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Summary: Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is an important mediator of metabolism and cell death. Identification of components of the highly conserved mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter has opened it up to genetic analysis in model organisms. Here, we report a comprehensive genetic characterization of all known uniporter components conserved in Drosophila. While loss of pore-forming MCU or EMRE abolishes fast mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, this results in only mild phenotypes when young, despite shortened lifespans. In contrast, loss of the MICU1 gatekeeper is developmentally lethal, consistent with unregulated Ca2+ uptake. Mutants for the neuronally restricted regulator MICU3 are viable with mild neurological impairment. Genetic interaction analyses reveal that MICU1 and MICU3 are not functionally interchangeable. More surprisingly, loss of MCU or EMRE does not suppress MICU1 mutant lethality, suggesting that this results from uniporter-independent functions. Our data reveal the interplay among components of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter and shed light on their physiological requirements in vivo. : Tufi et al. generate a genetic toolkit for all conserved components of the Drosophila mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Under basal conditions, MCU and EMRE loss is tolerated and MICU3 mutants are mildly impaired. MICU1 mutants are lethal, but this is not suppressed by MCU or EMRE loss, suggesting an unidentified uniporter-independent role. Keywords: mitochondria, calcium, MCU, MICU1, EMRE, MICU3, Drosophila, genetics, genetic interaction