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The open-framework phosphates are attractive not only due to the design and synthesis of new materials with tunable properties, but also due to the complex mechanisms of formation. Hybrid framework solids containing transition metal ions have displayed interesting magnetic exchange between the metal phosphate layers through the organic linkers, which is observed in the cobalt fluorophosphate pillared by 4,4'-bpy and pyrazine.

The different pathways to thermally or photochemically initiate the dehydro-Diels-Alder (DDA) reaction also known as [4+2] cycloaddition are discussed. The DDA reaction provided regular diaryls as products, which could be axially chiral if the rotation around the aryl-aryl single bind is hindered by steric reasons.

A study was conducted to gain insight into reactivity and catalytic application of ionic liquids as catalysis and solvent. Results showed that ILs could be used as catalyst in the cyclocondensation reactions as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, transition metal-mediated catalyses and as solvent in organometallic reactions and organic and bioorganic reactions.

A brief overview of the field of transition metals in neurobiology related to contributions of d-block metals zinc, iron, and copper to neurophysiology aging, and neuropathology is presented. The results showed that the metals accumulate in the brain as a function of aging, and misregulation of brain metal ion pools is linked with several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

Elimination-based syntheses of aromatic acetylenes, which are capable of giving rise to unique structures as well as electronic properties due to their skeletal persistency and rich [pi] electrons, are presented. Elimination pathways are found to be as useful as the coupling of terminal alkynes for the synthesis of aromatic acetylenes, which generate products free from transition-metal catalyst residues.

The synthetic procedures and structural characterizations of environmentally friendly organometallic hydroxides are reviewed. It is observed that hydroxo complexes of transition metals are postulated as critical intermediates in a number of catalytic reactions involving water as a substrate.

The addition of hetrogenous-hydrogen bonds across the carbon-carbon triple bond, categorized by transition-metal complexes is reported. It includes different types of bonds as N-H, O-H, S-H, Se-H, and P-H where the nature of the hydrogen atom can be completely different depending on the electronegativity of the heteroatom, its oxidation state and the nature of the organic group R.

The occurrence and activity of numerous diverse and complex phenazines in subclasses of structural characteristics is discussed. Some limitations of the conventional methods could be addressed by transition metal catalysis of the phenazine cyclization.

The authors review the publications on steroids. The topics of interest include tha analysis of steroids' homogenous catalytic hydrogenation, carbon-carbon double bond catalytic carbonylation rections, transition-metal-catalyzed cylization reactions, and heteroatoms' introduction to the steroidal backbone.

The explosive growth of carbzole chemistry is emphasized by the large number of monographs, accounts and reviews. The occurrence and the biological activity of carbazole alkaloids obtained from diverse natural sources are summarized and detailed past-decade coverage of the classical methods and the nonclassical procedures for the total synthesis of biologically active carbozole alkaloids are presented.

Organic halides are very important and versatile compound with many application as starting materials, solvents, reagent, and intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry. Reports covering different metals or metals-containing compounds as individual reducing systems are presented that are tackled in the corresponding sections for each metal or in the section corresponding to most active metal.

The study covers the different methods of metal nanoparticles synthesis including the stabilization of microheterogeneous systems. The numerous studies show that the use of metal nanoparticles in catalysis is promising provided that the lifetime of these materials is sufficient and they offer possibilities of recycling.