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Simple Summary: This study reports the results of genetic testing to identify germline variants in the main genes (APC, BMPR1A, MUTYH, PTEN, SMAD4, STK11) associated with hereditary polyposis syndromes in 75 index cases with colorectal polyps and a personal/family history of cancer that had been referred to genetic counseling at the Medical Genetics Unit of the National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy. In the screened patients, some of which did not meet the recommended eligibility criteria of current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for genetic testing, we identified 14 pathogenic variants and 6 variants of uncertain significance. Of note, by combining the results of multigene panel tests with the evaluation of patients' clinical phenotype and family history, we were able to confirm the diagnosis of hereditary polyposis syndrome for pathogenic variant carriers and assign them to specific clinical surveillance and management programs. Background: Hereditary polyposis syndromes are clinically and genetically heterogeneous conditions associated with increased colorectal cancer risk. They are classified based on polyp histology, inheritance mode, causal gene, and colonic and extracolonic manifestations. Their diagnosis is challenging due to overlapping and heterogeneous clinical presentations. Methods: A multigene next-generation sequencing panel was used to screen 75 index cases with colorectal polyps and a personal/family history of cancer for key hereditary polyposis-associated genes (APC, BMPR1A, MUTYH, PTEN, SMAD4, and STK11) in order to identify germline genetic variants. Results: In the screened index cases, we found 14 pathogenic variants involving APC, MUTYH, SMAD4, and STK11 and 6 variants of uncertain significance involving APC, BMPR1A, and SMAD4. In this cohort, four patients not fulfilling the recommended eligibility criteria of current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for genetic testing were molecularly diagnosed with a hereditary polyposis syndrome. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that stringent NCCN eligibility criteria for molecular screening may lead to missing some of the patients affected by hereditary polyposis syndromes. This highlights the need for a careful evaluation of patients' clinical manifestations, polyp number, age of polyp onset, and family history to select appropriate candidates for molecular diagnosis of these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with high mortality. Most patients present with an advanced stage of the disease, highlighting the urgent need for early detection. Recent studies of individuals at high risk of PDAC showed benefits from participating in clinical management and surveillance programs. PDAC clinical management and surveillance programs are suggested for individuals with a germline pathogenic variant in a cancer predisposition gene or a strong family history. In the present study, we performed a systematic literature review to investigate the mutational portrait of the main genes (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, EPCAM, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PALB2, PMS2, STK11, TP53) involved in PDAC susceptibility. Our findings may support the development of tailored management and follow-up strategies in PDAC patients with specific germline genetic variants. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal malignancies worldwide. While population-wide screening recommendations for PDAC in asymptomatic individuals are not achievable due to its relatively low incidence, pancreatic cancer surveillance programs are recommended for patients with germline causative variants in PDAC susceptibility genes or a strong family history. In this study, we sought to determine the prevalence and significance of germline alterations in major genes (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, EPCAM, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PALB2, PMS2, STK11, TP53) involved in PDAC susceptibility. We performed a systematic review of PubMed publications reporting germline variants identified in these genes in PDAC patients. Overall, the retrieved articles included 1493 PDAC patients. A high proportion of these patients (n = 1225/1493, 82%) were found to harbor alterations in genes (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2) involved in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway. Specifically, the remaining PDAC patients were reported to carry alterations in genes playing a role in other cancer pathways (CDKN2A, STK11, TP53; n = 181/1493, 12.1%) or in the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2; n = 87/1493, 5.8%). Our findings highlight the importance of germline genetic characterization in PDAC patients for better personalized targeted therapies, clinical management, and surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]