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Climate warming poses challenges to native fish, particularly at high latitudes. We used incubation models to explore how interactions between spawning timing and daily varying water temperature affected emergence timing for five species of Pacific salmon in 33 thermally diverse streams in south-central Alaska. Interactions between spawning timing and stream thermal regime led to three different emergence timing responses: (1) "expanded" by typically 2–3 times the duration of the spawning window for summer spawning salmon at streams with a large annual water temperature range; (2) "equal" in duration to the spawning window, regardless of spawning timing, at streams with upwelling groundwater; and (3) "compressed" for late-spawning salmon where water temperature was cooler at spawning than at emergence. Across all sites, a ±15-day range in spawning timing had influence similar to anomalously warm winters (+2 °C to +3 °C) on the emergence timing window. Differences among species, spawning timing, and thermal regimes suggest that a range of adaptations in spawning behavior will likely enable Pacific salmon populations to accommodate shifting thermal regimes during their early life history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Discusses the use of commercial fisheries data to estimate a catch per unit effort-soak time relationship for the Bristol Bay red king crab fishery to gain regulatory and in-season management insight. Stock assessment; Influence of biological and environmental effects on the behavioral responses of crabbers to changing natural and regulatory conditions.

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Using nutrient-diffusing substrata (NDS) in seven streams in southeast Alaska, USA, we tested whether (i) nutrient limitation of autotrophic and heterotrophic biofilms was alleviated by salmon resource subsidies, and (ii) whether the degree of alleviation could be predicted by environmental variables. Before salmon spawners arrived, autotrophic biofilms were nitrogen (N)-limited, or co-limited by N and phosphorus (P), whereas heterotrophic biofilms were either P-limited, or co-limited by N and P. Combined N and P amendments resulted in a 2.6-fold increase in biofilm chlorophyll a, and a 3.2-fold increase in community respiration. After salmon arrived, autotroph nutrient limitation was alleviated in six of the seven streams. Heterotrophs still exhibited nutrient limitation in six streams, but most streams shifted from co-limitation to P-limitation. Nutrient-diffusing substrata amended with salmon tissue indicated that salmon could also be an important source of organic carbon for biofilms. Autotrophs responded less to N and P amendments as streamwater ammonium concentration increased with the arrival of salmon. For heterotrophs, ammonium concentration and N:P ratio best predicted changes in response following the arrival of salmon. We provide the first direct evidence that biofilm nutrient limitation can be alleviated by salmon spawners in nutrient-poor streams. À l'aide de substrats diffuseurs de nutriments (NDS) dans sept cours d'eau du sud-est de l'Alaska, .-U., nous avons testé (i) si la limitation par les nutriments des biofilms autotrophes et hétérotrophes est réduite par les apports de ressources provenant des saumons et (ii) si l'importance de la réduction peut être prédite à partir des variables environnementales. Avant que les saumons n'arrivent pour frayer, les biofilms autotrophes sont limités par l'azote (N) ou limités conjointement par N et le phosphore (P), alors que les films hétérotrophes sont limités par P ou conjointement par N et P. Des amendements combinés en N et P entraînent une augmentation de la chlorophylle a des biofilms par un facteur de 2,6 et un accroissement de la respiration de la communauté par un facteur de 3,2. Après l'arrivée des saumons, la limitation des autotrophes par les nutriments a été réduite dans six des sept cours d'eau. Chez les hétérotrophes, six des cours d'eau montraient encore une limitation par les nutriments, bien que la plupart des cours d'eau aient changé d'une limitation conjointe pour une limitation par P. Les NDS amendés avec du tissu de saumons montrent que les saumons peuvent aussi représenter une source importante de carbone organique pour les biofilms. Les autotrophes réagissent moins aux amendements en N et en P, alors que la concentration d'ammonium augmente dans l'eau des cours d'eau avec l'arrivée des saumons. Chez les hétérotrophes, la concentration d'ammonium et le rapport N :P sont les meilleures variables prédictives des changements consécutifs à l'arrivée des saumons. Nous présentons les premières données qui démontrent directement que la limitation des biofilms par les nutriments peut être atténuée par les saumons reproducteurs dans les cours d'eau pauvres en nutriments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acoustic and archival tags examined freshwater and marine migrations of postspawn steelhead kelts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Ninilchik River, Alaska, USA. Postspawn steelhead were captured at a weir in 2002-2005. Scale analysis indicated multiple migratory life histories and spawning behaviors. Acoustic tags were implanted in 99 kelts (2002-2003), and an array of acoustic receivers calculated the average speed of outmigration, timing of saltwater entry, and duration of residency in the vicinity of the river mouth. Ocean migration data were recovered from two archival tags implanted in kelts in 2004 (one male and one female). Archival tags documented seasonal differences in maximum depth and behavior with both fish spending 97% of time at sea <6 m depth (day and night). All study fish were double tagged with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags implanted in the body cavity. Less than 4% of PIT tags were retained in postspawn steelhead. Molecular genetics demonstrated no significant differences in genetic population structure across years or among spawning life history types, suggesting a genetically panmictic population with highly diverse life history characteristics in the Ninilchik River. Des étiquettes acoustiques et des étiquettes à archivage nous ont permis de suivre les migrations en eau douce et en mer de bécards de la truite arc-en-ciel anadrome (Oncorhynchus mykiss) après la fraie dans la rivière Ninilchik, Alaska, .-U. Les truites arc-en-ciel après la fraie ont été capturées à un déversoir en 2002-2005. Une analyse hiérarchique révèle l'existence de multiples cycles biologiques migratoires et comportements reproducteurs. Nous avons muni 99 bécards d'étiquettes acoustiques (2002-2003) et un réseau de récepteurs acoustiques a permis de calculer la vitesse de migration vers la mer, le calendrier de l'entrée en eau salée et la durée de résidence dans les environs de l'embouchure de la rivière. Les données de migration en mer ont été obtenues de deux étiquettes à archivage fixées à des bécards en 2004 (un mâle et une femelle). Les étiquettes à archivage ont relevé des différences saisonnières dans la profondeur maximale et le comportement; les deux poissons ont passé 97 % de leur temps en mer à une profondeur <6 m (jour et nuit). Tous les poissons utilisés dans l'étude portaient aussi une étiquette PIT (transpondeur intégré passif) implantée dans la cavité corporelle. Moins de 4 % des étiquette PIT ont été retenues chez les bécards après la fraie. Une analyse génétique moléculaire ne montre aucune différence significative de structure génétique de la population, ni d'une année à l'autre, ni en fonction des types de cycle biologique reproducteur, ce qui laisse croire à l'existence dans la Ninilchik d'une population génétiquement panmictique possédant des caractéristiques hautement diversifiées de cycle biologique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Predation is the largest source of mortality for marine fish and may be an important process in regulating population size. Recent population models have attempted to quantify predation separately from other sources of natural mortality. Building upon such work, a multispecies age-structured assessment model (MSASA) for the Gulf of Alaska was developed, which included arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). Predation mortality was a flexible function of predator and prey abundances that was fitted to stomach-content data. A proof of concept illustration is presented here, assessing model outputs against a set of single-species models. The MSASA model was able to successfully estimate predation between species and integrate it into total mortality. Significant predation occurred on younger pollock and flounder. Results indicate a significant change in predation over time on pollock as a function of increased arrowtooth flounder abundance. Estimating mortality and other parameters for three species simultaneously is complex, and the advantage of greater biological realism of MSASA comes at the expense of greater uncertainty in parameter estimation. La prédation représente la plus importante source de mortalité pour les poissons marins et peut être un mécanisme majeur du contrôle de la taille des populations. Des modèles démographiques récents ont essayé de mesurer la prédation séparément des autres sources de mortalité naturelle. Nous basant sur ces travaux, nous avons mis au point un modèle d’évaluation plurispécifique structuré d’après l’âge (« MSASA ») pour le golfe de l’Alaska qui inclut la plie à grande bouche (Atheresthes stomias), la morue du Pacifique (Gadus macrocephalus) et la goberge de l’Alaska (Theragra chalcogramma). La mortalité due à la prédation est une fonction flexible des abondances de prédateurs et de proies ajustée aux données des contenus stomacaux. Nous faisons ici une démonstration de faisabilité en évaluant les données de sortie du modèle par comparaison à celles d’une série de modèles monospécifiques. Le modèle MSASA réussit à estimer la prédation des différentes espèces et à l’intégrer dans la mortalité totale. Il existe une prédation significative des goberges et plies plus jeunes. Les données indiquent un changement significatif de la prédation des goberges dans le temps en fonction de l’accroissement de l’abondance des plies à grande bouche. L’estimation simultanée de la mortalité et des autres variables chez trois espèces est complexe et l’avantage d’un plus grand réalisme biologique apporté par MSASA se fait au coût d’une incertitude accrue dans l’estimation des variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general model is developed for salmon run reconstruction based on catch, escapement, and age composition data. The model is based on “groups” of salmon, each of which share the same characteristics but can differ from other groups in run timing, abundance, gear selectivity, and migration routes. The model is highly flexible so that it can be adapted to a variety of fisheries and can compare the fits of alternative hypotheses to available data. The model is applied to three sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) districts in Bristol Bay, Alaska, USA, to show the effect of allowing age classes to arrive at different times and the impact of including process errors to mimic day-to-day arrival variability. The model predicts that in 2005, Wood River salmon comprised only 54% of the catch in the Nushagak fishing district (but 71% of the escapement), although these predictions are contradicted by genetic data for 2006–2008 showing high harvest rates of Wood River and Nushagak River fish but only light harvest rates of Igushik River fish. The genetics highlight the importance of including stock-specific availability parameters in future versions of the model to account for differences in harvest rates among stocks caught in the same fishing district. Nous mettons au point un modèle général de reconstitution de la montaison des saumons basé sur les données de capture, d’échappement et de composition en âge. Le modèle se fonde sur des « groupes »de saumons, qui partagent tous les mêmes caractéristiques, mais qui peuvent se distinguer des autres groupes par le moment de la montaison, l’abondance, la sélectivité des engins de pêche et les routes de migration. Le modèle est très flexible et peut donc s’adapter à une variété de types de pêches et il peut comparer les ajustements d’hypothèses de rechange aux données disponibles. Nous appliquons le modèle aux saumons rouges (Oncorhynchus nerka) de trois districts de la baie de Bristol, Alaska, .-U., pour montrer les conséquences de permettre l’arrivée des diverses classes d’âge à des moments différents et les impacts d’inclure les erreurs de traitement afin de mimer la variation d’un jour à l’autre des arrivées. Le modèle prédit que les saumons de la rivière Wood en 2005 représentaient seulement 54 % des captures dans le district de pêche de Nushagak (mais 71 % de l’échappement), bien que ces prédictions soient contredites par les données génétiques de 2006–2008 qui montrent des taux élevés de récolte des poissons des rivières Wood et Nushagak, mais des récoltes faibles des poissons de l’Igushik. L’analyse génétique souligne l’importance d’inclure des variables sur la disponibilité spécifiques aux stocks dans les versions futures du modèle pour tenir compte des différences dans les taux de récolte entre les stocks capturés dans le même district de pêche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Presents the results of a study of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) early marine feeding patterns in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Introduction; Materials and methods; Results; Discussion; Isotopic shifts concomitant with salmon fry growth; Carbon isotopic composition; Isotopic patterns versus survival; Other applications.