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• Gasification phenomena of raw PKS, torrefied PKS, and steam-CO 2 are studied. • Euler-Lagrangian two-dimensional CFD model is used to investigate tar formation by modeling all components in tar together. • The gasification efficiency of torrefied-PKS is up by 29.1 % as compare to the raw-PKS. • The S-CO 2 -R and gasification temperature reduced tar concentration by 21.4 % and 20.5 % respectively. Experimental and numerical evaluation of steam and carbon dioxide gasification on torrefied palm kernel shell in an updraft fixed bed gasifier is studied. Euler-Lagrangian two-dimensional model with 15 kinetic reactions is developed to investigate tar formation in relation to torrefaction temperature, gasification temperature, and steam-to-carbon-dioxide ratio (S-CO 2 -R). The combination of steam and CO 2 had considerable effect on the tar reduction and also influenced the gaseous composition significantly when the varying parameters were compared. The results show that increasing both gasification temperature and S-CO 2 -R do enhance the H 2 production whiles drastically reducing the tar formation. The tar concentration reduced by 21.4 % and 20.5 % by changing the S-CO 2 -R from 0.4 to 2.0 and gasification process temperature from 973 and 1173 K respectively. An increase in hydrogen is also observed, from 55.5 % to 60.84 %, when the S-CO 2 -R is increased to 1.2. Similarly, 29.1 % increase is observed in gasification efficiency as compared to the raw-PKS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]