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Living organisms are generally composed of complex cellular processes which persist only within their native environments. To enhance our understanding of the biological processes lying within complex milieus, various techniques have been developed. Specifically, the emergence of super-resolution microscopy has generated a renaissance in cell biology by redefining the existing dogma towards nanoscale cell dynamics, single synaptic vesicles, and other complex bioprocesses by overcoming the diffraction-imposed resolution barrier that is associated with conventional microscopy techniques. Besides the typical technical reliance on the optical framework and computational algorithm, super-resolution imaging microscopy resorts largely to fluorescent materials with special photophysical properties, including fluorescent proteins, organic fluorophores and nanomaterials. In this tutorial review article, with the emphasis on cell biology, we summarize the recent developments in fluorescent materials being utilized in various super-resolution techniques with successful integration into bio-imaging applications. Fluorescent proteins (FP) applied in super-resolution microscopy will not be covered herein as it has already been well summarized; additionally, we demonstrate the breadth of opportunities offered from a future perspective.

Title compounds are synthesized via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of Knoevenagel adducts (I), 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (II) and acenaphthenequinone (III) in water and in the presence of sodium chloride.

A simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of substituted morpholines by a sequence of coupling, cyclization, and reduction reactions of easily available amino alcohols and α-halo acid chlorides. Various mono-, di-, and trisubstituted morpholines, spiro morpholines, and ring-fused morpholines, as well as morpholine homologues, were synthesized in good to excellent yields by a single methodology under similar reaction conditions. The method was also used in a multigram synthesis of (3S)-3-methylmorpholine.

The employed catalyst can be easily recovered by a magnetic field and reused five times without any loss of its high catalytic activity.

A general ligand-free protocol has been described for the recyclable and reusable Cu–Mn catalyzed C–N bond forming cross coupling reaction of arylboronic acids with various amines to form N-arylated amine products in aqueous medium affording excellent yields under ambient conditions, in 3–4 h.

An efficient synthesis of a number of meso-elaborated bis(heterocyclyl)methanes such as (IV) and (VII), which are otherwise difficult to obtain through a direct aldehyde condensation route, is developed.

Title compounds (V), synthesized starting from bis(thienyl)methanes (I) are found to display p-type semiconductor behavior.

Functionalization of meso -positions of dipyrromethanes, gives valuable intermediates through a highly regioselective lithiation–substitution sequence.