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An arisen and environment-friendly method of cloud point extraction (CPE) which involved Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (TX-114) as surfactant and 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole-functionalized ionic liquid as extractant was carried out to separate Ru(III) from aqueous phase to bottom surfactant phase for the first time. A host of variable ( e.g. , the extractant concentration, hydrochloric acid concentration, nitric acid concentration, TX-114 mass fraction, TX-114 volume and sodium chloride concentration) were evaluated and optimized to investigate the extraction behavior. At optimized experimental conditions, the extraction percentage of Ru(III) was found to be 82%, together with the enrichment factor of 40. A special complexation extraction mechanism of Ru(III) in CPE process was studied systemically and confirmed via job method, UV–vis spectrum and FT-IR spectrum in detail. Taking together, the rational-designed functional ionic liquid as a novel extractant exhibited superior extractability for Ru(III) in CPE system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbulence modifications in an axisymmetric opposed jets flow are experimentally investigated by means of a simultaneous two-phase PIV measurement technique. The measurements are conducted at a Reynolds number of 14,500. Glass beads with an averaged diameter of 100 μm (corresponding to a Stokes number of 59.5) are used as dispersed phase. Relatively low mass loading ratios (0.04) and large nozzle separation (12 times nozzle diameter) are tested. It is found that the presence of the particles can distinctly modify the gas-phase characteristics, including both macroscopic turbulence statistics and mesoscopic turbulence structures. In the present dilute gas-particle opposed jets flow, inter-particle collision can be neglected, and particles can penetrate into the opposite stream until to the vicinity of the opposite nozzle. The penetrating and counter-moving particles bring about a lower particle velocity and a larger relative velocity between gas- and particle-phase, which result in a more noticeable modulation of opposed jets. The presence of particles decreases the time-averaged velocity of the opposed jets, increases the turbulence in the axial jet and suppresses the transfer between gas reactants in the impingement region. Moreover, the presence of particles also significantly modifies the axial jet structures, representing the coherent vortex elongating in streamwise direction and shortening in transverse direction, meanwhile noticeably suppresses the turbulence kinetic energy transport from the axial jet to the radial jet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]