327 results
Search Results
2. FOREWORD/PRÉFACE.
- Author
-
Aitken, Sally, Ritland, Kermit, and P. Koshy, Mathew
- Subjects
FOREST genetics ,FORESTRY conventions ,RESEARCH ,QUANTITATIVE genetics ,SCIENTISTS - Abstract
Discusses the contributions to forest science of Dr. Gene Namkoong. Details of a symposium entitled Unifying Perspectives of Evolution, Conservation and Breeding held in his honour at the University of British Columbia from July 22 to 24, 1999, which highlighted the diversity and quality of Gene?s research; Publication of papers in his honour in this issue; Highlights of his research in theoretical and empirical population and quantitative genetics, breeding, gene conservation, and ethics; Impact of his published works; Contents of this issue.
- Published
- 2001
3. Modeling the decay of coarse woody debris in a subalpine Norway spruce forest of the West Carpathians, Poland.
- Author
-
Holeksa, Jan, Zielonka, Tomasz, and Żywiec, Magdalena
- Subjects
RESEARCH ,BIODEGRADATION ,COARSE woody debris ,FOREST litter ,NORWAY spruce ,FORESTS & forestry - Abstract
Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important structural element in forests. Its role depends on the species, size, position, and decay rate. This paper reports an attempt to determine the total residence time of CWD across all decay classes and also within successive decay classes. We simulated the process of CWD decomposition for stem size and position (snags versus logs), using matrices of the transition of CWD between decay classes. The study was based on a sample of 2785 Norway spruce snags and logs measured twice over a 10 year period in a Carpathian subalpine forest. The revealed pattern of decomposition depended highly on CWD size. When log numbers were considered, the mean total residence time increased from 71 years for small logs (diameter < 23 cm) to 90 years for medium-sized logs (23–35 cm), and to 113 years for large logs (>35 cm). In terms of volume, the mean total residence times of logs were 47, 49, and 63 years for the three diameter categories. Still shorter were the mean total residence times for log mass: 34, 41, and 41 years for the three diameter categories. The pattern of decomposition depended highly on the CWD attributes taken into consideration. The differences in decay rate between log diameter categories are considerable when the number of logs is taken into account, but they practically vanish when log mass is considered. Les débris ligneux grossiers (DLG) constituent un élément structural important dans les forêts. Leur rôle dépend de l’espèce, de la dimension, de la position et du taux de décomposition. Cet article fait état d’une tentative pour déterminer le temps total de résidence des DLG pour l’ensemble des classes de décomposition ainsi que dans les classes de décomposition successives. Nous avons simulé le processus de décomposition des DLG en fonction de leur dimension et de leur position (chicot vs bille au sol) à l’aide de matrices de transition des DLG entre les classes de décomposition. L’étude était basée sur un échantillon de 2785 billes et chicots d’épicéa commun mesurés à deux reprises sur une période de 10 ans dans une forêt subalpine des Carpates. Le patron de décomposition qui a été observé dépendait fortement de la dimension des DLG. Lorsque le nombre de billes au sol était considéré, le temps total moyen de résidence passait de 71 ans pour les petites billes (diamètre < 23 cm) à 90 ans pour les billes de dimension moyenne (23–35 cm) et à 113 ans pour les grosses billes (>35 cm). En terme de volume, le temps total moyen de résidence était de 47, 49 et 63 ans pour les trois catégories de diamètres. Si on considérait la masse des billes au sol, le temps total moyen de résidence était encore plus court, soit 34, 41 et 41 ans pour les trois catégories de diamètres. Le patron de décomposition dépendait fortement des caractéristiques des DLG qui étaient considérées. Les différences dans le taux de décomposition entre les catégories de diamètres sont considérables lorsqu’on tient compte du nombre de billes mais elles disparaissent pratiquement lorsqu’on considère la masse des billes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Backhauling in forest transportation: models, methods, and practical usage.
- Author
-
Carlsson, Dick and Rönnqvist, Mikael
- Subjects
RESEARCH ,LOG transportation ,FORESTS & forestry ,TRANSPORTATION planning ,SUPPLY & demand ,LINEAR programming ,CASE studies - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Estimation of whole-tree kraft pulp yield of Eucalyptus nitens using near-infrared spectra collected from increment cores.
- Author
-
Schimleck, Laurence R., Kube, Peter D., Raymond, Carolyn A., Michell, Anthony J., and French, Jim
- Subjects
EUCALYPTUS ,NEAR infrared spectroscopy ,PULPING ,TREES ,RESEARCH - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Three methods of deriving advanced dynamic site equations demonstrated on inland Douglas-fir site curves.
- Author
-
Cieszewski, C.J.
- Subjects
- *
EQUATIONS , *DOUGLAS fir , *FORESTS & forestry , *AGRICULTURE , *RESEARCH - Abstract
Discusses three methods of deriving advanced dynamic site equations demonstrated on inland Douglas-fir site curves. Applying the new equations to all situations in which the original equations could be applied; Methods demonstrated in this paper; How they can enhance the development of all recursive and otherwise implicitly defined equations used for modeling of height, diameter, basal area, volume, number of trees per hectare, and investment yields.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Stand structure and dynamics of Picea mariana on the northern border of the natural closed boreal forest in Quebec, Canada
- Author
-
Rossi, Sergio, Tremblay, Marie-Josee, Morin, Hubert, and Levasseur, Valerie
- Subjects
Spruce -- Research ,Forest dynamics -- Research ,Taigas -- Research ,Forest management -- Models ,Earth sciences ,Models ,Research - Abstract
The boreal forest of higher latitudes constitutes a reservoir of trees of great ecological importance and unknown economic potential, but the stand dynamics in these regions still remain essentially unexplored. This paper examines the change in age and size structures during stand development on the northern border of the natural closed boreal forest in Quebec, Canada. Height, diameter, and age of trees were measured in 18 plots with stand ages between 77 and 340 years. The occurrence, size, and origin (layer or seed) of seedlings and saplings were assessed in subplots. Tree density ranged from 600 to 3750 trees*[ha.sup.-1]. Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP was the dominant species, mainly originating by layering. A cluster analysis segregated plots into even-aged and uneven-aged stands according to tree age, but size distribution of trees, saplings, and seedlings did not differ statistically between the two groups. Even-aged stands exhibited a 60% probability of assuming an uneven-aged structure between 120 and 200 years after stand initiation. At high latitudes, the closed boreal forest of P. mariana appears homogeneously sized, with similar distributions of diameter and height across all stages of stand development. Resume: La foret boreale nordique constitue un reservoir d'arbres d'une grande importance ecologique dont le potentiel economique est inconnu mais la dynamique des peuplements dans ces regions est encore inexploree. Cette etude vise a analyser comment les structures d'age et de taille evoluent au cours du temps dans des peuplements situes a la limite nord de la foret boreale naturelle fermee au Quebec, Canada. La hauteur, le diametre et l'age des arbres ont ete mesures dans 18 parcelles ou l'age des arbres variait de 77 a 340 ans. De plus, la presence, la dimension et l'origine des semis et des gaules ont ete evaluees dans des sous-parcelles. La densite des arbres variait de 600 a 3700 arbres*[ha.sup.-1]. Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP, issus principalement de marcottage, etait l'espece dominante. Une analyse de groupement a subdivise les parcelles en peuplements en equiennes et inequiennes selon l'age des arbres, mais les distributions diametrales et de hauteur des arbres, des gaules et des semis n'etaient pas significativement differentes entre les deux groupes. Les peuplements equiennes avaient 60 % de chance d'adopter une structure inequienne entre 120 et 200 ans apres la perturbation ayant donne e naissance au peuplement. Aux latitudes elevees, la foret boreale fermee apparait homogene en termes de dimensions, presentant des distributions diametrales et de hauteur similaires a travers tous les stades de developpement du peuplement., Introduction Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP grows in a broad transcontinental band from Alaska to Newfoundland, but only forms extended closed forests in northeastern North America (Farrar 1995). Despite this wide [...]
- Published
- 2009
8. Behaviour of Neonectria fuckeliana causing a pine canker disease in New Zealand
- Author
-
Crane, Patricia E., Hopkins, Anna J.M., Dick, Margaret A., and Bulman, Lindsay S.
- Subjects
Ascomycota -- Environmental aspects ,Plant diseases -- Research ,Pine -- Diseases and pests ,Fungi -- Environmental aspects ,Earth sciences ,Diseases and pests ,Research ,Environmental aspects - Abstract
Neonectria fuckeliana (C. Booth) Castl. & Rossman is known to be associated with a stem canker disease of Pinus radiata D. Don in New Zealand plantation forests. Although N. fuckeliana has been previously recorded as a wound invader or weak pathogen of Picea and Abies species in the Northern Hemisphere, little is currently known about the basic biology of the fungus. This paper outlines early investigations into the spore production and dispersal of N. fuckeliana in New Zealand. Perithecia of N. fuckeliana occur frequently on pruned stubs and on the surface of cankers, and ascospores appear to be the primary means of dispersal for this fungus in New Zealand. Both field collections and spore trapping show that mature perithecia contain viable ascospores in all seasons, and spores are ejected and dispersed using moisture. The conidial phases are rarely found in the field. Optimum temperature for both growth of mycelium and ascospore germination was between 15 and 25 °C. Some spore germination occurred at temperatures as low as 5 °C, but above 25 °C spore germination was abnormal. Ascospores and perithecia favoured storage in lower temperatures: overall, ascospores from perithecia stored at room temperature gradually lost their viability, whereas those stored at 4 and -8 °C maintained their viability over an 18 month period. Resume: Neonectria fuckeliana (C. Booth) Castl. & Rossman a ete associe a un chancre sur le tronc de Pinus radiata D. Don dans les plantations de la Nouvelle-Zelande. Bien que N. fuckeliana ait deja ete identifie comme envahisseur des blessures ou opportuniste chez les especes d'Abies et de Picea dans l'hemisphere Nord, la biologie fondamentale de ce champignon est actuellement peu connue. Cet article donne un apercu des premiers travaux de recherche sur la production et la dissemination des spores de N. fuckeliana en Nouvelle-Zelande. Les peritheces de N. fuckeliana se developpent souvent sur les chicots des branches qui ont ete elaguees et a la surface des chancres. Les ascospores semblent etre le principal mode de dissemination de ce champignon en Nouvelle-Zelande. Les recoltes sur le terrain et les captures de spores mon-trent que les peritheces matures contiennent des ascospores viables a l'annee longue et que les spores sont ejectees et disse minees grace a l'humidite. Le stade conidien est rarement observe sur le terrain. La temperature optimale pour la croissance du mycelium et la germination des spores se situe entre 15 et 25 °C. Une certaine germination a ete observee a des temperatures aussi basses que 5 °C mais elle devient anormale au-dessus de 25 °C. Les ascospores et les peritheces se conservent mieux a basse temperature: en general, les ascospores des peritheces conserves a la temperature de la piece perdent graduellement leur viabilite tandis qu'elles restent viables pendant plus de 18 mois si les peritheces sont conserves a 4 et -8 °C. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Neonectria fuckeliana (C. Booth) Castl. & Rossman (Nectria fuckeliana C. Booth) (Ascomycota: Nectriaceae) has recently been found in New Zealand associated with a canker disease of Pinus radiata D. [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Effects of gap size and surrounding trees on light patterns and aspen branch growth in the western boreal forest
- Author
-
Ye, Fang and Comeau, Philip G.
- Subjects
Lighting -- Environmental aspects ,Electric lighting -- Environmental aspects ,Aspen -- Physiological aspects ,Forests and forestry -- Research -- Canada ,Earth sciences ,Physiological aspects ,Research ,Environmental aspects - Abstract
Vertical and horizontal patterns of light within gaps and expansion of trees into gaps were examined in young stands dominated by trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in northeastern British Columbia and northwestern Alberta. Lateral growth of branches of aspen edge trees averaged 15.2 cm/year and was similar to crown expansion rates reported for edge trees in eastern North America. Branches growing into gaps were significantly longer than those growing away from gaps and are likely to lead to gap shrinkage and reductions in light within gaps. However, height growth of edge trees was not significantly different from that of trees within the surrounding stands. Models describing relationships between diffuse transmittance and locations within gaps and surrounding stand height were developed in this paper. Sky view angle (SVA) was found to be effective for predicting transmittance to different locations within gaps. When SVA values exceed 1.2 (at the B.C. sites), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) will receive Resume: La repartition verticale et horizontale de la lumiere et l'expansion des arbres dans les trouees ont ete etudiees dans de jeunes peuplements domines par le peuplier faux-tremble (Populus tremuloides Michx.) et situes au nord-est de la Colombie-Britannique et au nord-ouest de l'Alberta. La croissance laterale des branches des peupliers situes en bordure des trouees atteignait, en moyenne, 15,2 cm/an, ce qui est semblable aux taux d'expansion de la cime des arbres publies pour les arbres de lisiere dans l'est de l'Amerique du Nord. Les branches croissant dans les trouees etaient significativement plus longues que celles croissant loin de trouees, ce qui devrait entrainer une reduction de la taille des trouees et une diminution de la lumiere a l'interieur des trouees. Cependant, la croissance en hauteur des arbres en bordure des trouees n'etait pas significativement differente de celle des arbres des peuplements environnants. Nous avons mis au point des modeles decrivant les relations entre la transmittance diffuse, la localisation a l'interieur des trouees et la hauteur du peuplement environnant. Nous avons trouve que l'angle d'ouverture sur le ciel etait une variable efficace pour prevoir la transmittance a differents endroits dans les trouees. Quand les valeurs d'angle d'ouverture sur le ciel depassent 1,2 (dans les stations de la Colombie-Britannique), l'epinette blanche (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) recoit moins de 40 % du plein ensoleillement. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Irregular distribution of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) natural regeneration is commonly observed in aspen-dominated stands in the western boreal region (Landhausser and Lieffers 1998; Comeau et al. 2003; [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Modeling the effect of changing market conditions on mountain pine beetle salvage harvesting and structural changes in the British Columbia forest products industry
- Author
-
Schwab, Olaf, Maness, Thomas, Bull, Gary, and Roberts, Don
- Subjects
Forest productivity -- Research ,Forest products industry -- Management ,Forest products -- Management ,Earth sciences ,Company business management ,Management ,Research - Abstract
This paper describes the development and implementation of CAMBIUM, an agent-based forest sector model for strategic analysis. This model is designed as a decision-support tool for assessing the effects that changes in product demand and resource inventories can have on the structure and economic viability of the forest sector. CAMBIUM models aggregate product supply as an emergent property of individual companies' production decisions and stand-level ecological processes. Modeling the forest-products sector as a group of interacting autonomous economic agents makes it possible to include production capacity dynamics and the potential for mill insolvencies as factors in analyzing the effects of market and forest inventory based disturbances. The utility of this model is tested by assessing the impacts of a market downturn in the US forest products market on forest industry structure and mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) salvage harvesting in British Columbia, Canada. Simulation results indicate a significant medium-term timber supply shortage; reduced stumpage revenues; intensive cost competition among primary wood-products manufacturers; and a large number of insolvencies in the panel, lumber, and pulp sectors. Cet article decrit le developpement et l'implantation de CAMBIUM, un modele d'analyse strategique du secteur forestier base sur les agents. Ce modele est concu comme un outil d'aide a la decision pour evaluer les effets des changements dans la demande des produits forestiers et les stocks de la resource sur la structure et la viability economique du secteur forestier. Les modeles CAMBIUM regroupent l'offre de produits comme une propriete qui decoule des decisions de production de compagnies individuelles et des processes ecologiques a fechelle du peuplement. En modelisant le secteur des produits forestiers comme un groupe d'agents economiques autonomes qui interagissent, il est possible de considerer la dynamique de la capacity de production et la faillite potentielle des usines comme des facteurs dans l'analyse des effets des perturbations reliees aux marches et aux stocks de bois. L'utilite de ce modele a ete testee en evaluant les impacts d'un flechissement du marche des produits forestiers aux Etats-Unis sur la structure de findustrie forestiere et des coupes de recuperation reliees au dendroctone du pin ponderosa (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) en Colombie-Britannique, au Canada. Les resultats de la simulation prevoient une importante penurie de bois a moyen terme, une baisse des revenus provenant des droits de coupe, une forte competition des touts parmi les manufacturiers de produits primaires du bois et un grand nombre de faillites dans les secteurs des panneaux, du bois d'oeuvre et de la pulpe. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The forest-products industry in British Columbia is facing an uncertain future. The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak in the interior of the province has affected mature lodgepole [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Hierarchical forest management with anticipation: an application to tactical--operational planning integration
- Author
-
Beaudoin, D., Frayret, J.-M., and LeBel, L.
- Subjects
Logging -- Management -- Research -- Methods ,Contracts -- Management ,Planning -- Methods -- Research ,Forest management -- Research -- Methods ,Earth sciences ,Company business management ,Management ,Research ,Methods - Abstract
Abstract: This paper examines the problem of harvest capacity planning at a tactical level. Annual capacity planning allows planners to determine the number of contractors to hire per period throughout [...]
- Published
- 2008
12. Impact of a pine lappet (Dendrolimus pini) mass outbreak on C and N fluxes to the forest floor and soil microbial properties in a Scots pine forest in Germany
- Author
-
le Mellec, Anne and Michalzik, Beate
- Subjects
Moths -- Influence -- Research ,Forest ecology -- Research ,Soil microbiology -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Influence ,Research - Abstract
Abstract: Herbivorous insect infestations significantly alter element and nutrient cycling in forests, thus directly and indirectly affecting ecosystem functioning. In this paper, we report on the herbivore-mediated transfer of carbon [...]
- Published
- 2008
13. The law of one price in the United States and Canadian newsprint markets
- Author
-
Tang, Xiaoli and Laaksonen-Craig, Susanna
- Subjects
Newsprint -- Prices and rates ,Spatial analysis (Statistics) -- Methods -- Research -- Economic aspects ,Econometrics -- Research -- Economic aspects -- Methods ,Forestry research -- Economic aspects -- Research -- Methods ,Earth sciences ,Company pricing policy ,Economic aspects ,Research ,Prices and rates ,Methods - Abstract
Abstract: The paper presents an econometric analysis of spatial integration of the United States and Canadian newsprint markets as reflected in newsprint prices. It applies the Johansen multivariate cointegration procedure [...]
- Published
- 2007
14. Calibration and testing of a generalized process-based model for use in Portuguese eucalyptus plantations
- Author
-
Fontes, Luis, Landsberg, Joe, Tome, Jose, Tome, Margarida, Pacheco, Carlos A., Soares, Paula, and Araujo, Clara
- Subjects
Forestry research -- Methods -- Growth -- Research ,Eucalyptus -- Growth -- Research -- Methods ,Forest management -- Methods -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Company growth ,Research ,Growth ,Methods - Abstract
Abstract: The work described in this paper aimed to establish a single set of parameter values for a process-based model (3-PG), applicable to Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in Portugal. Initial testing [...]
- Published
- 2006
15. Modeling dynamics of competing vegetation in young conifer plantations of northern California and southern Oregon, USA (1)
- Author
-
Ritchie, Martin W. and Hamann, Jeff D.
- Subjects
Shrubs -- Research -- Physiological aspects ,Conifers -- Research -- Physiological aspects ,Earth sciences ,Physiological aspects ,Research - Abstract
Abstract: This paper describes the development of growth equations for competing vegetation in young conifer plantations, consistent with an individual-tree growth model architecture. Response variables were height increment, basal diameter [...]
- Published
- 2006
16. Optimizing efficiency of height modeling for extensive forest inventories
- Author
-
Barrett, T.M.
- Subjects
Forest ecology -- Research -- Models -- Usage ,Integer programming -- Models -- Usage -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Usage ,Models ,Research - Abstract
Abstract: Although critical to monitoring forest ecosystems, inventories are expensive. This paper presents a generalizable method for using an integer programming model to examine tradeoffs between cost and estimation error [...]
- Published
- 2006
17. Elevated mortality of residual trees following single-tree felling in northern hardwood forests
- Author
-
Caspersen, John P.
- Subjects
Forests and forestry -- Research -- North America ,Earth sciences ,Research - Abstract
Abstract: In this paper, I examine tree mortality in northern hardwood forests subjected to single-tree felling. Mortality risk was estimated as a function of growth prior to harvest and time [...]
- Published
- 2006
18. A multivariate, nonparametric stem-curve prediction method
- Author
-
Lappi, Juha
- Subjects
Trees -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Research - Abstract
Abstract: The paper presents a general method for predicting the stem curve, volume, and merchantable height of a tree if breast height diameter (DBH) is measured, or if DBH and [...]
- Published
- 2006
19. Preface / Préface.
- Author
-
Powers, Robert F
- Subjects
PONDEROSA pine ,PINE ,RESEARCH ,ECOLOGY ,ECOSYSTEM management ,FORESTS & forestry ,AGRICULTURE ,FOREST management - Abstract
The article offers information on the study, "Ecological Studies in Interior Ponderosa Pine: First Findings from Blacks Mountain Interdisciplinary Research." It discusses the selection of the site for the project, the Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest in the rain shadow east of the Cascade crest in northeastern California. The study proposal has received wide review and has been awarded a grant in a national competition for ecosystem management research funds. The article highlights the objectives of the study.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Characterization of diameter distribution data in near-natural forests using the Birnbaum–Saunders distribution.
- Author
-
Podlaski, Rafał
- Subjects
RESEARCH ,CONTINUOUS cover forestry ,SILVER fir ,EUROPEAN beech ,FORESTS & forestry - Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the suitability of the Birnbaum–Saunders distribution to model diameter at breast height (DBH) distributions of near-natural complex structure silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) – European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests. The investigations were carried out in Świętokrzyski National Park, situated in Central Poland. To estimate the parameters of the Birnbaum–Saunders distribution, three methods were used: the maximum likelihood method (MLE) and the mean–mean estimator, the modified moment method (MME), and the graphical method (GME). The empirical DBH distributions in near-natural fir–beech stands, which arose according to the model taking into account the overlapping of fir mortality and beech regeneration, were generally conformed to the Birnbaum–Saunders distribution. In such forests, the Birnbaum–Saunders distribution approximated the empirical DBH distributions more precisely than the Weibull and gamma distributions. Le but de cette étude est d'analyser la pertinence de la distribution de Birnbaum–Saunders pour modéliser la distribution des diamètres à hauteur de poitrine (DHP) des forêts quasi naturelles, à structure complexe, composées de sapin (Abies alba Mill.) et de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L.). Les analyses ont été menées dans le parc national de Świętokrzyski, situé dans le centre de la Pologne. Pour estimer les paramètres de la distribution de Birnbaum–Saunders, trois méthodes ont été utilisées : la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance avec l’estimateur de la moyenne des moyennes, la méthode du moment modifiée et la méthode graphique. Les distributions diamétrales empiriques des peuplements de sapin et de hêtre quasi naturels, qui provenaient du modèle qui tient compte de la superposition de la mortalité du sapin et de la régénération du hêtre, étaient en général conformes à la distribution de Birnbaum–Saunders. Dans ces forêts, la distribution de Birnbaum–Saunders était plus proche des distributions diamétrales empiriques que la distribution gamma et celle de Weibull. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Long-term outcome of precommercial thinning in northwestern New Brunswick: growth and yield of balsam fir and red spruce.
- Author
-
Pitt, Doug and Lanteigne, Len
- Subjects
RESEARCH ,FOREST thinning ,PLANT growth ,BALSAM fir ,RED spruce ,FORESTS & forestry - Abstract
A study was established between 1959 and 1961 to study the long-term responses of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) to precommercial thinning. Three nominal spacings of 4 ft (1.2 m), 6 ft (1.8 m), and 8 ft (2.4 m) were compared with an unthinned control in a randomized complete block design with five replicates. At the time of thinning, natural regeneration averaged 16 years of age, 8 years after harvest. Although thinning had minimal effect on gross total volume production over a 42 to 44 year observation period, actual spacings between 2.1 and 2.5 m produced an average of 360 m
3 ·ha–1 gross merchantable volume (GMV), representing a 21% gain over unthinned stands. The same spacings produced quadratic mean diameters of 21 and 23 cm, respectively, compared with 18 cm in the unthinned stands. These size increases translated to individual stem volume gains of 33% and 62%, significantly reducing the age at which thinned stands would meet a specified minimum requirement for merchantability or habitat. The mean annual increment of GMV ranged from 6 m3 ·ha–1 ·year–1 in unthinned stands, to more than 7 m3 ·ha·–1 ·year–1 in the thinned stands, and had not yet culminated an average of 50 years postharvest. Une expérience a été établie entre 1959 et 1961 pour étudier la réaction à long terme du sapin baumier (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) et de l’épinette rouge (Picea rubens Sarg.) à la suite d’une éclaircie précommerciale. Trois espacements nominaux de 4 pi. (1,2 m), 6 pi. (1,8 m) et 8 pi. (2,4 m) ont été comparés à un témoin non éclairci dans le cadre d’un plan expérimental en blocs aléatoires complets comportant cinq répétitions. Au moment de l’éclaircie, huit ans après la coupe du peuplement, les arbres qui composaient la régénération naturelle avaient en moyenne 16 ans. Quoique l’éclaircie n’ait eu qu’un effet minimal sur la production brute en volume total après une période d’observation de 42 à 44 ans, les espacements réels variant entre 2,1 et 2,5 m ont produit un volume marchand brut (VMB) de 360 m3 ·ha–1 , ce qui représente un gain de 21 % par rapport aux peuplements non éclaircis. Les mêmes espacements ont produit des diamètres moyens quadratiques de respectivement 21 et 23 cm comparativement à 18 cm dans les peuplements non éclaircis. Cet accroissement se traduisait chez les tiges individuelles par des gains en volume de 33 % et 62 %, ce qui réduit significativement l’âge auquel les peuplements éclaircis atteindraient les dimensions minimales requises pour avoir une valeur commerciale ou servir d’habitat. L’accroissement annuel moyen en VMB variait de 6 m3 ·ha–1 ·an–1 dans les peuplements non éclaircis à plus de 7 m3 ·ha–1 ·an–1 dans les peuplements éclaircis et n’avait pas encore atteint sa valeur maximale 50 en moyenne ans après la coupe de régénération. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Announcement / Communiqué.
- Subjects
ONLINE information services ,PERIODICALS ,FORESTRY research ,RESEARCH - Abstract
Announces the availability of online submission of articles for the "Canadian Journal of Forest Research."
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Relative role of understory and overstory in carbon and nitrogen cycling in a southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest.
- Author
-
Van Miegroet, H., Nicholas, N. S., and Moore, P. T.
- Subjects
RESEARCH ,CARBON ,NITROGEN cycle ,SPRUCE ,FIR ,FORESTS & forestry ,BIOMASS - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Micropropagation with a novel pattern of adventitious rooting in Formosan sweetgum.
- Author
-
Ďurkovič, Jaroslav, Pichler, Viliam, and Lux, Alexander
- Subjects
LIQUIDAMBAR ,PETIOLES ,PLANT micropropagation ,PLANT shoots ,RESEARCH - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Influence of selective breeding on the development of juvenile wood in Sitka spruce.
- Author
-
Cameron, A. D., Lee, S. J., Livingston, A. K., and Petty, J. A.
- Subjects
JUVENILE wood ,SITKA spruce ,PLANT breeding ,FORESTS & forestry ,RESEARCH - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Stand density in the last millennium at the upper tree-line ecotone in the Polar Ural Mountains.
- Author
-
Mazepa, Valeri S.
- Subjects
TREES ,MORTALITY ,ECOTONES ,RESEARCH ,TEMPERATURE - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Nonuniform random sampling: an alternative method of variance reduction for forest surveys.
- Author
-
Williams, Micheal S.
- Subjects
FOREST surveys ,FORESTRY research ,TREES ,RESEARCH - Abstract
Discusses the use of areal sampling in forest inventories. Use of fixed-area plots in areal sampling prior to the 1950s; Improvement in efficiency through variable radius plot (VRP) sampling; VRP effectiveness in reducing the variance of the estimator for attributes and in the amount of fieldwork required to collect samples; How varying the distribution of sampling points to account for spatial variation can further improve the efficiency of forest inventories; Development of nonuniform random sampling using a small forest population where the attribute of primary interest is the total number of trees; Description of a simulation study performed to compare methods; Illustration of potential shortcomings of the new approach; Performance of the estimator of the total basal area studied; How this technique can substantially reduce the variance of spatially correlated attributes for which the inventory is designed, while the estimators of other attributes can be seriously compromised.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Fine sediment deposition in streams after selective forest harvesting without riparian buffers.
- Author
-
Krutzweiser, David P. and Capell, Scott S.
- Subjects
RIVERS ,LOGGING ,FORESTS & forestry ,RESEARCH - Abstract
Discusses research on fine sediment deposition in streams after selective forest harvesting without riparian buffers. Measurement of sediment accumulation in streams in low-order forest watersheds across a gradient of selective harvesting; Comparison among sites in selection-cut, shelterwood-cut, diameter limit cut, and undisturbed tolerant hardwood catchments; Comparison with a headwater stream catchment not harvested but affected by logging road activities; Occurrence of increases in fine inorganic sediment at the road-improvement sites; Little indication that harvesting activities at any site affected the organic fraction or the particle size distribution of fine sediments; Suggestion from results of the study that riparian buffer zones may not be necessary for selective harvesting in hardwood forests at up to 50% removal, at least in terms of reducing sediment inputs.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Clonal variation in basal area growth patterns during stand development in hybrid poplar.
- Author
-
Stanton, Brian J.
- Subjects
FORESTS & forestry ,TREES ,RESEARCH - Abstract
Discusses clonal variation in basal area growth patterns during stand development in hybrid poplar. Study of short-rotation Populus stands followed through a 6-year rotation in monoclonal plots at three sites; Assessment of variation in response patterns among 20 Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray Populus deltoides Bartr. clones; Analysis of data using a split-plot model for repeated measurements with the main effect of time and the time clone interaction partitioned into their linear and quadratic orthogonal components; Results of the data analysis showing that mean clone growth response was mainly quadratic with PBAI culminating during the second period at 145?160% of the rotation mean; Occurrence of response variation in the degree of linearity at two sites; Variation of clones in the rate of growth deceleration during the third period; Importance of quadratic response variation at the third site; Association of changes in basal area levels among the topmost clones over the last stage of stand development with the divergence in the linear and quadratic responses; Selection on the basis of interaction contrasts of periodic growth from monoclonal plot trials discussed in terms of sustaining yield improvements and maintaining adaptation to short rotation strategies.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The different strategies of Pinus sylvestris and Larix sibirica to deal with summer drought in a northern Mongolian forest--steppe ecotone suggest a future superiority of pine in a warming climate
- Author
-
Dulamsuren, Choimaa, Hauck, Markus, Bader, Martin, Oyungerel, Shagjjav, Osokhjargal, Dalaikhuu, Nyambayar, Suran, and Leuschner, Christoph
- Subjects
Plants -- Hardiness ,Scots pine -- Research ,Larch -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Research - Abstract
Pinus sylvesteris L. is locally common at the lower forest line to the steppe in Mongolia's taiga forests, which are otherwise dominated by Larix sibirica Ledeb. The factors responsible for the occurrence of pine patches in the forest--steppe ecotone are insufficiently studied. We analyzed the response of P. sylvestris to summer drought in the western Khentey Mountains, northern Mongolia, by measuring shoot water potentials and exemplary measurements of δ[.sup.13]C signatures, [CO.sub.2]--[H.sub.2]O gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence yield, and concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates. Pine trees growing in the forest--steppe ecotone show conservative water consumption with a sensitive stomatal regulation and relatively constant shoot water potentials under dry conditions. This might be a selective advantage for P. sylvestris against increasing aridity driven by global warming, since the main competitor, L. sibirica, often suffers from drought stress even under the current climate in the study area. Resume: Le Pinus sylvestris L. est commun localement a la limite inferieure de la foret ou debute la steppe dans les forets de la taiga en Mongolie qui sont dans l'ensemble dominees par le Larix sibirica Ledeb. Les facteurs responsables de la presence de bouquets de pins dans l'ecotone foret--steppe n'ont pas suffisamment ete etudies. Nous avons analyse la re-ponse du P. sylvestris a la secheresse estivale dans les Khentey occidentales, dans le nord de la Mongolie, en mesurant le potentiel hydrique des pousses et par des mesures exemplaires des signatures de δ[.sup.13]C, des echanges gazeux [CO.sub.2]--[H.sub.2]O, du rendement de la fluorescence de la chlorophylle et de la concentration des hydrates de carbone non structuraux. Les pins qui croissent dans l'ecotone foret--steppe ont une consommation conservatrice de l'eau, une regulation stomatale sensible et un potentiel hydrique relativement constant dans les pousses en periode seche. Cela pourrait constituer un avantage selectif pour le P. sylvestris etant donne l'augmentation de l'aridite due au rechauffement global alors que son principal competiteur, le L. sibirica, souffre souvent de la secheresse dans le climat actuel de la region a l'etude. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Forests in Mongolia's ecotone between the Siberian taiga and the central Asian steppe are widely dominated by Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), which covers 80% of the forested area [...]
- Published
- 2009
31. Discerning responses of down wood and understory vegetation abundance to riparian buffer width and thinning treatments: an equivalence--inequivalence approach
- Author
-
Anderson, Paul D. and Meleason, Mark A.
- Subjects
Riparian areas -- Research ,Tree crops -- Research ,Forest thinning -- Control ,Douglas fir -- Research ,Forest management -- Models ,Earth sciences ,Control ,Models ,Research - Abstract
The combined effectiveness of thinning and riparian buffers for increasing structural complexity while maintaining riparian function in second-growth forests is not well documented. We surveyed down wood and vegetation cover along transects from stream center, through buffers ranging from Resume: L'efficacite combinee de l'eclaircie et de lisieres boisees riveraines en vue d'augmenter la complexite structurelle dans des forets de seconde venue tout en maintenant leurs fonctions riveraines n'est pas bien documentee. Nous avons echantillonne le bois mort au sol et le couvert vegetal le long de transects etablis a partir du milieu de ruisseaux vers des lisieres boisees riveraines dont la largeur variait de [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Forest management can result in landscapes of relatively young and structurally uniform forests typically having low abundance of down wood and little understory vegetation Wilson and Puettmann 2007). Silvicultural [...]
- Published
- 2009
32. Character-marked furniture made from red alder harvested in southeast Alaska: product perspectives from consumers and retailers
- Author
-
Bumgardner, Matthew, Nicholls, David, and Barber, Valerie
- Subjects
Consumer preferences -- Research ,Hardwoods -- Supply and demand ,Alder -- Protection and preservation -- Properties ,Earth sciences ,Protection and preservation ,Research ,Properties ,Supply and demand - Abstract
In recent decades, red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) has become an important Pacific Northwest hardwood in appearance-grade lumber markets, such as exports, furniture, and cabinets. However, red alder generally is a short-lived pioneer species, and small logs can result in proportionally large volumes of lower grade lumber containing numerous visual defects, such as knots, often referred to as character marks. Given that markets for character-marked wood could provide an income stream for management of red alder, it becomes important to understand consumer and retailer response to character-marked red alder products. In the current study, we used a policy capturing approach (the lens model) to assess the cues used by furniture consumers and retailers to evaluate several furniture pieces constructed from character-marked red alder lumber. The cues used by consumers and retailers to form willingness-to-pay judgments were found to be different. Character marks, design, and naturalness were important to consumers. None of the investigated cues were significant to retailers, suggesting they were using an entirely different model. Such divergence creates challenges in the forestry supply chain for development of new forest products. Resume: Au cours des recentes decennies, l'aulne rouge (Alnus rubra Bong.) est devenu une importante essence feuillue du la region nord-ouest du Pacifique dans les marches de bois d'oeuvre de categorie finition tels que les exportations, les meubles et les armoires. Cependant, l'aulne rouge est generalement une espece pionniere qui a une courte duree de vie, ce qui peut entrainer la production de petites billes avec un volume proportionnellement eleve de bois d'oeuvre de qualite infe rieure qui contient de nombreux defauts apparents, tels que des noeuds, souvent appeles marques de caractere. E tant donne que les marches pour le bois avec des marques de caractere pourraient fournir un flux de rentrees pour l'amenagement de l'aulne rouge, il devient important de comprendre la reaction des clients et des detaillants face aux produits fabrique s avec de l'aulne rouge qui porte des marques de caractere. Dans cette etude, nous avons utilise une approche de capture politique (le modele lentille) dans le but de determiner les indicateurs utilises par les consommateurs et les detaillants de meubles pour evaluer plusieurs pieces de mobilier faites de bois d'aulne rouge avec des marques de caractere. Les indicateurs utilises par les consommateurs et les detaillants pour arriver a un jugement qui se traduit par la volonte de payer etaient differents. Les marques de caractere, le style et l'aspect naturel etaient importants pour les consommateurs. Aucun des indicateurs etudies n'etait important pour les detaillants, ce qui indique qu'ils utilisent un modele completement different. Une telle divergence cree des defis dans la chaine d'approvisionnement du secteur forestier pour le developpement de nouveaux produits. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Changes in the composition and relative value of hardwood resources are having far-reaching effects on products and markets. Smith et al. (2005) suggested that changes in resource quality and [...]
- Published
- 2009
33. Individual-tree growth dynamics of mature abies alba during repeated irregular group shelterwood (Femelschlag) cuttings
- Author
-
Puettmann, Klaus J., D'Amato, Anthony W., Kohnle, Ulrich, and Bauhus, Jurgen
- Subjects
Tree farms -- Research ,Population density -- Research ,Growth (Plants) -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Research - Abstract
This study investigated the individual-tree diameter response of mature silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) to reproduction harvests (Femelschlag: an irregular group shelterwood method) on six sites in the Black Forest, Germany. On each site, four different treatments were applied, including a control treatment and short-, medium, and long-term regeneration periods aimed at the complete removal of overstory trees within 20, 35, and 50 years, respectively. These treatments created a wide variety of growing conditions for individual trees. Relationships between relative diameter growth and standlevel and neighborhood interaction indices were evaluated. Growing conditions for individual trees in control conditions were best characterized using Lorimer's index for a 16 m radius neighborhood. Equations predicting tree growth in control stands underpredicted initial growth of trees after harvesting operations, suggesting a release effect that is not captured by postharvest density. This effect was larger for smaller trees and influenced by removal intensity. Growth response to density reductions was also influenced by previous harvests. Our results suggest that the growth response of mature trees to reproduction harvests may become an important consideration when increased emphasis is placed on managing for long-term regeneration periods. Resume: Nous avons etudie la reaction en diametre d'individus matures d'Abies alba Mill. a des coupes de reproduction (Femelschlag: une methode de coupe progressive irreguliere par groupe) appliquees sur six stations de la Foret Noire, en Allemagne. Sur chaque station, quatre traitements differents ont ete appliques, dont un traitement temoin et des coupes progressives visant la recolte entiere du couvert dominant a la suite de periodes de regeneration s'etalant sur des horizons temporels court (20 ans), moyen (35 ans) et long (50 ans). Ces traitements ont cree une large gamme de conditions de croissance pour les arbres residuels. Nous avons etabli des relations entre la croissance relative en diametre des arbres et des indices a l'echelle du peuplement et des interactions entre arbres voisins. La meilleure caracterisation des conditions de croissance des arbres individuels dans les traitements temoins a ete obtenue a l'aide de l'indice de Lorimer pour un rayon de voisinage de 16 m. Les equations de prevision de la croissance des arbres des peuplements temoins sous-estimaient la croissance initiale des arbres apres les operations de recolte, ce qui implique qu'un effet de degagement n'a pu etre pris en compte par la densite apres coupe. Cet effet etait plus important chez les plus petits arbres et variait selon l'intensite de la recolte. La reaction de croissance a la suite des reductions de densite a aussi ete influencee par les recoltes precedentes. Nos resultats indiquent que la reaction de croissance des arbres matures aux coupes de reproduction peut devenir un facteur important a considerer lorsqu'on met l'accent sur un amenagement faisant intervenir de longues periodes de regeneration. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Management of stand density is a common silvicultural practice for achieving various management objectives. Density reductions through thinnings are intended to improve the growth and vitality of the residual [...]
- Published
- 2009
34. Spatial variation in reference conditions: historical tree density and pattern on a Pinus ponderosa landscape
- Author
-
Abella, Scott R. and Denton, Charles W.
- Subjects
Phytogeography -- Research ,Ponderosa pine -- Distribution ,Population density -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Company distribution practices ,Distribution ,Research - Abstract
The reference conditions of historical tree density and pattern underpin ecological restoration and management of Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C.Lawson forests in western North America, yet the potential spatial variation in these variables across the landscape remains unclear. We reconstructed historical (1880) tree density and spatial pattern on 1 ha plots at 53 sites within a 110 000 ha P. ponderosa landscape in northern Arizona, compared these variables among US Forest Service ecosystem classification units, and modeled spatial variation with environmental variables. Mean tree density differed 19-fold among nine ecosystem types, and regression trees using four soil or climatic variables explained 62%-74% of the variation in density. Although density was more sensitive to environmental variation than was pattern, we did not find the clumped pattern widely described for P. ponderosa forests to be universal across ecosystems. Results suggest that (i) multivariate combinations of soil and climatic properties influenced historical forest structure, (ii) as much variation exists in reference conditions within the study landscape as between P. ponderosa regions, (iii) ecosystem classification is a useful framework for quantifying spatial variation in reference conditions, and (iv) determining spatial variation in reference conditions can assist resource managers in prioritizing areas for management and in developing ecosystem-specific management strategies within landscapes. Resume: Les conditions de reference de la distribution et de la densite retrospectives des arbres sous-tendent la restauration ecologique et a l'amenagement des forets de Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C.Lawson dans l'ouest de l'Amerique du Nord. Pourtant, la variation spatiale potentielle de ces variables dans le paysage demeure nebuleuse. Nous avons reconstitue la densite des arbres et la distribution spatiale depuis 1880 dans des parcelles d'un hectare a 53 endroits dans un paysage de P. ponderosa de 110 000 ha du nord de l'Arizona. Nous avons compare ces variables aux unites de la classification des ecosystemes du U.S. Forest Service et nous avons modelise la variation spatiale avec les variables environnementales. La densite moyenne des arbres differait par un facteur de 19 parmi les neuf types d'ecosysteme et les arbres de regression construits a l'aide de quatre variables edaphiques ou climatiques expliquaient 62 % - 74 % de la variation de la densite. Bien que la densite fut plus sensible aux variations environnementales que la distribution, nous n'avons pas observe la distribution en bouquets largement decrite comme etant universelle parmi les ecosystemes pour les forets de P. ponderosa. Les resultats indiquent: (i) que les combinaisons multivariees des proprietes du sol et du climat ont influence la structure passee de la foret; (ii) qu'il y a autant de variation dans les conditions de reference dans le paysage etudie qu'entre les regions de P. ponderosa; (iii) que la classification des ecosystemes est un cadre de reference utile pour quantifier la variation spatiale des conditions de reference et (iv) que la determination de la variation spatiale des conditions de reference peut aider les amenagistes des ressources a prioriser les zones a amenager et a developper des strategies d'amenagement specifiques aux ecosystemes a l'interieur des paysages. [Traduit par la Redaction], The concept of reference conditions underpins ecological restoration and many applications in forest management. Reference conditions represent baseline conditions prior to ecosystem degradation (due to fire exclusion or any number [...]
- Published
- 2009
35. Late-successional riparian forest structure results in heterogeneous periphyton distributions in low-order streams
- Author
-
Stovall, Jeremy P., Keeton, William S., and Kraft, Clifford E.
- Subjects
Intertidal zonation -- Research ,Forest ecology -- Research ,Forest dynamics -- Research ,Underwater light -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Research - Abstract
Late-successional riparian forests often regulate autotrophic microhabitats in low-order streams through shading provided by canopies. However, few studies have linked forest structure with periphyton microhabitat in adjoining streams. Our hypotheses were that (1) the heterogeneous horizontal structure in old-growth forests creates more spatially variable below-canopy light environments compared with mature forests and (2) site-specific light availability over streams correlates with spatial distributions of periphyton microhabitat. We surveyed 15 low-order stream reaches in late-successional northern hardwood--hemlock forests in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, USA. We measured forest structure and the below-canopy light environment at all reaches and the periphyton chlorophyll a concentration on artificial substrates in eight reaches. While stand age was not statistically significant, multivariate models of horizontal forest structure (e.g., gap distribution) and topography showed strong relationships ([R.sup.2] > 0.70) with the below-canopy light environment across all late-successional forests. Furthermore, metrics of below-canopy light availability explained a small but statistically significant proportion of the variation in chlorophyll a concentration. This variation in chlorophyll a indicates that complex late-successional riparian forests, both mature and old-growth, create a mosaic of heterotrophic (shaded) and autotrophic (lighted) microhabitats along low-order streams. These results reveal important and previously unrecognized links between stream habitat heterogeneity and the horizontal heterogeneous late-successional forest structure. Resume: Les forets riveraines au dernier stade de succession regissent souvent les microhabitats autotrophes dans les cours d'eau secondaires via l'ombre produit par le couvert. Cependant, peu d'etudes ont relie la structure de la foret et les microhabitats du periphyton dans les cours d'eau voisins. Nous avons emis les hypotheses suivantes: (1) la structure horizontale heterogene dans les vieilles forets cree des conditions de luminosite sous couvert plus variables dans l'espace comparativement aux forets matures et (2) la disponibilite de la lumiere propre a un site au-dessus d'un cours d'eau est correlee a la distribution spatiale des microhabitats du periphyton. Nous avons realise un inventaire de 15 troncons de cours d'eau secondaires dans les forets de feuillus nordiques et de pruche au dernier stade de succession dans les monts Adirondacks de l'E tat de New York, aux E tats-Unis. Nous avons mesure la structure de la foret et les conditions de luminosite sous couvert dans tous les troncons ainsi que la concentration de la chlorophylle a du periphyton sur des substrats artificiels dans huit troncons. Meme si l'age du peuplement n'etait pas statistiquement significatif, des modeles multivaries de la structure horizontale de la foret (p. ex., la distribution des trouees) et la topographie etaient etroitement reliees ([R.sup.2] > 0,70) aux conditions de luminosite sous couvert dans toutes les forets au dernier stade de succession. De plus, des metriques de la disponibilite de la lumiere sous couvert expliquent une proportion statistiquement significative, bien que faible, de la variation de la concentration de chlorophylle a. Cela indique que les forets riveraines complexes au dernier stade de succession, matures et surannees, creent une mosaique de microhabitats heterotrophes (ombrages) et autotrophes (eclaires) le long des cours d'eau secondaires. Ces resultats revelent des liens importants et jusqu'ici inconnus entre l'heterogeneite des habitats des cours d'eau et l'heterogeneite de la structure des forets au dernier stade de succession. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Although the importance of patch dynamics in stream ecosystems has recently gained recognition (Townsend 1989; Montgomery 1999; Thorp et al. 2006), links between stream habitat heterogeneity and heterogeneous forest [...]
- Published
- 2009
36. Temperate forest herbs are adapted to high air humidity--evidence from climate chamber and humidity manipulation experiments in the field
- Author
-
Lendzion, Jasmin and Leuschner, Christoph
- Subjects
Acclimatization (Plants) -- Research ,Humidity -- Research ,Herbs -- Physiological aspects ,Growth (Plants) -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Physiological aspects ,Research - Abstract
How growth and morphology of wild plants are controlled by the water vapor saturation deficit of the air (vapor pressure deficit, VPD) is not sufficiently understood. We tested the hypothesis that VPD acts on temperate woodland herbs independently from soil moisture by exposing two species (Mercurialis perennis L. and Stachys sylvatica Torr.) to variable VPD levels in climate chambers and in open-top chambers on the forest floor. A decrease in air humidity from 85% to 40% in the climate chamber experiment, which simulates a microclimate change after canopy gap creation, resulted in a 40% decrease in biomass production of both species when grown in hydroponic culture. This result is supported by the more realistic open-top chamber experiment, which showed a productivity decrease by approximately 25% when plants were continuously exposed to an atmosphere with 15% lower air humidity than ambient. Elevated VPD levels reduced biomass production through either a reduced leaf expansion rate or a lower number of formed leaf buds. We conclude that many woodland herbs require sufficiently high air humidity for optimal growth; permanently decreased air humidity, as may occur in a future drier climate, after gap creation, or after clear-cutting of the forest, may threaten the vitality and survival of woodland herbs. Resume: La facon dont le deficit de saturation de l'air en vapeur d'eau controle la croissance et la morphologie des plantes sauvages n'est pas suffisamment comprise. Nous avons teste l'hypothese voulant que le deficit de saturation agisse sur les plantes herbacees forestieres des regions temperees independamment de l'humidite du sol en exposant deux especes (Mercurialis perennis L. et Stachys sylvatica Torr.) a differents niveaux de deficit de saturation dans des chambres climatiques et dans des chambres a ciel ouvert sur le parterre forestier. Une reduction de l'humidite de l'air, de 85 % a 40 %, dans les chambres climatiques pour simuler un changement de microclimat apres la creation d'une trouee dans le couvert a entraine une diminution de 40 % de la production de biomasse chez les deux especes qui croissaient en culture hydroponique. Ces resultats sont supportes par l'experience en chambres a ciel ouvert, plus realiste, qui a montre que la productivite diminue d'environ 25 % lorsque les plantes sont continuellement exposees a une atmosphere ou l'humidite de l'air est 15 % inferieure aux conditions ambiantes. Des niveaux eleves de deficit de saturation ont reduit la production de biomasse via soit une reduction du taux d'expansion des feuilles, soit la formation d'un moins grand nombre de bourgeons foliaires. Nous concluons que plusieurs plantes herbacees forestieres exigent que l'humidite de l'air soit suffisamment elevee pour atteindre une croissance optimale. Une reduction permanente de l'humidite de l'air, comme cela risque d'etre le cas dans l'avenir avec un climat plus sec, apres la formation de trouees ou a la suite d'une coupe a blanc de la foret, pourrait menacer la vitalite et la survie des plantes herbacees forestieres. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Temperate woodland herbs grow in a unique environment that is characterized by low light intensities, damped temperature fluctuations, and generally high air humidity on the forest floor. Thin and [...]
- Published
- 2009
37. Characteristics and densities of Williamson's Sapsucker nest trees in British Columbia
- Author
-
Gyug, L.W., Steeger, C., and Ohanjanian, I.
- Subjects
Woodpeckers -- Distribution ,Territoriality (Zoology) -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Company distribution practices ,Distribution ,Research - Abstract
We characterized Williamson's Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin, 1852)) nest trees in southern British Columbia from 1995 to 2008 to determine the nesting requirements of this endangered species in Canada. In the East Kootenay (n = 32) and the Okanagan (n = 157) regions where western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) occurred, 81% and 75% of the nest trees were western larch, respectively. In regions west of the Okanagan Valley where western larch did not occur (n = 73), 77% of the nest trees were trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Conifer nest trees were larger (72 cm DBH), on average, than broad-leaved nest trees (35 cm DBH), and this pattern was consistent across the breeding range of Williamson's Sapsucker. Live western larch >67 cm DBH with either broken or dead tops were the trees with the highest frequency (20%) among the trees estimated to be suitable for nesting, primarily because these larch tended to be infected with heart rots. Based on observed densities, targets should be 1.36 suitable nest trees/ha in managed stands, although in many instances such as aspen patches, this target will only be met in portions of the nesting territories. The recommended stand structure for long-term maintenance of high nest-tree density in western larch stands is for ≥20 trees/ ha with DBHs >57 cm and 60-150 trees/ha with DBHs >22 cm. Resume: De 1995 a 2008, nous avons caracterise les arbres utilises pour la nidification par le pic de Williamson (Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin, 1852)) dans le sud de la Colombie-Britannique afin de determiner les exigences de nidification de cette espece en voie de disparition au Canada. Dans les regions de East Kootenay (n = 32) et de l'Okanagan (n = 157), ou l'on trouve du meleze de l'Ouest (Larix occidentalis Nutt.), respectivement 81 et 75 % des arbres utilises pour la nidification etaient des melezes de l'Ouest. Dans les regions situees a l'ouest de la vallee de l'Okanagan ou il n'y a pas de meleze de l'Ouest, 77 % des arbres utilises (n = 73) etaient des peupliers faux-trembles (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Parmi les arbres utilises pour la nidification, les coniferes etaient en moyenne plus gros (DHP = 72 cm) que les feuillus (DHP = 35 cm) partout dans l'aire de nidification du pic de Williamson. Les melezes vivants avec un DHP >67 cm et dont la tete etait cassee ou morte avaient la frequence la plus elevee (20 %) parmi les arbres juges adequats pour la nidification, essentiellement parce qu'ils avaient tendance a etre infectes par des caries de coeur. Sur la base des densites que nous avons observe es, l'objectif devrait etre de 1,36 arbres/ha adequats pour la nidification dans les peuplements amenages bien que dans plusieurs cas, notamment dans les bouquets de peuplier, cette cible sera atteinte seulement dans certaines parties des territoires de nidification. Pour assurer le maintien a long terme d'une forte densite d'arbres adequats pour la nidification dans les peuplements de meleze de l'Ouest, nous recommandons une structure de peuplement caracterisee par au moins 20 arbres/ha avec un DHP >57 cm et 60-150 arbres/ha avec un DHP >22 cm. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Williamson's Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin, 1852)) is a medium-sized woodpecker specialized for feeding on tree sap. It breeds in mixed-conifer forests of the mountains of western North America. In [...]
- Published
- 2009
38. Spatial regression modeling of tree height-diameter relationships
- Author
-
Meng, Qingmin, Cieszewski, Chris J., Strub, Mike R., and Borders, Bruce E.
- Subjects
Vegetation boundaries -- Research ,Length measurement -- Methods ,Tree crops -- Evaluation ,Earth sciences ,Evaluation ,Research ,Methods - Abstract
Tree height--diameter relationships are usually studied using linear or nonlinear models, but exogenous variables, especially spatially autocorrelated and dependent variables of tree diameter or height, are not often considered in height--diameter modeling. Three types of spatial regression models--spatial lag model, spatial error model, and spatial Durbin process model--are explored in this study. The height--diameter relationships are modeled using the spatial regression models to investigate the effects of spatial dependence and spatial autocorrelation and the roles of the exogenous variables generated by neighboring trees. Case study 1 shows that the spatial lag model should be used to analyze height--diameter relationships, in which heights of neighboring trees, which are exogenous variables, and the endogenous variable DBH significantly affect height growth. Case study 2 shows that the spatial error model performs better than other models, and that height growth is not only affected by its endogenous variable diameter but also by unobserved variables that vary spatially and result in residual spatial autocorrelation. Spatial regression models are an approach to height--diameter modeling that provide insight into how the endogenous variable diameter, the exogenous variables height and (or) diameter of neighboring trees, and locally varied but unobserved environmental or ecological variables contribute to height growth. Resume: Les relations entre la hauteur et le diametre des arbres sont generalement etudiees a l'aide de modeles lineaires ou non lineaires, mais les variables exogenes, particulierement les variables spatialement autocorrelees et dependantes du diametre ou de la hauteur des arbres, sont rarement considerees dans ce type de modele. Trois types de modele de regression spatiale (le modele de decalage spatial, le modele d'erreur spatiale et le modele de processus spatial de Durbin) sont examines dans cette etude. Les relations entre la hauteur et le diametre ont ete modelisees avec les modeles de regression spatiale pour etudier les effets de la dependance spatiale et de l'autocorrelation spatiale de meme que le role des variables exogenes formees a partir des arbres voisins. La premiere etude de cas montre que le modele de decalage spatial devrait etre utilise pour analyser les relations entre la hauteur et le diametre lorsque la hauteur des arbres voisins, utilisee comme variable exogene, et la variable endogene DHP influencent significativement la croissance en hauteur. La deuxieme etude de cas montre que le modele d'erreur spatiale offre une performance superieure a celle des autres modeles et que la croissance en hauteur est non seulement influencee par sa variable endogene diametre, mais aussi par des variables non observe es qui varient spatialement et produisent une autocorrelation spatiale residuelle. La modelisation des relations entre la hauteur et le diametre au moyen des modeles de regression spatiale est une approche qui donne une idee de la facon dont la variable endogene diametre, les variables exogenes hauteur ou diametre des arbres voisins et les variables environnementales ou ecologiques non observees, mais qui varient localement, contribuent a la croissance en hauteur. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Modeling the height--diameter relationship is important in forest inventory, and spatial autocorrelation is a key factor in diameter, height, and timber volume estimation because it directly connects competition and [...]
- Published
- 2009
39. Postfire seedling recruitment at the southern limit of lichen woodland
- Author
-
Moss, Melissa and Hermanutz, Luise
- Subjects
Forest reproduction -- Research ,Tree planting -- Research ,Growth (Plants) -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Research - Abstract
Although fire is the primary mechanism driving regeneration in open black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) lichen woodland, there are limited data concerning the sources of seedling mortality across the range of burn severity. We monitored planted seedlings in areas of high and low burn severity in Terra Nova National Park (Newfoundland, Canada) to determine sources and patterns of mortality of black spruce seedlings among burn treatments following a recent burn (2002). The importance of herbivory by small mammals as a source of seedling mortality was evaluated using small cages that excluded voles and non-native snowshoe hare. Overall seedling mortality was high (79%) in all areas; mortality was similar in areas of low (73%) and high (76%) burn severity, and highest in edge areas adjacent to closed-canopy forest (90%). Drought, rather than herbivory, was the most common cause of mortality during the first two seasons following germination. Seedling mortality at the southern edge of the lichen woodland was comparable to that found in other studies, but sources differed, emphasizing the spatially variable nature of mortality. Based on the level of seedling recruitment, our results suggest lichen woodland will return at this site. Resume: Bien que le feu soit le principal mecanisme de regeneration des pessieres ouvertes a epinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) et a lichens, il y a peu d'informations concernant les sources de mortalite des semis en fonction du gradient d'intensite du feu. Nous avons suivi des semis plantes sur des stations brulees ou l'intensite du feu avait ete soit forte, soit faible, dans le Parc national Terra Nova (Terre-Neuve, Canada) pour determiner les sources et les patrons de mortalite des semis d'epinette noire selon l'intensite du feu a la suite d'un feu recent (2002). L'importance de l'herbivorisme par les petits mammiferes pour expliquer la mortalite des semis a ete evaluee en utilisant de petites cages qui excluaient les campagnols et les lievres non indigenes. La mortalite totale des semis etait elevee (79 %) dans toutes les stations. La mortalite etait semblable que l'intensite du feu ait ete faible (73 %) ou forte (76 %), mais elle etait plus elevee en bordure d'une foret fermee (90 %). La secheresse, plutot que l'herbivorisme, constituait la cause de mortalite la plus commune au cours des deux premieres saisons de croissance qui ont suivi la germination. La mortalite des semis a la limite sud de la pessiere a lichens etait semblable a celle qui a ete observee dans d'autres etudes, mais les causes de mortalite etaient differentes, ce qui met en evidence la variabilite spatiale de la mortalite. Sur la base du niveau de recrutement de semis, nos resultats indiquent que la pessiere a lichens reviendra a son etat initial a cet endroit. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Although fire is the primary mechanism driving regeneration in open black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) lichen woodland (Chen and Popadiouk 2002), there are limited data concerning the sources [...]
- Published
- 2009
40. Decomposition of pure and mixed foliage litter in a young lodgepole pine--Sitka alder stand in the central interior of British Columbia
- Author
-
Sanborn, P.T. and Brockley, R.P.
- Subjects
Lodgepole pine -- Environmental aspects ,Forests and forestry -- Research -- British Columbia ,Biodegradation -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Research ,Environmental aspects - Abstract
A 7-year litterbag experiment examined mass loss dynamics of Sitka alder (Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. subsp. sinuata (Regel) A. Love & D. Love) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) foliage litter in a young stand dominated by these species in the Sub-Boreal Spruce biogeoclimatic zone of central British Columbia. Although mass loss was initially faster for alder litter, the amounts of mass remaining for alder, pine, and mixed pine--alder (50:50 by mass) litter began to converge after 2 years. Mass loss by the mixed litter differed significantly from that predicted from the behaviour of its pure components, but the mechanisms responsible could not be determined from this experiment. Limit values for the projected maximum extent of mass loss ranged from 63.5% (alder) to 76.9% (pine), with the latter value considerably below estimates reported for lodgepole pine in Scandinavia. Despite these differing limit values, forest floor mass measurements prior to the experiment did not show significantly higher organic matter accumulations under long-established alder clumps on this site. Resume: Des sacs de litiere ont ete utilises pendant sept ans pour etudier la dynamique de la perte de masse des litieres de feuille d'aulne vert de Sitka (Alnus viridis (Chaix) ssp. sinuata (Regel) A. Love & D. Love) et de pin tordu latifolie (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) dans un jeune peuplement domine par ces deux especes et situe dans la zone biogeoclimatique de la pessiere subboreale du centre de la Colombie-Britannique. Meme si la perte de masse etait initialement plus rapide dans la litiere d'aulne, les masses residuelles de litiere d'aulne, de litiere de pin et de litiere de pin et d'aulne melangee(50:50 en poids) commencaient a converger apres deux ans. La perte de masse de la litiere melangee etait significativement differente de la prediction faite a partir du comportement de ses composantes pures mais le mecanisme responsable ne pouvait etre determine dans le cadre de cette etude. Les valeurs limites de l'etendue maximum projetee de perte de masse allaient de 63,5 % (aulne) a 76,9 % (pin), cette derniere valeur etant considerablement inferieure aux estimations rapportees pour le pin tordu latifolie en Scandinavie. Malgre ces valeurs limites differentes, les mesures de masse de la couverture morte avant le debut de cette etude indiquaient que l'accumulation de matiere organique n'etait pas significativement plus levee sous les bouquets d'aulne etablis depuis longtemps dans cette station. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Sitka alder (Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. subsp. sinuata (Regel) A. Love & D. Love) is a common shrub species in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Doug. ex Loud. var. latifolia [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Longevity and dynamics of fatally and nonfatally topped Douglas-fir in the Coast Range of Oregon
- Author
-
Huff, Tristan D. and Bailey, John D.
- Subjects
Forests and forestry -- Research -- Oregon ,Douglas fir -- Environmental aspects -- Properties ,Earth sciences ,Research ,Properties ,Environmental aspects - Abstract
Worldwide, snags are an important, but often lacking, component of forest ecosystems. We revisited artificially topped Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees 16-18 years after treatment in a replicated experiment in western Oregon. Some trees had been topped such that no live crown was retained (fatally topped), while others retained some portion of their live crown after topping (nonfatally topped). Topped trees were created under three different silvicultural regimes: clearcut, two story, and group selection. Twenty-three percent (61 of 262) of nonfatally topped trees remained living 16-18 years after treatment; 4% (19 of 482) of fatally topped trees had broken at some point up the bole by 16-18 years after treatment. Silvicultural regime, post-treatment height, stem diameter, stem lean, and ground slope were considered as potential explanatory variables in logistic regression models explaining mortality and breakage. A nonfatally topped tree's odds of surviving 16-18 years after treatment was greater in the mature matrix of group selection stands than in clearcuts or two-story stands. A fatally topped tree's odds of breaking within 16-18 years of treatment decreased as DBH increased. If carefully created, artificially topping trees can be a useful silvicultural tool to increase structural heterogeneity. Resume: Les chicots sont une composante importante, mais souvent manquante, des ecosystemes forestiers partout dans le monde. Nous avons revisite des douglas taxifolies (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) artificiellement etetes il y a 16 a 18 ans dans le cadre d'une experience repetee dans l'ouest de l'Oregon. Certains arbres ont ete etetes de facon a ce qu'il ne reste plus de cime vivante (fatalement etetes) alors que d'autres avaient conserve des portions de leur cime vivante apres l'etetage (non fatalement etetes). Les arbres ont ete etetes sous trois regimes sylvicoles differents: coupe a blanc, peuplement a deux etages et jardinage par groupe. Vingt-trois pourcent (61 arbres sur 262) des arbres non fatalement etetes etaient toujours vivants 16 a 18 ans apres le traitement. Quatre pourcent (19 arbres sur 482) des arbres fatalement etetes etaient casses a un certain endroit le long du tronc 16 a 18 ans apres le traitement. Le regime sylvicole, la hauteur apres le traitement, le diametre de la tige, l'inclinaison de la tige et la pente du terrain ont ete retenus comme variables explicatives potentielles dans des modeles de regression logistique expliquant la mortalite et la rupture de la tige. Les chances de survie d'un arbre non fatalement etete 16 a 18 ans apres le traitement etaient meilleures dans la matrice mature des peuplements jardines par groupe que dans la coupe a blanc ou les peuplements a deux etages. Les chances de rupture d'un arbre fatalement etete 16 a 18 ans apres le traitement diminuaient avec l'augmentation du DHP. S'il est fait avec soin, l'etetage artificiel des arbres peut constituer un outil sylvicole utile pour augmenter l'heterogeneite structurale. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Standing dead trees (snags), living trees with decay, and hollow trees are all important structural components of forest ecosystems worldwide. Snags are used by various taxa for nesting, denning, [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. A meta-regression analysis of forest carbon offset costs
- Author
-
van Kooten, G. Cornelis, Laaksonen-Craig, Susanna, and Wang, Yichuan
- Subjects
Carbon offsets -- Research ,Forests and forestry -- Research -- Canada ,Earth sciences ,Research - Abstract
The main focus of efforts to mitigate climate change is on the avoidance of fossil fuel emissions. However, the Kyoto Protocol rules permit the use of forestry activities that create carbon offset credits. These could obviate the need for lifestyle-changing reductions in fossil fuel use. Therefore, it is necessary for policy purpose to determine the cost effectiveness of creating forest sink carbon credits. In this study, meta-regression analyses with 1047 observations from 68 studies are used to determine factors that affect carbon sequestration costs. Results indicate that forest plantations and use of harvested biomass for energy make forestry activities more attractive. It also turns out that forestry activities are competitive with emissions reduction in tropical regions and, perhaps, boreal regions but certainly not in Europe. Finally, the regression estimates are used to project the potential costs of carbon uptake for various forest management scenarios--costs range from 0 to over 200 US$/t [CO.sub.2]. Resume: Le principal objectif des efforts visant a attenuer les changements climatiques consiste a eviter les emissions de combustibles fossiles. Cependant, les regles de le protocole de Kyoto permettent d'utiliser les activites forestieres qui gene rent des credits pour compenser les emissions de carbone, ce qui pourrait eviter de devoir reduire l'utilisation de combustibles fossiles qui entrainerait un changement de style de vie. Par consequent, pour etablir des politiques il est necessaire de determiner le rapport cout-efficacite de la creation de credits en utilisant la foret comme puits de carbone. Dans cette etude, des analyses de meta-regression avec 1047 observations provenant de 68 etudes sont utilisees pour determiner les facteurs qui influencent les couts de sequestration du carbone. Les resultats indiquent que les plantations forestieres et l'utilisation de la biomasse qui est recoltee pour produire de l'energie rendent les activites forestieres plus attrayantes. De plus, les activites forestieres sont competitives avec la reduction des emissions dans les regions tropicales et possiblement dans les regions boreales, mais certainement pas en Europe. Finalement, les estimations des regressions sont utilisees pour predire le cout potentiel de la sequestration du carbone associe a differents scenarios d'amenagement forestier; les couts varient de 0 a 200 $US par tonne de [CO.sub.2]. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The main focus of efforts to mitigate climate change is on the avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions, especially [CO.sub.2] emissions associated with the burning of fossil fuels. The Kyoto [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Ecology and management of the lobster mushroom in an eastern Canadian jack pine stand
- Author
-
Rochon, Caroline, Pare, David, Khasa, Damase P., and Fortin, J. Andre
- Subjects
Jack pine -- Environmental aspects ,Forests and forestry -- Research -- Canada ,Mushrooms -- Environmental aspects ,Plant-soil relationships -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Research ,Environmental aspects - Abstract
The lobster mushroom, an organism resulting from the infection of Russula spp. by Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schwein.) Tul. & C. Tul., is common to Canadian boreal forests and has good commercial potential. Within a Pinus banksiana Lamb. stand managed for mushroom production, this study aimed to (1) document carpophore productivity (density, biomass per area) during three seasons, (2) compare productivity among three forest conditions (trails, forest strips between trails, and unmanaged forest), (3) establish ecological parameters related to productivity, and (4) define microhabitats where carpophores are present by using soil and vegetation descriptors. Mushroom density tended to be higher on the trails than under the canopy, but fresh biomass was higher in forest strips except in 2006 when midsummer precipitation was low. Trail management did not increase mushroom production but maintained it during periods of reduced precipitation. Productivity was positively related to the abundance of shade-intolerant plant species and to extractable ammonium, and negatively related to soil pH. Within the present study conditions, microhabitats suitable for the presence of carpophores had low pH, high available phosphorus, low Kalmia angustifolia L. cover, and small canopy gaps with shade-intolerant species. This study was the first step toward understanding the ecology and impacts of forest practices on the lobster mushroom. Resume: La dermatose des russules, un organisme resultant de l'infection de Russula spp. par Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schwein.) Tul. & C. Tul., est commune dans les forets boreales canadiennes et possede un bon potentiel commercial. Etablie dans un peuplement de Pinus banksiana Lamb. amenage pour la production de champignons, cette etude visait a: (1) documenter la productivite de carpophores (densite, biomasse par unite de surface) durant trois saisons, (2) comparer la productivite dans trois environnements forestiere (sentiers, bandes de foret entre les sentiers et foret non amenagee), (3) etablir les parametres ecologiques relies a la productivite, et (4) caracteriser les microhabitats ou les carpophores sont presents a l'aide de descripteurs du sol et de la vegetation. La densite du champignon avait tendance a etre plus elevee dans les sentiers que sous couvert, mais la biomasse fraiche etait plus elevee dans les bandes de foret, sauf en 2006, annee ou les precipitations ont ete faibles au milieu de l'ete. L'amenagement de sentiers n'a pas augmente la production du champignon mais a permis de la maintenir durant les periodes de faibles precipitations. La productivite etait positivement reliee a l'abondance des especes de plantes intolerantes a l'ombre et a l'ammonium extractible et negativement reliee au pH du sol. Dans le cadre de cette etude, les microhabitats dans lesquels des carpophores etaient presents avaient un pH acide, une disponibilite elevee en phosphore, un faible couvert de Kalmia angustifolia L. et de petites trouees dans le couvert occupees par des especes intolerantes a l'ombre.Cette etude constitue un premier pas vers la comprehension de l'ecologie de la dermatose des russules et des impacts des pratiques forestieres sur ce champignon. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The world market for wild edible forest ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi was estimated at $2.5 billion in 2002 and is rapidly growing (Yun and Hall 2004). Among the species of [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Analysis of fine rooting below skid trails using linear and generalized additive models
- Author
-
Schaffer, Jurgen, von Wilpert, Klaus, and Kublin, Edgar
- Subjects
Roots (Botany) -- Research ,Soil science -- Research ,Forest soils -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Research - Abstract
Soil compaction caused by forest machinery changes the basic conditions for root propagation below skid trails. In consequence, lower fine-root densities have to be expected under wheel tracks compared with other skid trail strata that experience no direct traffic. Explorative data analysis of fine-root densities below a skid trail revealed that the fundamental assumptions for linear modelling were violated. Using a generalized linear model following a Poisson distribution with a log link function for the predictor variables together with an exponential covariance function to cope with spatial autocorrelation, the formal model criteria were met. In contrast to the linear models, generalized additive models provide flexible surface estimators that enable us to model continuous response surfaces. In addition, generalized additive models allow for the calculation of confidence intervals for the estimated density surface and for the use of inferential statistics, such as comparisons between depth gradients of fine rooting at distinct transect locations or depth layers. These model characteristics improve the possibility to recognize differences and to evaluate fine-root disturbances below skid trails without integrating uncertain strata information. They also enhance the options for determining the duration of time that is necessary to restore the rooting capacity on formerly compacted soils. Resume: La compaction du sol causee par la machinerie forestiere modifie les conditions essentielles a la propagation des racines sous les sentiers de debardage. Par consequent, on doit s'attendre a une plus faible densite de racines fines sous les ornieres comparativement aux autres strates des sentiers de debardage qui ne subissent pas de trafic direct. L'analyse de donnees exploratoires de densite des racines fines sous un sentier de debardage revele que les hypotheses de base de la modelisation lineaire ne sont pas respectees. Les criteres formels du modele ont ete respectes en utilisant un modele lineaire generalise qui suit une distribution de Poisson avec un lien logarithmique pour les variables independantes et une fonction exponentielle de covariance pour tenir compte de l'autocorrelation spatiale. Contrairement aux modeles lineaires, les modeles lineaires additifs generalises fournissent des estimateurs de surface flexibles qui permettent de modeliser des surfaces de reponse continue. De plus, les modeles lineaires additifs generalises permettent de calculer les intervalles de confiance pour la surface de densite estimee et de faire des statistiques deductives, telles que des comparaisons entre des gradients de profondeur des racines fines a differents endroits d'un transect ou pour differentes couches de profondeur. Ces caracteristiques des modeles augmentent la possibilite de detecter les differences et d'evaluer les perturbations des racines fines sous les sentiers de debardage sans integrer de l'information incertaine au sujet des strates. Elles ameliorent aussi les possibilites de determiner le temps necessaire a la restauration de la capacite d'enracinement dans les sols qui ont ete compactes. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The capability of forest soils to serve as a rooting zone is closely linked to their soil physical and chemical properties. Rooting in soils is limited to horizons where [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Recent woody invasion of wetlands on the Kenai Peninsula lowlands, south-central Alaska: a major regime shift after 18 000 years of wet Sphagnum--sedge peat recruitment
- Author
-
Berg, Edward E., Hillman, Kacy McDonnell, Dial, Roman, and DeRuwe, Allana
- Subjects
Biological invasions -- Environmental aspects ,Spruce -- Distribution ,Vegetation and climate -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Company distribution practices ,Distribution ,Research ,Environmental aspects - Abstract
We document accelerating invasion of woody vegetation into wetlands on the western Kenai Peninsula lowlands. Historical aerial photography for 11 wetland sites showed that herbaceous area shrank 6.2%/decade from 1951 to 1968, and 11.1%/decade from 1968 to 1996. Corresponding rates for converting herbaceous area to shrubland were 11.5% and 13.7%/decade, respectively, and, for converting nonforest to forest, were 7.8% and 8.3%/decade, respectively. Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forests on three wetland perimeters established since the Little Ice Age concluded in the 1850s. Dwarf birch shrubs at three wetland sites showed median apparent tree-ring age of 13 years, indicating recent shrub colonization at these sites. Peat cores at 24 wetland sites (basal peat ages 1840-18 740 calibrated years before present) indicated that these peatlands originated as wet Sphagnum--sedge fens with very little woody vegetation. Local meteorological records show a 55% decline in available water since 1968, of which one-third is due to higher summer temperatures and increased evapotranspiration and two-thirds is due to lower annual precipitation. These results suggest that wet Sphagnum--sedge fens initiating since the end of the Wisconsin glaciation began to dry in the 1850s and that this drying has greatly accelerated since the 1970s. Resume: Nous documentons l'invasion acceleree de la vegetation ligneuse dans les zones humides de l'ouest des basses terres de la peninsule de Kenai. D'anciennes photographies aeriennes de 11 stations humides montrent que la superficie occupee par les plantes herbacees a diminue de 6,2 % par decennie entre 1951 et 1968 et de 11,1 % par decennie entre 1968 et 1996. Les taux correspondants de conversion de la superficie occupee par les plantes herbacees en prairie boisee etaient de 11,5 et 13,7 % alors que les taux de conversion des aires non forestieres en aires forestieres etaient de 7,8 et 8,3 % par decennie. Des forets d'epinette noire se sont etablies en peripherie de trois zones humides depuis la fin du Petit Age glaciaire dans les annees 1850. Des bouleaux nains etablis dans trois stations humides avaient un age median apparent de 13 ans d'apres le decompte des cernes annuels; ce qui indique que la colonisation de ces stations par les arbustes est recente. Des carottes de tourbe provenant de 24 stations humides (age de la tourbe basale allant de 1840 a 18 740 annees calibrees BP) indiquent qu'elles etaient initialement des tourbieres humides dominees par des sphaignes et des graminees avec tres peu de vegetation ligneuse. Des archives meteorologiques locales montrent une diminution de 55 % de l'eau disponible depuis 1968, due pour un tiers a l'augmentation des temperatures estivales et de l'evapotranspiration et pour les deux tiers a la diminution des precipitations annuelles. Ces resultats indiquent que les tourbieres dominees par les sphaignes et les graminees formees depuis la fin de la glaciation du Wisconsin ont commence a s'assecher durant les annees 1850 et que cet assechement s'est grandement accelere depuis les annees 1970. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Climate change is generating substantial environmental impact in Alaskan terrestrial ecosystems (Serreze et al. 2000; ACIA 2005; IPCC 2007). Glaciers are shrinking and thinning (Echelmeyer et al. 1996; Dyurgerov [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Black spruce reforestation in Kalmia heath: seedling response to forest floor mixing and mycorrhizal inoculation with Paxillus involutus
- Author
-
Walker, Gregg R. and Mallik, Azim U.
- Subjects
Reforestation -- Research ,Kalmia -- Environmental aspects ,Spruce -- Growth ,Plant-soil relationships -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Company growth ,Research ,Growth ,Environmental aspects - Abstract
In the boreal forests of eastern Canada, black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns, Poggenb.) regeneration often fails in nutrient-poor sites dominated by Kalmia angustifolia L. occurring after nonsevere forest fire, clearcut harvesting, and insect defoliation. Traditional silvicultural treatments have limited success in regenerating these sites. We tested whether forest floor mixing and planting black spruce seedlings preinoculated with an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus, Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr., has potential to improve black spruce growth in Kalmia-dominated sites. We measured growth and foliar nutrient concentrations of ECM-inoculated and control black spruce seedlings planted in burned and insect-defoliated sites after forest floor mixing in Terra Nova National Park, Newfoundland. We also measured soil moisture, temperature, pH, total phenol and nutrient concentrations, litter decomposition, and soil respiration in those sites. Seedlings in soil-mixed plots had significantly higher growth and foliar nutrient concentrations than nonmixed plots, likely because soil mixing improved the substrate conditions by increased soil moisture, pH, and litter decomposition. Seedlings in insectdefoliated sites had significantly higher increases in height and foliar nutrient concentrations than those in the burned sites. Inoculated seedlings had significantly higher initial ECM formation than the control seedlings, but they failed to achieve higher growth. Resume: Dans les forets boreales de l'est du Canada, la regeneration d'epinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns, Poggenb.) est souvent insuffisante sur les stations pauvres en nutriments dominees par Kalmia angustifolia L. qui s'etablit a la suite d'un feu de faible intensite, d'une coupe a blanc ou d'une defoliation par les insectes. Les traitements sylvicoles traditionnels sont peu efficaces pour regenerer ces stations. Nous avons assume que le scarifiage et la plantation de semis d'epinette noire pre-inocules avec un champignon ectomycorhizien (ECM), Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr., pouvaient ameliorer la croissance de l'epinette noire sur les stations dominees par le Kalmia. Nous avons mesure la croissance et la concentration foliaire en nutriments de semis d'epinette noire inocules et non inocules avec le champignon ECM, puis plantes sur des sols scarifies dans des stations qui avaient ete brulees ou defoliees par les insectes dans le parc national Terra-Nova, a Terre-Neuve. Nous avons aussi mesure l'humidite du sol, la temperature, le pH, les concentrations en phenol et en nutriments, la decomposition de la litiere et la respiration du sol de ces stations. La croissance des semis et la concentration en nutriments etaient significativement plus elevees dans les placettes scarifiees que dans les placettes non scarifiees, probablement parce que le scarifiage a ameliore l'etat du substrat en augmentant l'humidite du sol, le pH et la decomposition de la litiere. La croissance en hauteur et la concentration foliaire en nutriments des semis plantes sur des stations defoliees par les insectes etaient significativement plus elevees que celles des semis plantes sur des stations brulees. La formation initiale d'ECM etait significativement plus importante sur les semis inocules que sur les semis temoins, mais leur croissance n'etait pas meilleure. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Forests dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns, Poggenb.) on medium- to poor-quality sites in eastern Canada particularly in central Newfoundland, northern Quebec, and Labrador commonly contain [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Interspecific variation in leaf litter production, decomposition, and nitrogen and phosphorus loss from decomposing leaves in a humid subtropical forest ecosystem of northeastern India
- Author
-
Kamei, Jenpuiru, Barik, S.K., and Pandey, H.N.
- Subjects
Leaves -- Nutritional aspects ,Forest litter -- Properties ,Plant-soil relationships -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Nutritional aspects ,Research ,Properties - Abstract
Studies providing direct experimental evidence of species impact on litter dynamics in forest ecosystems are limited. The decomposition processes in subtropical forests are also poorly understood. We studied variation in quality and quantity of leaf litter production, decomposition, and N and P loss from decomposing foliar litter in three tree species as well as a mixed-species plot in a subtropical broad-leaved forest of northeastern India. The annual leaf litter production was highest in Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (7293 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[year.sup.-1]) followed by Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (6902 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[year.sup.-1]), mixed plots (6808 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[year.sup.-1]), and Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm (6299 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[year.sup.-1]). The annual N and P inputs through litter were highest in the mixed plot (N, 111.0 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[year.sup.-1]; P, 4.8 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[year.sup.-1]) and lowest in the Rhododendron plot (N, 65.6 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[year.sup.-1]; P, 2.9 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[year.sup.-1]). The highest decay rate was recorded for Neolitsea (k = 0.89) and lowest for Myrica (k = 0.53) litter. The rate of N loss was highest for Neolitsea ([k.sub.N] = 1.39) and lowest for Myrica ([k.sub.N] = 0.68) species, and P loss was in the order of mixed ([k.sub.P] = 1.02) > Neolitsea ([k.sub.P] = 0.88) > Rhododendron ([k.sub.P] = 0.84) > Myrica ([k.sub.P] = 0.62). Acid-insoluble residue, which indicates lignin content and P-related litter chemistry, were correlated with the differential decomposition rates and nutrient loss pattern among the species. Les etudes qui fournissent des preuves experimentales directes de l'impact dune espece sur la dynamique de la litiere dans les ecosystemes forestiers sont peu nombreuses. Les processes de decomposition dans les forets subtropicales sont egalement mal compris. Nous aeons etudee la variation qualitative et quantitative de la production de litiere, sa decomposition et les pertes de N et P dans la litiere en decomposition de trois especes arborescentes ainsi que dans une parcelle d'especes mixtes dans une foret feuillue subtropicale du nord-est de l'Inde. La production annuelle de litiere de feuilles etait la plus elevee pour Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (7293 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[an.sup.-1]) suivi de Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. (6902 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[an.sup.-1]), de la parcelle mixee (6808 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[an.sup.-1]) et de Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. (6299 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[an.sup.-1]). Les apports annuels de N et P (kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[an.sup.-1]) dans la litiere etaient les plus eleves dans la parcelle mixee (N : 111,0 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[an.sup.-1]; P : 4,8 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[an.sup.-1]) et les plus faibles dans la litiere de Rhododendron (N : 65,6 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[an.sup.-1]; P : 2,9 kg*[ha.sup.-1]*[an.sup.-1]). Le taux de decomposition le plus eleve a ete observe dans la litiere de Neolitsea (k = 0,89) et le plus faible dans celle de Myrica (k = 0,53). Le taux de perte de N etait le plus eleve dans la litiere de Neolitsea ([k.sub.N] = 1,39) et le plus faible dans celle de Myrica ([k.sub.N] = 0,68) tandis que la perte de P suivait l'ordre suivant : especes mixtes ([k.sub.P] = 1,02) > Neolitsea (0,88) > Rhododendron (0,84) > Myrica (0,62). Les residus insolubles dans l'acide, un indice du contenu en lignine et des caracteristiques chimiques de la litiere en lien avec P, etaient correles avec les differents taux de decomposition et les patrons de perte de nutriments des differentes especes. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Litterfall, which is a major biological pathway for element transfer from vegetation to soil, and the two related processes of decomposition and mineralization are critical to the functioning of [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Comparing indices of understory light availability between hemlock and hardwood forest patches
- Author
-
Tobin, Michael F. and Reich, Peter B.
- Subjects
Absorption of light -- Research ,Plant canopies -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Research - Abstract
We evaluated whether two indices of light availability resolved differences among microsites within deeply shaded understories ( Nous avons evalue si deux indices de disponibilite de la lumiere detectaient les differences entre les microsites situes sous des couverts tres ombrages (moins de 12 % de la densite de flux de photons photosynthetiques (DFPP) au-dessus du couvert) et si des differences marquees de structure du couvert forestier influencaient la facon dont les deux indices etaient relies a des mesures directes du rayonnement photosynthetiquement actif (RPA) incident. Le RPA incident a ete mesure a l'aide de photodiodes au phosphure d'arseniure de gallium placees a plusieurs endroits dans deux blocs de foret adjacents au Michigan, Etats-Unis. Un bloc etait domine par un conifere sempervirent, la pruche du Canada (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere), et l'autre par un feuillu caducifolie, l'erable a sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Les deux indices testes etaient l'ouverture du couvert mesuree a l'aide de l'analyseur du couvert vegetal LAI-2000 de LI-COR, et le pourcentage de la DFPP au-dessus du couvert, mesure sous le couvert par temps nuageux (%DFPP). L'ouverture du couvert et le %DFPP n'ont pas predit efficacement la moyenne a long terme de la DFPP journaliere. Toutefois, les deux indices ont predit efficacement la moyenne a long terme de la mediane journaliere de la DFPP, une mesure alternative du RPA incident mesure directement qui reduit la contribution relative des taches de lumiere. Les relations entre les deux indices et la moyenne de la mediane journaliere de la DFPP etaient differentes selon que le bloc etait domine par la pruche ou par l'erable a sucre. Par consequent, on devrait tenir compte de l'effet de la structure du couvert quand ces deux indices sont utilises pour tirer des conclusions au sujet des differences de disponibilite de la lumiere entre des blocs de foret, particulie rement sous des couverts tres ombrages ou de faibles ecarts de disponibilite de la lumiere sont importants. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Light is one of the key resources that control the growth and survival of plants in the understory of forests. For example, the growth and survival of saplings increase [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Determining factor of xylem maturation in Eucalyptus grandis planted in different latitudes and climatic divisions of South America: a view based on fiber length
- Author
-
Kojima, Miho, Yamaji, Fabio Minoru, Yamamoto, Hiroyuki, Yoshida, Masato, and Saegusa, Kouichiro
- Subjects
Xylem -- Research ,Plants -- Development ,Eucalyptus -- Physiological aspects ,Earth sciences ,Physiological aspects ,Research - Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the factor of xylem maturation in Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid. planted in four different latitudes and climatic divisions of South America, based on the pattern of the radial distribution of fiber length. In the plantation closest to the equator, the extent of juvenile wood is determined by distance from the pith and is consistent from tree to tree, regardless of growth rate. In contrast, in the plantation farthest from the equator, xylem maturation is controlled by cambial age and varies from tree to tree, depending on growth rate. To produce as much mature wood as early as possible in E. grandis planted closer to the equator, lateral growth should be accelerated from the early growing stage, because the formation of mature wood starts after a certain trunk diameter is reached. Conversely, in plantations far from the equator, it is necessary to first arrest lateral growth at an early growth stage and then accelerate lateral growth after a certain cambium age is reached. L'objectif de cette etude consistait a determiner le facteur de maturation du xyleme d'Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid. plante sous quatre latitudes et quatre divisions climatiques differentes de l'Amerique du Sud en se basant sur le patron de distribution radiale de la longueur des fibres. Dans la plantation la plus proche de f equateur, f etendue du bois juvenile est determinee par la distance a partir de la moelle et est constante d'un arbre a fautre peu importe le faux de croissance. Au contraire, dans la plantation la plus eloignee de fequateur, la maturation du xyleme est controlee par Page cambial et varie d'un arbre a fautre dependamment du faux de croissance. Afm de produire le plus de bois mature possible le plus tot possible chez E. grandis plante plus pres de l'equateur, la croissance radiale devrait etre acceleree des le stage initial de croissance parce que la formation du bois mature debute apres que le front ait atteint un certain diametre. Au contraire, dans les plantations eloignees de l'equateur, il faut d'abord arreter la croissance radiale a un stage precoce de croissance et faccelerer ensuite apres qu'un certain age cambial ait ete atteint. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Plantations of fast-growing species and improved recycling are expected to (i) reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]) by acting as massive sinks of C[O.sub.2] fixation and (ii) replace degraded natural [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Canopy and emergent white spruce in 'pure' broadleaf stands: frequency, predictive models, and ecological importance
- Author
-
Gumming, Steve, Trindade, Mariana, Greene, David, and Macdonald, S. Ellen
- Subjects
Spruce -- Research ,Taigas -- Research ,Plant canopies -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Research - Abstract
In mixedwood boreal forests of western Canada, stands classified as 'pure deciduous' by forest inventories sometimes contain a few large white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) trees among or emerging from the canopy. These trees are important as regeneration seed sources and for habitat structure. Neither their abundance nor the characteristics of stands in which they occur have previously been quantified. Of 275 'pure aspen' stands in northeastern Alberta, 19.6% contained at least one such spruce detectable in an aerial photograph. These trees were found in stands across the range of sampled canopy heights, densities, age classes, and stand sizes and were often present in the interior of stands, not just on the perimeter. The frequency of 3 ha cells containing at least one spruce was related to (i) stand shape and size, (ii) amount of mature white spruce in adjacent forest, (iii) canopy height, (iv) stand age, and (v) stand density. We conclude that such trees are relatively abundant and widely distributed within the boreal mixedwood forests of Alberta. There is presently no provision to maintain this landscape element within managed forests. More information is needed to determine if or how they should be considered in forest management planning. Dans la foret boreale mixte de l'Ouest canadien, il arrive que les peuplements classes comme << feuillus purs >> dans les inventories forestiers contiennent quelques grosses tiges d'epinette blanche (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) qui font partie ou emergent de la canopee. Ces arbres sont importants comme source de graines pour la regeneration et pour la structure de (habitat. Toutefois, leur abundance et les caracteristiques des peuplements dans lesquels ils sont presents n'ont jamais ete quantifiees. Parmi 275 << peupleraies pures >> du nord-est de (Alberta, 19,6 % contenaient au moms une telle epinette detectable a partir de photographies aeriennes. Ces arbres ont ete detectes dans des peuplements couvrant toute la gamme de hauteurs de canopee, de densites, de classes d'age et de tailles de peuplement echantillonnees; ils etaient souvent presents a finterieur des peuplements et non seulement en peripherie. La frequence des cellules de 3 ha a contenant au moms une epinette a ete reliee a (i) la forme et la taille du peuplement, (ii) la quantite d'epinettes blanches matures dans la foret adjacente, (iii) la hauteur de la canopee, (iv) Page du peuplement et (v) la density du peuplement. Nous concluons que de tels arbres sont relativement abondants et largement distrbbues dans la foret boreale mixte de l'Alberta. Il n'y a presentement aucune mesure visant a maintenir cet element du paysage dans les foress amenagees. Plus de renseignements sont necessaires pour determiner si ou comment ces arbres devraient etre consideres dans la planification de l'amenagement forestier. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction In the boreal mixedwood forests of western Canada, the canopies of upland mesic sites are dominated by some combination of Populus species (typically trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx., but [...]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.