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Simple Summary: This study investigates how the assessment of body mass index (BMI), together with body fat and muscle mass, might influence the success of treatments for advanced cervical cancer. Unlike most research which focuses on general health and cancer stages, this research pays particular attention to the patient's weight-to-height ratio, muscle mass, and especially the condition known as sarcopenic obesity—a combination of high body fat and low muscle mass. The findings reveal that sarcopenic obesity significantly affects patient outcomes, suggesting that it could be a key factor in deciding the best course of treatment. Recognizing these body composition indicators could lead to more personalized and effective treatment plans, marking a step forward in the way we approach care for cervical cancer patients. Locally advanced cervical cancer represents a significant treatment challenge. Body composition parameters such as body mass index, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity, defined by sarcopenia and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, have been identified as potential prognostic factors, yet their overall impact remains underexplored. This study assessed the relationship between these anthropometric parameters alongside clinical prognostic factors on the prognosis of 173 cervical cancer patients. Survival outcomes in terms of local control (LC), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using Kaplan regression methods—Meier and Cox. Older age, lower hemoglobin levels, higher FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stages, and lower total radiation doses were significantly associated with worse outcomes. Univariate analysis showed a significant correlation between BMI and the outcomes examined, revealing that normal-weight patients show higher survival rates, which was not confirmed by the multivariate analysis. Sarcopenia was not correlated with any of the outcomes considered, while sarcopenic obesity was identified as an independent negative predictor of DFS (HR: 5.289, 95% CI: 1.298–21.546, p = 0.020) and OS (HR: 2.645, 95% CI: 1.275–5.488, p = 0.009). This study highlights the potential of sarcopenic obesity as an independent predictor of clinical outcomes. These results support their inclusion in prognostic assessments and treatment planning for patients with advanced cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]