by cyclic voltammetry using rotating disc electrodes o ...

Reaction of various types of enaminones, which are prepared by the condensation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with aromatic amines, with carbon disulfide in the presence of sodium hydroxide as the base in dimethyl sulfoxide to give the corresponding enamino dithiocarboxylates, 1,3-thiazines and trithiones. Enamino dithiocarboxylates are cyclized under refluxing in diphenyl ether to give the fused quinoline derivatives. The reaction of 6-arylamino-1,3-dimethyluracils with excess carbon disulfide in the presence of sodium hydroxide and subsequent methylation with dimethyl sulfate gave directly the corresponding 1,3-dimethyl-5-methylthiopyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones.

Methyl 2-methoxy- and 2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-deoxy-glycosides were obtained from methyl 2-carbamoyl-2-deoxyglycosides via Hofmann rearrangement with sodium methoxide/bromine/methanol or sodium hydroxide/sodium bromite/methanol or lead tetraacetate tert-butyl alcohol/dimethylformamide

3-Carboxymethylamino-3-methylthio-1 -phenyl-2-propen-1-ones were synthesized by the reaction of 3,3-bis(methylthio)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-ones with glycine in the presence of sodium hydroxide.

The N-alkylation of benzotriazole and 1,2,4-triazole with alkyl halides proceeds efficiently in the presence of sodium hydroxide in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF).

A series of new amphoteric surfactants, having a quaternary ammonium group and a phosphoric acid group, 2-(N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)ethyl hydrogen phosphates (alkyl: dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl), were prepared by introducing a phosphoric acid group into N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-(N-2-hydroxyethyl) ammoniumiodide, followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide and removal of inorganic salts. By the evaluation of the physicochemical properties, it was found that the phosphobetaines behave like “nonionic” surfactant in the zwitterionic region, having very small CMC values in comparison with sodium 2-(N-alkyl-N-methylamino)ethyl hydrogen phosphates. Additionally, similar trends were also observed in the experiments from the point of the effect of electrolyte and temperature on CMC, respectively. It should be considered that the hydrophobicity of the surfactant molecule is increased by the electronic interaction between the quaternary ammonium group and a phosphoric acid group. On the other hand, the phosphobetaines gave the smaller values of the occupied area per molecule at the air/water interface than sodium 2-(N-alkyl-N-methylamino)ethyl hydrogen phosphates. Therefore, it is clear that the phosphobetaines have higher surface-active properties than the amphoteric surfactants.

Alkenylidenecyclopropanes have been prepared in a stereospecific manner by the reaction of 1,1-disubstituted 2,2-dibromocyclopropanes with sodium hydroxide under phase-transfer conditions in the presence of alkenes.

Aziridine-2-carboxylic esters 1 were converted into bicyclic boroxazolidones 3 in a three-step sequence. First, the ester groups were hydrolyzed either by sodium hydroxide or with lithium hydroxide in methanol. The salts thus obtained were acidified with acetic acid or through a weakly acidic ion-exchange resin. Treatment of the zwitterionic aziridine-2-carboxylic acids 2 with triethyl-borane in hexane gave boroxazolidones 3 in high yields. Boroxazolidone 3g, obtained from optically active 1g was reconverted to the starting material by 8-hydroxyquinoline without any loss of optical activity.

The quinoline Reissert compound (5a) was converted to 1-benzoyl-3-bromo-2-cayano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-methoxyquinoline (6a) by successive treatment in methanol with bromine and q. sodium carbonate. Hydrolysis of 6a with hydrochrolic acid gave 3-bromoquinoline (4; R=H), but that with aq. sodium hydroxide afforded 4-methoxyquinoline (7a). Reissert compounds derived from some quinoline derivatives (5) gave the correspoinding 4-methoxyquinolines (7) through tetrahydroquinolines (6) in a similar way

A very pure magnesium dititanate, MgTi2O5, is obtained from a precipitate calcined at 480° to 500°C for 2 h in a dynamic atmosphere. This precipitate is prepared at room temperature by the coprecipitation of a sulfuric solution, Ti(IV)–Mg(II), in a molar ratio of 2:1, with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at pH ≃ 12.