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Cancers 13(15), 3661 (2021). doi:10.3390/cancers13153661, Published by MDPI, Basel

Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer has the worst survival of any human cancer. Checkpoint blockade has not yielded much benefit in pancreatic cancer. We explored immune cell phenotypes with this disease to identify new targets for checkpoint blockade therapy. We created a checkpoint-focused panel to analyse immune cells from eight pancreatic cancer patients. This showed us the majority of T-cells are senescent. Further T-cell investigation demonstrated the majority of cytotoxic T-cells have intermediate to low PD1 expression suggesting why PD1 may not work as a pancreatic cancer therapy strategy. Our data has also highlighted a regulatory T-cell population which is highly activated and can mediate immunosuppression. The checkpoints that are highly expressed on these cells are TIGIT, ICOS and CD39, suggesting inhibition of these may be a viable therapeutic strategy. Furthermore, we showed that Tregs were retained amongst the fibroblast stroma of the tumour. Our work suggests there are key checkpoints on Tregs that may help guide therapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancer. Abstract Pancreatic cancer has one of the worst prognoses of any human malignancy and leukocyte infiltration is a major prognostic marker of the disease. As current immunotherapies confer negligible survival benefits, there is a need to better characterise leukocytes in pancreatic cancer to identify better therapeutic strategies. In this study, we analysed 32 human pancreatic cancer patients from two independent cohorts. A multi-parameter mass-cytometry analysis was performed on 32,000 T-cells from eight patients. Single-cell RNA sequencing dataset analysis was performed on a cohort of 24 patients. Multiplex immunohistochemistry imaging and spatial analysis were performed to map immune infiltration into the tumour microenvironment. Regulatory T-cell populations demonstrated highly immunosuppressive states with high TIGIT, ICOS and CD39 expression. CD8+ T-cells were found to be either in senescence or an exhausted state. The exhausted CD8 T-cells had low PD-1 expression but high TIGIT and CD39 expression. These findings were corroborated in an independent pancreatic cancer single-cell RNA dataset. These data suggest that T-cells are major players in the suppressive microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. Our work identifies multiple novel therapeutic targets that should form the basis for rational design of a new generation of clinical trials in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.