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Pythiosis is a life-threatening disease caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum. Some authors have suggested the involvement of a Th2-like immune response in the infected host, which leads to extensive tissue damage. The switch from a Th2 to a Th1 response pattern is one hypothesis to explain the curative properties of immunotherapy. Taking into account the importance of immunotherapy for pythiosis treatment and the contribution of adenine nucleotides in the immunoregulation of the host, we evaluated the ecto-adenosine deaminase (E-ADA; EC 3·5.4·4) activity in lymphocytes from rabbits inoculated with P. insidiosum. Rabbits were inoculated with 1 milliliter of zoospores subcutaneously injected into the lateral thorax; after developing lesions, the rabbits received eight doses of immunotherapy. E-ADA activity was measured in lymphocytes and the adenine nucleotides and adenosine levels were quantitatively determined in serum. Rabbits with characteristic lesions of pythiosis showed a decreased E-ADA activity (82·36%), a decreased adenosine triphosphate concentration (54·04%) and a higher adenosine concentration (2·51 fold), when compared with controls, after 28 days of inoculation. However, after the immunotherapy, the rabbits showed an increase in the E-ADA activity when compared with control (78·62%), contributing for the change in the immune response. Our results reinforce the hypothesis that the change from a Th2 to a Th1 immune response with the participation of the purinergic system could be responsible for the curative properties of immunotherapy., (Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of curcumin (Cur) on the activity of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (CD39), 5'-nucleotidase (CD73) and adenosine deaminase in platelets of cigarette smoke-exposed rats. For that purpose, we subjected male Wistar rats to a treatment with Cur and cigarette smoke, once a day, 5 days each week, for 30 days. The rats were treated by gavage with Cur or corn oil and then exposed to cigarette smoke. The experimental procedures were divided into two sets of experiments. In the first, the animals were divided into four groups: vehicle (corn oil) or Cur 12·5, 25 or 50 mg·kg(-1) . In the second, the animals were divided into five groups: vehicle (corn oil), smoke, or smoke and Cur 12·5, 25 or 50 mg·kg(-1) . The results showed that treatment with Cur significantly prevented the increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (121%) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (159%) and the decreased adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (51%) hydrolysis observed in the cigarette smoke-exposed rats Our results suggest that those purinergic enzyme alterations observed in the cigarette smoke-exposed rats could be related to an excessive platelet aggregation and point toward the potential of Cur to modulate purinergic signalling and, consequently, regulate the thrombus formation., (Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)