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Red heartwood, a dark nonhomogenous discolouration in paper birch trees ( Marsh.), limits the applications and uses of sawn boards to nonvisible low-value products, thus resulting in substantial value loss. The occurrence and distribution of red heartwood were investigated in 12 paper birch trees grown in the province of Quebec, Canada. The youngest tree was 62 years old at breast height and the oldest 86 years old for an average of 75 years old. In this study, 225 occurrences of external traits, relating to branch scars and forks, previously proposed as initiation points for red heartwood were identified and measured. The distribution of red heartwood was digitally mapped and the effect of these external traits on the red heartwood surface and shape inside each tree was examined. Results show that red heartwood initiates from an external trait and that multiple external traits can contribute to the development of a red heartwood column following the longitudinal axis of the stem. Red heartwood appeared to initiate mainly from external traits at the base of the tree. A modelling exercise indicated that the width of the red heartwood column inside a standing tree can be estimated from branch scar width and height from the ground. Tree vigour could not be linked to the proportion of red heartwood inside standing trees. A three-dimensional analysis of log shape could potentially be used to detect red heartwood presence in a log before processing to optimize the log sawing pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normal paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) wood has a clear and uniform color. However, some paper birch trees contain reddish-brown-, discolored wood known as red heartwood. Its occurrence, proportion, and vertical distribution were investigated. One hundred and fifty trees were randomly sampled from three stands located at the Montmorency Forest, 75 km north of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. A subsample of 18 trees showing occurrence of red heartwood at stump height were felled, and 5 cm thick disks were cut at every 0.5 m of height. Red heartwood volume, proportion, and vertical distribution were determined from the disks. Trees with larger diameter at breast height and lower tree height had a higher probability of red heartwood occurrence. Red heartwood starts occurring in 40-year-old trees on average in the stands studied. The volume of red heartwood was positively correlated with tree age, and the proportion of red heartwood was positively related to tree age, and negatively related to the amount of sunlight on the live crown. Red heartwood proportion was 13.3% of the tree merchantable volume, mostly located under the live crown. Le bois de bouleau à papier (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) est normalement clair et uniforme. Toutefois, le bois de couleur brun-rougeâtre présent chez certains bouleaux est appelé cœur rouge. Sa présence, sa proportion et sa distribution verticale dans l’arbre ont été étudiées. Cent cinquante arbres furent sélectionnés aléatoirement dans trois peuplements de la Forêt Montmorency à 75 km au nord de la ville de Québec, Québec, Canada. Un sous-échantillon de 18 arbres présentant du cœur rouge à hauteur de souche ont été abattus et découpés en disques de 5 cm d’épaisseur à tous les 5 m afin de mesurer le volume, la proportion et la distribution verticale du cœur rouge. La probabilité de présence de cœur rouge était plus élevée chez les arbres petits et de fort diamètre. Le cœur rouge était présent dans les arbres de 40 ans et plus en moyenne dans les peuplements étudiés. Le volume de cœur rouge était corrélé positivement avec l’âge de l’arbre. Sa proportion était corrélée positivement avec l’âge de l’arbre et négativement avec la quantité de lumière atteignant la cime vivante. La proportion moyenne de cœur rouge était 13,3 % du volume marchand de l’arbre et il était principalement situé sous la cime vivante. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We compared three methods for estimating current-year spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) defoliation from 2014 to 2021 using a network of 99 permanent sample plots in central Gaspé Peninsula, Québec. Percent current-year defoliation was measured by assessing shoots from mid-crown branches, ocular ratings of all individual trees using binoculars, and provincial government aerial surveys. Ocular survey defoliation differed from branch sample defoliation in 5–6 out of 7 years, consistently underestimating defoliation, across the full range of defoliation severity observed. Nested mixed-effect models for fir–spruce combined, balsam fir, white spruce, and black spruce ocular survey defoliation bias resulted in marginal R2 of 0.40, 0.47, 0.82, and 0.86, respectively. Current defoliation severity and its interaction with previous year defoliation and weather conditions significantly affected ocular survey bias. Correspondence of aerial survey estimates and mean plot defoliation occurred in only 43% of all plot-years and ranged from 14%–58% in individual years. Differences between aerial survey defoliation and plot values mainly resulted from assigning an adjacent class (e.g., light <30% assigned as moderate 31%–70% defoliation) or misplaced defoliation polygon boundaries, suggesting that assignment of aerial survey defoliation to plots or specific ground areas needs ground truth sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents development of a multivariate forest structural complexity index based on relationships between field-based structural variables and geospatial data. Remote sensing has been widely used to model individual forest structural attributes at many scales. As opposed to, or in addition to, individual structural parameters such as leaf area index or tree height, overall structural complexity information can enhance forest inventories and provide a variety of information to forest managers, including identifying damage and disturbance as well as indicators of habitat or biodiversity. In this study, a multivariate modelling technique, redundancy analysis, was implemented to derive a model incorporating both horizontal and vertical structural attributes as predicted by an ensemble of high-resolution multispectral airborne imagery and topographic variables. The first redundancy analysis axis of the final model explained 35% of the total variance of the field variables and was used as the complexity index. With a root mean squared error of 19.9%, the model was capable of differentiating four to five relative levels of complexity. This paper presents the forest ecological and modelling aspects of the research. A related paper presents the remote sensing aspects, including application of the model to map predicted structural complexity, map validation, and testing of the method at multiple scales. Cet article présente le développement d'un indice multivarié de complexité de la structure de la forêt basé sur les relations entre des variables structurales mesurées sur le terrain et des données géospatiales. La télédétection a été largement utilisée pour modéliser les attributs structuraux de la forêt à plusieurs échelles. Contrairement à, ou en plus, des paramètres structuraux individuels comme l'indice de surface foliaire ou la hauteur des arbres, une information globale au sujet de la complexité structurale peut améliorer les inventaires forestiers et fournir une variété de renseignements aux aménagistes forestiers, incluant l'identification des dommages et des perturbations aussi bien que des indicateurs d'habitat ou de biodiversité. Dans cette étude, une technique de modélisation multivariée, l'analyse de redondance, a été appliquée pour dériver un modèle qui incorpore des attributs, tant horizontaux que verticaux de la structure, prédits par un ensemble d'images aériennes multispectrales à haute résolution et des variables topographiques. Le premier axe de l'analyse de redondance du modèle final expliquait 35 % de la variance totale des variables terrain et a été utilisé comme indice de complexité. Avec une erreur quadratique moyenne de 19,9 %, le modèle était capable de différencier quatre à cinq niveaux de complexité. Cet article présente les aspects de la recherche reliés à la modélisation et à l'écologie forestière. Un autre article présente les aspects reliés à la télédétection, incluant l'application du modèle pour cartographier la complexité structurale prédite, la validation de la cartographie et l'essai de la méthode à plusieurs échelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Comments on the effects of adventitious roots on age determination in balsam fir regeneration in northeastern Quebec. Analysis of the age structure of balsam fir seedlings; Occurrence of growth rings beneath the soil surface; Number of bud scars on branch segments of the balsam.

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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Site index (SI) is commonly used in natural stands, even when their diameter distribution deviates from that of the monospecific, even-aged, fully stocked stands used to develop basic age–height relationships. Since deviations from basic age–height trajectories can be reflected in deviations of stand diameter distribution from a bell shape, we incorporated different diameter diversity indices into an age–height equation to help improve height predictions and determine which index is best related to stand dominant height. This procedure was performed using black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands from a large network of permanent sample plots established across the province of Quebec, Canada. The age–height model that minimized the Akaike’s information criterion used the Shannon evenness index (ESh) as an equation modifier accounting for the diameter diversity variable. The model showed that for stands established on relatively poor sites (SI = 9), no substantial differences in dominant height were found between two contrasting ESh values. For SI = 15, however, the larger ESh value increased the dominant height by as much as 1 m at 80 years. These results suggest that introduction of ESh into an age–height model can improve calculation of site index, particularly in regions characterized by the presence of numerous uneven-aged stands. L’indice de qualité de station (IQS) est souvent estimé pour des peuplements naturels, même si leur distribution de diamètres s’éloigne de celle des peuplements mono-spécifiques, de structure équienne, et de densité optimale qui sont utilisés pour mettre au point les relations âge–hauteur de référence. Puisque des déviations aux trajectoires âge–hauteur de référence peuvent se refléter dans des déviations de la distribution des diamètres des peuplements par rapport à une courbe normale, nous avons soumis différents indices de diversité diamétrale à une équation âge–hauteur dans le but d’améliorer la prédiction de la hauteur et de déterminer l’indice le mieux relié à la hauteur dominante des peuplements. Cette procédure a été appliquée à des peuplements d’épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) à l’aide d’un vaste réseau de placettes échantillons permanentes établies dans la province de Québec, au Canada. Le modèle âge–hauteur qui a minimizé le « Akaike’s information criterion »utilisait l’indice de régularité de Shannon (ESh) comme modificateur d’équation relié à la diversité diamétrale. Dans le cas des peuplements établis sur des stations relativement pauvres (IQS = 9), ce modèle n’a pas produit de différences substantielles de hauteur dominante entre deux valeurs contrastées de ESh. Cependant, pour une valeur d’IQS égale à 15, la plus forte valeur de ESh a produit une augmentation de la hauteur dominante de 1 m à 80 ans. Ces résultats indiquent que l’introduction de ESh dans un modèle âge–hauteur peut améliorer l’estimation de l’IQS, particulièrement pour régions caractérisées par la présence de nombreux peuplements de structure inéquienne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The shelterwood system can be used to establish regeneration and to improve the growing conditions of seedlings and, thereby, increase their probability of survival after final harvest. To determine the cutting intensity that best promotes the development of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) regeneration, an experiment, including four repetitions of five treatments (control; low, moderate, and heavy partial cuttings; and clear-cutting), was established in a lowland stand in Quebec, Canada, dominated by red spruce and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.). Regeneration development responses to treatments varied according to cutting intensity, species, and position relative to the skidding trails in the residual stands. Ten years after treatment, red spruce seedlings were well established but were smaller than those of balsam fir and deciduous species. Red spruce seedling height was generally greater in partial-cut skidding trails, as was light availability. However, in clearcuts, the size of red spruce seedlings established in skidding trails seemed to be negatively affected by the considerable quantity of woody debris strewn over them. Among the partial-cut treatments, tree regeneration leaf biomass was the highest where 60% of the initial basal area was removed. Thus, this treatment is an attractive alternative to clear-cutting in such lowland stands where watering-up is anticipated after final harvest. La coupe progressive d’ensemencement peut être utilisée pour établir la régénération et pour améliorer les conditions de croissance des semis, ce qui augmenterait leur probabilité de survie après la coupe finale. Dans le but de déterminer l’intensité de coupe maximisant le développement de la régénération d’épinette rouge (Picea rubens Sarg.), un dispositif expérimental, comprenant quatre répétitions de cinq traitements (témoin; coupe partielle d’intensités faible, modérée et forte; et coupe totale), a été établi dans un peuplement mal drainé et dominé par l’épinette rouge et le sapin baumier (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) de la province de Québec, Canada. La réaction du développement de la régénération aux traitements a varié en fonction de l’intensité de coupe, de l’espèce et de la position des semis par rapport aux sentiers de débardage dans les peuplements résiduels. Dix ans après l’application des traitements, les semis d’épinette rouge étaient bien établis, mais étaient plus petits que les semis de sapin baumier et des espèces caducifoliées. Les semis d’épinette rouge étaient généralement plus hauts dans les sentiers de débardage des coupes partielles tout comme l’était la disponibilité de la lumière. Cependant, dans les coupes totales, la taille des semis d’épinette rouge établis dans les sentiers de débardage semblait négativement affectée par la quantité considérable de débris ligneux répandus sur et autour d’eux. Parmi les traitements de coupe partielle, la plus forte biomasse foliaire de la régénération d’espèces arborescentes a été observée dans l’intensité de coupe qui a enlevé 60 % de la surface terrière initiale du peuplement. Ce traitement constitue donc un choix intéressant pour remplacer la coupe totale dans ces peuplements mal drainés où une remontée de la nappe phréatique est anticipée après la coupe finale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)