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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Minimizing tillage has been promoted as an agricultural practice that may mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through carbon sequestration. However, there is some ambiguity regarding the effect of minimum tillage (MT) on emissions of other greenhouse gases, in particular soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. To determine how effective MT could be in helping Canada mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, we used a meta-analysis to compare growing season N2O emissions from MT versus conventional tillage (CT). Overall, MT had 12% lower N2O emissions compared to CT (P = 0.03). However, there was high variability due to soil texture and growing season precipitation (GSP), with MT tending to emit more N2O than CT in climates where GSP exceeded 600 mm, particularly for soils with sand content less than 60%. Therefore, unless long-term tillage trials, which are urgently needed in eastern Canada, show a reduction in N2O emissions over time, MT should be used as a greenhouse gas mitigation measure only in dry climates or on sandy soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop yields directly affect carbon (C) inputs into soils. Tillage management can influence crop performance, and as such should be considered when quantifying soil organic carbon (SOC) change, and thus net greenhouse gas emissions from croplands for national greenhouse gas inventory reporting. We conducted a meta-analysis of the effects of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) on crop yields for multiple crop species, soil types, and climatic regions of Canada. Yield response to NT varied between western and eastern Canada. Regardless of crop type, experiment duration, soil texture, and residue management, experiments in eastern Canada showed an average of 6% lower yields (p ≤ 0.005) under NT compared to CT. In western Canada, crop type had an important effect on yields between NT and CT with wheat, canola, and legumes exhibiting 10% (p ≤ 0.001), 7% (p ≤ 0.05), and 9% (p ≤ 0.05) higher yields on average under NT compared to CT, respectively. In western Canada, higher yields would be reflected in a similar scale of higher C inputs to NT systems. A recent meta-analysis of the effects of tillage management on SOC in Canada showed an 8% higher storage of SOC under NT systems compared to CT, a difference limited to western Canadian soils. Incorporating the effect of tillage on C inputs will lead to improvements in the accuracy of the effects of tillage management on SOC change in Canadian cropland. The activity data can be improved by applying weightings to the yield data by site-specific assessment of tillage practices across Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviewed the literature on soil conservation practices and analyzed four case studies in different soil zones and diverse cropping systems of Manitoba (MB), western Canada, to show the potential impacts of no-till/reduced tillage practices on field crop economic performance. Primary and secondary data, such as tillage type, input cost, crop price, crop yield, and net revenue (NR), were used to assess the tillage practices in each of the case studies. Based on crop economic analysis, over 9 years (1998–2006) in southern Manitoba, cereal-based (spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgareL.)) cropping systems were more profitable under conservation tillage than conventional tillage practices, whereas the opposite was true for oilseed crops (e.g., canola, Brassica napus L.). In plot-scale studies at Portage, MB, low intensity tillage increased NR for soybean (Glycine max L.) in 1 of 3 years when compared to high intensity tillage, and there appeared to be lower NRs for canola as tillage intensity increased. However, in studies near Brandon, MB, NRs for a 4-year wheat-pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation were lower in low disturbance seeding than high disturbance seeding systems for a clay loam soil but similar for a loam soil. While no single tillage system was found to consistently provide the highest NR based on these case studies, these findings provide insights into some of the factors behind decisions surrounding tillage management and the rationale for the continued use of a combination of conventional, reduced, and zero-till systems in the eastern Prairies of Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil degradation has been of great concern for New Brunswick's potato farmers, especially on sloped land and shallow soils. In this study, we evaluated the initial response of labile soil carbon (C) fractions (permanganate oxidizable C (POXC) and particulate organic C (POC)) and aggregate stability to two integrated best management practices (BMPIs) composed of the following individual practices: diversion terraces (DT), grassed waterways (GW), and contour tillage (CT) (i.e., DTGW) and DT, GW, CT, and tile drainage (TD) (i.e., DTGW + TD), relative to CT that served as a control. The more water was regulated in the field, the greater the increase in labile C; where DTGW and DTGW + TD gained 19.8% and 50.6% of POXC, respectively, while CT lost 11.2% of POXC. There was an increase in mineral associated organic matter C in the terraced BMPIs, despite the high amount of tillage events that took place during potato cultivation. Two BMPIs had no effect on aggregate stability, most likely due to the short duration of this initial monitoring study that spanned just over two growing seasons. Even though there were no improvements in soil structure, our findings showed that some stabilization of soil C is possible even during the initial two seasons following BMPI implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National inventory reporting of agricultural nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in Canada is based primarily on measurements obtained using static chambers. In regions with cold winters and an accumulated snowpack (including Canada), these measurements tend to focus on the growing season (typically May–October). However, research has shown that emissions continue throughout the non-growing season (NGS) and that these account for a significant proportion of annual emissions. In the Canadian National Inventory NGS emissions currently are assumed to be adequately captured in western Canada, while they are accounted for in eastern Canada by multiplying the growing season emissions by a correction factor of 1.4, a value that was derived based on a limited number of measurements. Here we use recent Canadian studies to validate this correction factor. We collected data from available Canadian studies that measured soil N2O emissions from agricultural systems for the entire year and determined the proportion of these emissions that occurred during the NGS. The proportion of annual N2O emissions that occurred during the NGS varied widely, ranging from −4% to 119% with a mean of 35.5%, compared to the previous estimate of 30%. Due to high variability, few differences were observed between means associated with climatic, soil, and management variables. To correct for NGS N2O emissions from Canadian agricultural soils, we suggest that the current correction factor for converting growing season to total annual emissions be changed from 1.4 to 1.55 and that this be used for all agricultural soils in Canada rather than just eastern Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For one of Canada's most important regions of crop production—the prairies—it's uncertain if cover crops can be successfully integrated into rotations; if so, will soil nitrogen (N) cycling be influenced to benefit main crops? To address these gaps, we compared a crop rotation with cover crops (CC) vs. without cover crops (LR) from 2018 to 2021 in Saskatoon, SK. The main crops were grown in sequence of wheat–canola–potato–pea; the cover crops included red clover, berseem clover/oat mix, fall rye, and a brassica cover. Yield and aboveground biomass were collected each year and analyzed to determine crop yield and N use efficiency (NUE). Soil N availability was monitored in various ways, that is, by assessing pre-plant soil nitrate, soil inorganic N (SIN) supply rate, and potentially mineralizable N (PMN). We found that the influence on soil N dynamics was restricted to the non-growing season where cover crops reduced SIN supply rate and nitrate content compared to the conventional practice without cover crops. Yet, rotations with vs. without cover crop did not differ in crop NUEs, yields, or in-season N dynamics. We found some evidence that diversifying rotations with cover crops may help the system to function more like perennial systems in terms of regulating N in the long run; but had limited impact during the three years studied. To ensure that cover crops are effective and functional on the prairies, innovative design approaches are needed to adapt cover crops to reach soil health goals under prairie conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mottling and gleying remain important characteristics for the classification of soils in Canada. The development of criteria for the morphological description of these redoximorphic soil features, for soil horizon nomenclature, for the taxonomy of gleysolic and gleyed soils, as well as for soil drainage classification, began in the mid-1940s and continued for the next four decades. Despite advancements elsewhere, notably with Soil Taxonomy and the World Reference Base, there have been minimal refinements made in Canada, during the past quarter century. Various issues are identified, including the need for more succinct and clearer definitions, a revision of standards for the field characterization of redoximorphic features, as well as more consistency in the application of concepts across existing taxa and systems. A taxonomic framework to more effectively reflect redoximorphic features, such as a new "Redoximorphic Phase" is also discussed. Ultimately, it is recommended that a special committee to be established to conduct a thorough study and present recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With respect to the pedosphere, human activities in the last 100 years have been the major driver of soil change. Despite human activities being one of the main soil forming factors recognized by soil scientists (in addition to climate, organisms, parent material, relief, groundwater, and time), the Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC) emphasizes soil as a natural body. We argue human agricultural activities are direct and indirect drivers of significant changes to the carbon balance and cycling in A horizons of Gray Luvisolic soils in western Canada, resulting in changes to A horizon carbon stocks, structure, and micromorphology. Evidence from scientific literature, in-field soil profile observations, and the National Pedon Database are presented in support of our argument. We propose a polygenetic, two-stage model of Gray Luvisol soil formation. The first stage is dominated by the climate forcing of the Holocene, resulting in a relatively stable boreal forest ecosystem including perturbations from natural and human-induced wildfire and other disturbances. The second stage is dominated by direct, human-driven disturbances such as cultivation, release of exotic fauna (earthworms), and indirect human-driven disturbances associated with anthropogenic climate change. Further, we propose modest amendments to the CSSC to reflect a polygenetic model of soil genesis in Gray Luvisolic soils that preserve the balance between observation and interpretation inherent in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As the global human population and associated anthropogenic activities rapidly increase, so does the areal extent of disturbed soils. Regulatory frameworksmust incorporate reclamation criteria and management options for these disturbed soils, requiring consistent descriptions and interpretations. Many human-altered soils cannot be classified using the current Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC), thus an Anthroposolic order is proposed. Anthroposols are soils that are highly modified or constructed by human activity, with one or more natural horizons removed and replaced, added to, or significantly modified. Disturbed horizons are anthropic in origin and contain materials significantly modified physically and/or chemically by human activities. Three great groups are defined by the presence of anthropogenic artefacts and organic carbon content. Eight subgroups are based on the amount of organic material, thickness of horizons, material composition, hydrologic regime, and presence of permafrost. Traditional phases andmodifiers are used as in the CSSC. The proposed classification has been revised from the original publication in 2012 after field testing and discussion among soil scientists across Canada. This revised classification is proposed for inclusion in the revised CSSC, to account for the very large and expanding aerial extent of disturbed soils in Canada, and to remain current with other global soil taxonomy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Canada's vast Boreal Plains are extensively managed, predictive soil mapping could be used as an effective tool to generate high-resolution soil information for the region to inform sustainable resource management. This study aimed to investigate the use of multi-temporal remote sensing data and terrain derivatives to map soil types in the region. A method of constraining subgroup and great-group soil-type predictions based on the predictions at higher-order levels (great-group and order, respectively) was tested. Sentinel time series median values obtained by using Google Earth Engine were tested in combination with first- and second-order digital elevation model derivatives for use as predictor variables in the predictive models. A recursive feature selection process was implemented to reduce the number of predictor variables used in model training. Soil classes were predicted at the order, great-group, and subgroup levels and two approaches were tested. In the first approach, models were unconstrained based on previous predictions. In the second approach, models were constrained to predict only soil great-group classes that occur within the predicted soil order for a given location and similarly predict only soil subgroup classes that occur within the predicted soil great group for a given location. Determined through independent validation testing, the most probable predicted soil maps had overall accuracies ranging from 42% to 68% and kappa scores ranging from 0.33 to 0.48. Overall, the constrained models had the best performance of the approaches tested. Les vastes plaines boréales du Canada étant largement aménagées, une carte prédictive des sols constituerait un bon moyen pour obtenir des données à haute résolution sur les sols régionaux et ainsi faciliter la gestion des ressources durables. Les auteurs ont examiné comment des données de télédétection multitemporelles et les dérivées du terrain pourraient servir à cartographier la nature des sols locaux. Dans cette optique, ils ont testé une méthode qui contraint les prévisions du sous-groupe et du grand groupe de sols d'après les prévisions effectuées à un ordre plus élevé (ceux du grand groupe et de l'ordre, respectivement). La valeur médiane des séries chronologiques sentinelles obtenues avec le moteur Google Earth a été testée en combinaison avec les dérivées de modèles numériques des hauteurs du premier et du deuxième ordre, employées comme variables explicatives dans le modèle prédictif. Pour réduire le nombre de variables explicatives servant à former le modèle, les auteurs ont recouru à un processus récursif de sélection des propriétés du sol. Les classes de sol ont été prédites aux niveaux de l'ordre, du grand groupe et du sous-groupe, et deux approches ont été vérifiées. Dans la première, les auteurs n'ont pas contraint le modèle selon les prévisions antérieures; dans la seconde, le modèle a été contraint afin de ne prédire que les classes du grand groupe dans l'ordre des sols prévu et que celles du sous-groupe dans le grand groupe de sols prévu, pour un endroit donné. Après validation dans le cadre d'un essai indépendant, l'exactitude des cartes des sols prévus les plus probables variait de 42 à 68 % et leur note Kappa allait de 0,33 à 0,48. Les modèles contraints sont généralement ceux qui fonctionnent le mieux parmi les approches testées. [Traduit par la Rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study which examines the impact of soil properties on ammonia retention and nitrification after injecting anhydrous ammonia (NH3) using 10 different Canadian prairie soils. The study uses a laboratory experiment wherein soils were injected with atmospheric air. Results suggest no difference in bacterial diversity between ammonia and air-injected soils and smaller potential leaching and denitrification losses in acid soils than in alkaline soils.

The article discusses the anthroposolic order of the human modified soils classification in Canada due to the growth of anthropogenic activity, which results to soil disturbances. It says that an Anthroposolic Order was proposed to classify human altered soils. It mentions that anthroposols are azonal soils, which are constructed or modified by human activity. It adds that soil classification systems aim to organize soils so they may be recalled and communicated systematically.

The article focuses on the history of soil classification and soil survey in Canada. It says that the first soil survey was held in Ontario in 1914, along with the systems of soil classification which can be traced back from the National Soil Survey Committee's first meeting in Ottawa in 1945. It cites that starting 1940s, soil survey in Canada had well-funded programs and major outputs like the Canada Land Inventory. Moreover, there was a rise in private sector soil survey from 1990s to 2010.

The article offers information on the source, distribution, and classification of the vertisolic soils in Canada. It says that Canadian vertisolic soils relate to the fine-textured glaciolacustrine plains of Prairie ecozone and are formed when parent material have over 60% of clay content. It says that vertisolic soil are not recognized in soils in east Manitoba due to lack of clay swelling in central Canada. Meanwhile, versitolic soil subgroups include orthic, gleyed, and gleysolic.

The article offers information on the formation, distribution, and classification of Solonetzic soils in Canada. It states that the Solonetzic soils have a Solonetzic B horizon assigned as Bn or Bnt horizon. It mentions that the Solonetzic soils are supposed to develop through the processes of solonization, salinization, and solodization.

The article offers information on the genesis, distribution, and classification of podzolic soil in Canada. It mentions that podzolic soil occupy 14.3% of the Canadian landmass, usually under coniferous forest and on non-calcareous parent materials. It states that podzols were defined as moderately well-drained soils of cool regions, which contained bleached eluvial (A2) horizons and illuvial (B2) horizons.

The article offers information on upland organic soils in Canada. It states that upland soils are classified within the Folisol great group in the Organic Order since the revision of the Canadian System of Soil Classification in 1987. It adds that folisolic soils are most prominent within the Pacific Maritime Ecozone wherein the main genetic process is the decomposition and accumulation of the folic materials.

The article offers information regarding the wetland organic soils of Canada. It mentions that the wetland organic soils, which is subdivided into three great groups such as humisol, are formed through terrestrialization and paludification. It states that the lack of taxonomic protocols for limnic materials is the major taxonomic issues identified for the wetland organic soils.

The article offers information regarding the genesis, classification, and distribution of luvisolic soils of Canada. It mentions that the luvisols of Canada, which developed from parent materials rich in Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca), form integrades with Podzols, Chernozems, and Vertisols. It states that the structure of Luvisols can be compacted through agricultural and forestry practices.

The article discusses the origin, distribution and classification of Gleysolic soils in Canada. It says that the Gleysolic soils are found throughout the country and Gleysolic Order includes soils with morphologic features such as gley features. It mentions that the soils are considered to be highly fertile agricultural land and significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions due to its high levels of denitrification and methanogenesis.

The article discusses the origin, distribution and classification of Cryosolic soils in Canada. It says that the soils are dominated by cryogenic process which results in unique macromorphologies, thermal characteristics and physical and chemical properties. It mentions that the soils are considered carbon sinks and the Cryosolic Order consists of mineral and organic soils. It adds that agriculture and construction projects should be avoided when the soils have high ice content.

The article offers information on the genesis, distribution, and classification of brunisolic soils in Canada. It says that brunisols are formed under forest cover and have a wide range of physical and chemical properties. It states that brunisols co-exist on landscapes with cryosols in a discontinuous permafrost and form a continuum of soil development with podzolic soils in humid regions. Moreover, sombric and melanic brusinols are used as agricultural soils in British Columbia and Ontario.

The article focuses on the development of a methodology to predict the likelihood of preferential flow processes in agricultural soils at the landscape scale and their potential occurrence in the Canadian Great Lakes. It notes that climate, soil and crop parameters and a water budget that calculated surface runoff and drainage were considered in the methodology. It reveals that preferential flow distribution maps could be used as tools for supporting the identification of agricultural lands.

The article reports on the methodology of extracting topographic features of landscape to classify it in various landforms for agri-environmental models. The analyses of topographic characteristics are done by full dissolution of digital elevation models (DEMs). Analyses used in finding the two dimensional hillslope and slope inclination in each sector which helps in knowing the topographic instability in three dimension area of Canada.

The article analyzes the scale-dependent spatial variance and covariance of soil adsorption on upper and lower side of soil horizon. Evaluation is done through pedogenic and anthropogenic process on the site of Delhi Agricultural Research Station in Southern Ontario, Canada. Results are founded by both scale-dependent variance and spectral analysis which showed least difference in both horizons and it is suggested that anthorpogenic activities have least effect on soil porosity.

The article presents a study which estimates the effect of manure nitrogen losses on total nitrogen application on farmland in Canada based on the surveys and the Census of Agriculture database at the Soil Landscape of Canada. It mentions that manure is one of the most important source of nitrogen, which is significant in crop growth. It notes that a significant change in manure nitrogen production and application to farmlands in Canada was observed.