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We compared the relative impacts of light, soil N, and soil temperature on Engelmann spruce (Picea engelman nii Parry ex Engelm.) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) seedling growth by quantifying (i) microsite environment-growth relationships for N-fertilized and unfertilized planted seedlings in shelterwood, patch cut, and clearcut harvest treatments and (ii) growth, photosynthesis, and biomass allocation for greenhouse-grown seedlings at 5, 10, and 15 °C soil temperatures. Fertilization did not affect seedling growth. Furthermore, soil N availability did not vary among harvest treatments. In contrast, clearcut compared with shelterwood seedlings had greater mass (fivefold), light availability (twofold), and soil temperatures (1.6 °C). Across harvest treatments, spruce and fir mass increased linearly to 100% open-sky light (R2 = 0.51 and 0.57, respectively), and temperature and light combined explained more variation in mass than light alone (adjusted R2 = 0.58 for both species). Spruce growth was more sensitive to temperature than fir in both field and greenhouse experiments. Diminished growth at low soil temperature was associated with lower photosynthesis and not lower leaf fraction. Thus, soil temperature and light colimit seedling growth in subalpine forests, but responses were species-specific and consistent with microenvironment differences in spruce and fir regeneration niches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]