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In the context of information and communication technologies in five Newfoundland coastal communities, this article deals with participatory research and outreach. Outreach in these communities, reeling from the near-collapse of the fishery and struggling to survive in a climate of neo-liberal restructuring, is considered to be a holistic educational enterprise involving new technologies and the popular media, schools, and their district officers, clinics and regional health care providers, and children and adults as lifelong learners. Based on five approaches that emerged in the final year of one project--the work of an on-site liaison, a residential workshop, community workshops, reports through popular media, and contacts with outside organizations--the author argues that outreach should be recognized as integral to all stages of participatory research. (Contains 3 notes.) [This article was initially presented as a keynote address at the conference, "Questioning Rurality," Acadia University, March 2005.]

The "Year 2000" document, a comprehensive statement of policies and objectives for education in British Columbia issued by the Ministry of Education, is reviewed. This analysis reveals a subtext that contradicts the stated objectives of the document itself. The agenda of the subtext would maintain social stability. (SLD)

In this commentary, William J. Hunter reflects on this career, and struggles with the fact that teacher preparation programs do not include a course in educational research. When this was mentioned to colleagues (or students), a highly predictable response was "Why should teacher candidates learn about research?" Years of trying to give a calm and rational response to that question, brought answers and raised additional questions like: (1) Why should medical students learn about medical research? (2) Why should nursing students learn about health science research? (3) Why should law students learn about legal research? And (4) Why should engineering students learn about engineering research? Just as research in the basic sciences and the development of tools like thermometers, stethoscopes, and sphygmomanometers created opportunities for the growth of research-based medicine, teachers should have the knowledge and skills needed to critically read the education and social science literature on teaching and learning. Action research has been on the leading edge of a move toward introducing research to teacher education programs in Canada often in the context of reflection on practice. Hunter concludes, as we look further into the 21st century, teacher educators should be building the basis for a new teaching profession in which classroom teachers, using the online resources available to them, begin to plan their lessons based on the existing research in education, the humanities, and the social sciences. What is the missing link to educational research? Hunter notes it is teachers who are "competent to use the instrumentalities that have been developed" and ready to take up the challenge.

This paper argues that the social foundations of education, and particularly the disciplines of history, philosophy and sociology of education, must continue to play an integral role in programs of teacher education. We report on the decline of the study of history of education within Faculties of Education in Canada as an example of the marginalization of the role of the social foundations in teacher education programs generally. In this context we furnish what we take to be some of the strongest reasons for the requirement for future teachers to engage with the social foundations--some of these arguments apply to all of the foundational areas, and some apply to specific foundational disciplines. Some of these arguments will be familiar, some new. We conclude that if a teacher education program in Canada is to be of a very high quality then it must include a strong social foundations component. (Contains 8 footnotes.)

The aim of this paper is to challenge the discrepancy between candidate requirements in job postings for Indigenous scholars and their recognition in the tenure-track stream. For the purposes of this article, I conducted a scan of 11 academic positions for Indigenous scholars advertised in Canada from 2017 to 2019. One-hundred percent of the postings included an expectation for the candidate to hold Indigenous Knowledges and connections to Indigenous communities. Through the examination of seminal Indigenous scholars I unearth the capacities required to hold, maintain, and renew Indigenous Knowledges and connections to community, while simultaneously showing that none of these capacities are recognized within funding allowances, workload allotments, or tenure and promotion committees. Finally, practical recommendations are offered to post-secondary institutions to provide a supportive environment for Indigenous scholars to enjoy success while holding Indigenous Knowledges and community connections in a good way.

This purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical foundation for inclusion in Canadian schools for this Special Issue on Inclusive Education. In response to the need for an interdisciplinary framework, this paper uses an interpretive literature review methodology to construct a framework for educational inclusivity based on four disciplinary perspectives: (a) special education and disability studies, (b) multiculturalism and anti-racist education, (c) gender and women's education, and (d) queer studies. The constructed framework elucidates four conceptions of inclusivity--normative, integrative, dialogical, and transgressive--positioned on a continuum with each conception representing a different approach to inclusion. Unlike previous models, this framework is not anchored to any one marginalized group; rather, it is intended to represent multiple forms of inclusivity to edify historical, existing, and idealistic educational practices and structures for all forms of difference. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.)

Despite recognition of the importance of parent involvement to enable meaningful inclusion of young children with developmental disabilities in education contexts, few Canadian studies have reported how parents experience this collaboration. Recent research suggests that the transition process is critical to the early school experiences of children with developmental disabilities yet challenging for their parents. The purpose of this paper is to report preliminary data from HELPS Inc, a Canadian multi-method research project describing Health, Education, and Learning Partnerships Promoting Social Inclusion of young children with developmental disabilities. In this paper we present parents' perspectives on inclusion and collaboration with case study findings based on the experiences of three families in one Ontario community. The data demonstrate the unique experiences of and meanings of collaboration held by individual families, and highlight the challenges these differences pose for healthcare providers and educators committed to involving parents in the transition into school and for inclusion of young children with developmental delays and disabilities. (Contains 1 table.)

This paper presents data from a study examining the use of Theatre of the Oppressed as a critical pedagogy and research method for exploring notions of identity, belonging, and culture with francophone secondary students (Schroeter, 2009). It describes the process whereby Black African-Canadian students with refugee backgrounds identified their program, as well as their language, citizenship status, and race as factors limiting their imagined social futures (New London Group, 2000). The paper finds that students used their identities, symbolism, and ambiguity to challenge authorized discourses and show how their identities intersected in their educational experiences.

This paper empirically investigates Grimmett's (2008, 2009) thesis that recent Canadian teacher education policy is best characterized by dual forces of deregulation and professionalization resulting from a neoliberal policy environment. Specifically, we examine teacher education governance, policy reform, and political context from 2000 to 2010, across four Canadian provinces: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Ontario. Our paper highlights the presence of deregulation and professionalization in Canadian teacher education policy while also revealing additional opposing force. We provide an overview of the policy context in US teacher education as a point of reference.

Sustainable happiness is "happiness that contributes to individual, community and/or global well-being without exploiting other people, the environment or future generations" (O'Brien, 2010a, n.p.). It underscores the interrelationship between human flourishing and ecological resilience. At the national and international levels, sustainable happiness has considerable relevance to the United Nations' resolution on happiness and well-being (United Nations, 2011). Applications of sustainable happiness are discussed, with implications for fostering healthy, sustainable lifestyles and communities. The active debate about how to transform education to meet 21st-century learning needs ranges from suggestions that will merely tweak existing models through modernization, to calls for reimagining the role of education. As educators consider the future of education and the various visions that are promoted--such as 21st-century learning, Health Promoting Schools programs, social and emotional learning, and entrepreneurship education--the concept of sustainable happiness can contribute to the development of a unified vision that fosters well-being for all, forever (Hopkins, 2013). The sustainable happiness pre-service teacher education course described in this paper gives a glimpse of the benefits of doing so. The paper argues that sustainable happiness represents the evolution in happiness that is needed to set the world on a more sustainable trajectory. This makes sustainable happiness indispensable for new visions of education in the 21st century.

The term "globalization" does more than represent a set of material (and ideological) processes that have impacts on education and schooling. Additionally, "globalization" operates as a conceptual lens or set of interventions, which is significantly impacting academic discourses in Education and in other disciplines. Not only has "Globalization and Education" (G&E) emerged as a new, trans-disciplinary field of Educational Studies, insights from this field and globalization studies more directly have impacted many other fields of Education. This paper summarizes major impacts of globalization on education and maps out a "first-wave" G&E discourse by analyzing a small set of key texts published around the turn of the century. The paper distills key uses of globalization from this "first-wave" G&E and more recent correctives to clarify the potential applications for--and implications of the "lens" of--globalization for educational scholarship. (Contains 9 footnotes.)

This paper provides an overview of the recursive process of initiating an action research project on literacy for students-at-risk in a Canadian urban elementary school. As this paper demonstrates, this requires development of a school-wide framework, which frames the action research project and desired outcomes, and a shared ownership of this vision by school community and staff. Preliminary understandings provide information and considerations that serve to inform discussions about school/curriculum reform and related concerns about critical literacy. (Contains 2 footnotes.)

This paper raises awareness concerning the education gap between Aboriginal youth and the non-Aboriginal youth population in Canada. It argues that the historical consequences of colonialism that resulted in diminished sense of self-worth, self-determination, and culture have placed Aboriginals at the low-end of the socio-economic strata. This continuing phenomenon has meant that Aboriginal youth perform far worse than non- Aboriginals in terms of their ability to obtain higher education and employment. Given this, using welfare-state theory and Indigenous-based theory I argue that early-childhood education which is culturally sensitive to the needs of Aboriginal children and controlled by Aboriginal communities will help to remedy and close the education gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal youth. The paper concludes with solutions to rectify the situation in Canada. Specifically, it discusses the current government initiative, Aboriginal Head Start (AHS), that has been making significant strides throughout the Aboriginal community. (Contains 1 table.)

In this article, I have used the 2004 Greatest Canadian contest as an example of media's educational function. Contrary to mainstream discourse of gender-neutral citizenship, this contest reiterates a notion of Canadian citizenship as masculinized, classed, and raced. Gramsci's concepts of "hegemony," "ideology", and "common sense" and Arnot's concept of gender and class "codes" anchor this analysis. Drawing on Canadian feminist and critical race scholarship, and contrasting feminist liberal and feminist postmodern perspectives, I have explored the complications of gender and democratic citizenship, and exposed the limitations of liberal democracy for realizing equity and social justice. (Contains 3 notes.)

Drawing on historical and contemporary scholarship on citizenship education, I have outlined how such education both excludes those outside the normative construction of the Canadian citizen and fails to prepare students for participation in the public sphere. I argue that contemporary citizenship education is in danger of creating individualistic consumers, as opposed to citizens who participate in public life. Invoking Habermasian and Arendtian insights about the ethical requirements for a democratic public sphere, I have illustrated the potential for such participation through the example of Headline Theatre's production of the play "Practicing Democracy." (Contains 6 notes.)

In this article, I argue that despite common assumptions that peace education efforts achieve social change, it is often a normalizing, nation-building project that obscures hierarchies of power. Focussing on a lesson from a popular peace education program currently used in Canadian schools, I have analyzed the convergences between peace and citizenship education and consider the implications of pedagogies that encourage peace as a personal choice and responsibility. I call for an approach to peace education that promotes critical thinking on how knowledge is produced. (Contains 8 notes.)

Canadians live in a world of mega-spin where public relations corporate lobbyists play an increasingly larger role in news-making. To resist this trend, I have studied political ideology to understand the relationship between corporate media and systems of social, economic, and political power, and their hegemonic function, and indicate the bias inherent in the media, a contention that assumes the epistemological position that all knowledge is socially constructed. I demonstrate how preservice education students can acquire this understanding by reframing political discourse from different ideological perspectives, and how teachers can integrate critical media literacy into high-school social studies courses. (Contains 1 note.)

In this article, I offer a reading of the psychoanalytic concept of identification, with specific attention to its meaning in the context of children's historical learning. In educational contexts, it is not identification but historical empathy that teachers and researchers typically regard as holding pedagogical status. Using examples from my visit to "Historica's" 2004 Heritage Fair, I argue that identification is important for the way it marks the young subject's ambivalent entry into a world of historical relations. A study of identification cannot advance historical consciousness, but it does highlight the senses of vulnerability and emotional conflict in trying to orient the self to a very old world and the losses this implies. (Contains 2 notes.)

First Nations people have both a Constitutional and a Treaty right to education; however, the Crown's jurisdictional obligations to provide educational services have not lead to similar educational opportunities and attainment achievement for First Nations students as compared to Canadian students in provincial schools. Canada's Auditor General, in 2000, stated that Indian and Northern Affairs Canada could not demonstrate that it reached the objective to assist First Nations students on reserve in achieving their educational needs and aspirations. In 2004, the Auditor General noted a widening achievement gap. Using statistical information from the Department of Indian Affairs and the Auditor General to consider educational financial accountability, the author argues that equitable financial resources are required to support First Nations students in band-managed schools. (Contains 3 tables and 6 notes.)

In this article, we have explored the issues that Ministries of Education confront in their large-scale assessment policies and practices as literacy curricula expand to include the new literacies of information and communication technologies. Based on a series of interviews with Ministry personnel, we have described their current progress to include the new literacies, plans for the future, and the dilemmas and challenges in considering the demands of new times. We argue for a more balanced approach to assessment and accountability, one that recognizes the limitations of current public accountability measures and situates them within a broader assessment framework. (Contains 3 tables and 2 notes.)

In 2002, Marc Hall's principal denied him permission to take his boyfriend to his Catholic high-school prom. In examining the politicization of the ensuing prom predicament, we critique Catholicized education and what we perceive to be the Catholic Church's efforts to privatize queerness as it segregates being religious from being sexual. We situate this privatization as the failure of the Catholic Church to treat vulnerable queer Catholic youth with dignity and integrity as the church sets untenable limits to queer. Examining Canadian case law regarding individual rights, we argue for the importance of upholding the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" in the name of democratic principles.

The International Baccalaureate Diploma Program (IBDP), created in the field of international schools in the late 1960s, has made considerable in-roads into publicly-funded schooling in many educational jurisdictions of the Anglo-West. Although the IBDP did not enter into the Ontario public system until 1991, there are now forty-four (and growing) publicly-funded schools offering the IBDP in Ontario. With the growth of IBDP schools and the increasing transnational policy presence of IB, academic research on the International Baccalaureate (IB) is emerging, albeit the Ontario context has not yet appeared in the research literature. This paper outlines how the phenomenon of IB is beginning to be used as an object of academic research and describes the geographic diffusion of IB. It then reports on a pilot study aimed to understand students' perceptions on the impacts of the IBDP at one Catholic secondary school in Ontario, particularly around how well the IBDP supports academic development and "international mindedness." As with previous studies, most students are quite positive about the IBDP experience, particularly in terms of academic preparation for university. How well the IBDP supported students' "international mindedness" remains uncertain. This paper concludes with some recommendations for future research. (Contains 4 figures and 2 footnotes.)

This paper examines the mediating role that education plays between religion and democratic community. The paper is situated in the Canadian context and examines this mediation through two questions: First, what is the relationship between religion and education and what is the contribution of this relationship to and within a pluralist society? And, second, do schools have a responsibility in developing a unified model of who the citizen is as a person? Both questions are founded upon the premise that citizens are more than citizens; they are also persons.

This paper presents a 2-year collaborative action research project that investigated the use of digital technologies to support inclusive practices in Early French Immersion (EFI) classrooms. The findings reveal that the collaborative action research project contributed to empowering teachers in using digital technologies to support the implementation of new inclusive instructional strategies. The use of digital technologies allows for the implementation of inclusive instructional strategies by providing multiple means of representation, action and expression, and engagement, based on the Universal Design Learning (UDL) framework. The findings also support the adoption of an e-inclusion approach in EFI classrooms to meet the needs of all learners.

This paper details a research project dedicated to honouring Mushkegowuk Cree concepts of land, environment and life in Fort Albany First Nation. Community youth interviewed local Elders to produce an audio documentary about the relations of the people to their traditional territory. These interactions evolved into a 10-day river trip with youth, adult and elder participants traveling together on their traditional waters and lands learning about the meaning of paquataskamik, the Cree word used for traditional territory, all of the environment, nature, and everything it contains. Bringing generations of community members together on the land led to reclamation of culture and indigenous knowledge and built greater community resistance to external forms of economic exploitation and development.

My action research investigation into place-conscious writing practices invited experienced Non-Aboriginal teachers from the Northwest Territories to think through writing practices that might engage Northern students, many of whom are Indigenous. In this paper, I will focus on what the teachers had to say about the influences of aspects of Indigenous oral traditions on their writing pedagogies. I will consider the possibility that multiliteracies might provide a more dynamic conception of literacy that invites student engagement through multimodal connections and opens up spaces for Indigenous ways of knowing and being in approaches to teaching writing.

Aboriginal education in Canada needs to shift away from the assimilative model to a model of culturally responsive pedagogy. Teacher education programs that serve Aboriginal teachers have an important role to play in developing an education system that both meets mainstream and Indigenous criteria for success. This paper examines the experiences of teacher educators working in a community-based Aboriginal Bachelor of Education program that was developed through a university-community partnership. Through interviews with eight teacher educators working in the program, five themes emerged as important in effective and culturally responsive practice by teacher educators working with Aboriginal teacher candidates.

This article comes out of the larger context of my doctoral dissertation where I investigated my experiences as an academic who attempts to remain true to Indigenous Knowledge (IK) traditions while working within a Western European intellectual setting. In this current paper, I combine the conceptual frameworks of Aboriginal literacy and Cavanagh's (2005) holistic educational model of the Anishinaabe teaching wand to present a holistic model of Anishinaabe literacy. I then consider the ethical responsibility of protecting and sustaining IK. Finally, I share a personal narrative and detail a central model of Anishinaabe literacy--my carving of a turtle shaker. The turtle shaker model is an applied example of Anishinaabe literacy that was developed using learning gained from traditional knowledge and academic environments. The intention is for this model to facilitate the transformation of how IK is taken up in the academy and in schooling settings. (Contains 5 figures and 3 footnotes.)

The growing diversity of Ontario's population is increasing pressure on the education system to ensure that all students receive equal opportunities to excel academically and develop personally. Students are more likely to succeed if their own racial, ethnic, and cultural identity is reflected in the classroom. This observation applies no less to science than it does to the humanities and social sciences. While science has a universal quality, flowing from its ability to transcend geographic and cultural frontiers, it is also diverse in origin. Science is a global story of achievement in which nearly every racial, ethnic, and cultural group has played a vital role. This diversity is not adequately appreciated in Ontario, Canada, or the Western world because the default assumption of most Europeans and European descendants is that science is fundamentally Western. Science curricula must therefore direct, convince and equip teachers to rebut this assumption and thereby engage the interest of students of all backgrounds. This paper uses classical content analysis to test the 1998 and 2007 versions of the Ontario science curriculum for Grades 1 to 8 against James Banks's four approaches for ensuring racial, ethnic and cultural diversity in school programs. Our findings show that neither the 1998 nor the 2007 curricula, despite the latter's claim to implement the principles of an anti-discriminatory education, challenge the perception of science as fundamentally Western in origin.

The purpose of this paper is to identify motivators that support educational success, as perceived by Aboriginal high school students enrolled in two urban Saskatchewan schools. Twelve semi-structured individual interviews revealed that students were motivated by a hospitable school culture, relevant learning opportunities, and positive personal influences outside the realm of the school (e.g., family role models and Elder influence). Utilizing an Aboriginal worldview lens, student motivation stemmed from experiencing four quadrants of learning--awareness (physical), knowledge (mental), continuous improvement (emotional), and perseverance (spiritual). An implication is that educators need to incorporate features of Aboriginal pedagogy when teaching.

The data shared in this paper is part a preliminary study. A more detailed and robust analysis of data will be conducted later. From a randomly generated sample of 135 public schools in the Province of Alberta, Canada 77 agreed to participate in a study on leadership attributes of principals. Ten randomly selected teachers from each participating school were asked to complete the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) (Bass & Avolio, 1995; 1997; 2000) for their respective principals. Based on the MLQ results principals were stratified into categories as having high or low levels of transformational leadership qualities. Ten teachers were then selected for in depth interviews. For one of the qualitative components teachers from ten schools were selected of in-depth interviews. Five of the teachers worked with principals that were characterized as highly transformational and five worked with teachers that were characterized as low in transformational leadership attributes (one subsequently withdrew from the study). The data interpretation allowed for stating that teachers strongly preferred principal behaviors that aligned with selected aspects of transformational leadership.

Reflecting on our efforts to provide Canadian university students with a transformative learning experience in Cuba, we were surprised to find that dominant forms of liberal thinking were more difficult to challenge than was anticipated. This paper explores this phenomenon and offers deliberation as a means toward lessening the stronghold of such beliefs. It begins with a sketch of our group participants and an explanation of our methodology, alongside the theory of cultural liberalism that frames the study. This is followed by a two-part description of our findings, suggesting that the liberal ideologies accompanying such innocuous practices as facilitating group harmony filter into understandings of democratic citizenship well beyond such parameters. We end with a tentative conclusion about the possibilities for democratic education in the increasingly complicated space of global interdependence and Cuban transformation in that space.

This paper posits that Inventing Games (IG), an aspect of the games curriculum based on principles of Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU), opens up important spaces for teaching social and ethical understanding. Games have long been regarded as a site for moral development. For most teachers, however, ethical principles have been seen as incidental rather than teachable. Preliminary findings from two studies with students and teachers have shown that students can question foundational knowledge, such as constructs around gender, race, and ability, as they work together to design game structures. Thus, IG processes can foreground ethical decision-making in both game construction and game play.

Internationalization of higher education has become a significant feature of the Canadian educational landscape. Considered to be a product of and response to globalization, internationalization is being critiqued for having an economic orientation. This paper will begin with a brief overview of internationalization research in Canada, and the main focus is a conceptual discussion prompted by the relationship between internationalization and globalization. Informed by sociological and cultural studies' accounts of the multiple dimensions of globalization, I argue that an uncritical pursuit of internationalization can result in a reproduction of the economic dimensions of globalization, and yet resistance to commodification can be found in other dimensions of globalization that offer useful theoretical bases for both research and practice in Canadian internationalization.

Canadian institutions of higher education are major players on the international arena for educating future generations and producing leaders around the world in various fields. In the last decade, Canadian universities have seen an influx in their incoming international students, who contribute over $3.5 billion to the Canadian economy (Madgett & Belanger 2008, p. 195). Research in Canadian post-secondary institutions is booming, especially in education (SSHRC, 2011)--for the academic year 2010-2011, of the 12 subject areas, the total SSHRC funding for projects in education, ranked fourth, exceeding $27 million. All of these variables place Canadian higher education in a leading and strategic position in several educational research fields. One can imagine the wealth of knowledge about trends in higher education that could be revealed if the large amount of data generated by Canadian universities were systematically analyzed and handled using techniques such as data mining. However, not much can be achieved from the unharnessed knowledge accumulated on a daily basis, as the advancement of data mining research that would provide the ultimate tool to learn about trends and changes in Canadian institutions is often held back by inadequate data warehousing, as well as by privacy, confidentiality, and copyright regulations. In this paper, we engage in a critical discussion/analysis of the interface between data mining research in higher education and the legal implications of such a tool. (Contains 4 figures and 4 footnotes.)

Teacher stress is a significant issue facing the teaching profession. The current paper explores individual stress management as a viable option to address stress in this profession. Specifically, Canadian teacher education programs are examined to identify the prevalence of pre-service teacher education courses focused on individual stress management. In light of the study findings, the author presents a curriculum framework for the development of a course focused on individual stress management for pre-service teachers as a means to facilitate increased availability of such coursework in Canadian teacher preparation programs. Potential areas of future research are also presented. (Contains 4 footnotes.)

This paper examines the cultural production of "Canada" and "Canadians" in "The Newcomers", a 1953 film produced by the National Film Board of Canada. Using a form of discourse analysis that sees talk as social interaction and identity as socially and locally constructed, this study illuminates how "Canada" and "Canadians" are talked into being in a film ostensibly about immigration and immigrants. While illustrating the moment-to-moment construction of these social identities in this specific context, this study also illustrates how ethnomethodological tools could be used to critically analyze the production of ideologies and identities in audio-visual media. Specific attention is paid to the marginalization of Aboriginal peoples in this governmental text. (Contains 3 footnotes.)

This paper describes a phenomenological study that explored the experiences of off-campus high school graduates. Twenty students participated in individual, tape-recorded interviews, during which they described their experiences, yielding written protocols that were thematically analyzed. Results from this study revealed five predominant themes that included the following: (a) ambiance, (b) sense of belonging, (c) pedagogical skill, (d) program flexibility, (e) self-awareness. Findings and implications for educators, administrators, and future research are included. (Contains 3 tables.)

Despite decades of efforts to achieve gender equity in political life, women remain underrepresented in nearly all levels of government. In this paper, we explore the experiences offered by women who have been elected to local government in the province of British Columbia, Canada, to illustrate the persistence of gendered discourses and patriarchal practices within political systems. Drawing upon Bashevkin's (2009) recent discussion of how women's political roles are undermined through the "discomfort equation", we consider how feminist, adult education offers the potential for creating critical spaces that will support women's greater inclusion in local government. (Contains 2 footnotes.)

To investigate benefits and challenges to engage teacher candidates in Japanese lesson study, defined as a collaborative, reflective, and iterative teacher development process, we analyzed reflective papers submitted by 60 teacher candidates studying at an Ontario faculty of education, engaged 20 practicum associate teachers in a group discussion, and considered the reflective notes of the course instructor (first author). Findings suggest that Japanese lesson study provides opportunities for teacher candidates to build professional learning communities, to deepen understanding of curriculum and pedagogy, and to develop habits of critical observation, analysis, and reflection. Although benefits of lesson study are numerous and significant, our research identified implementation challenges related to time, practicum placements, and the professional development of associate teachers.

This research, conducted with an introductory sociology class at the University of British Columbia during the 2001-2002 academic year, explored community service-learning as a pedagogy and philosophy. The theoretical focus of this paper is Nancy Fraser's (1997) criticisms of Jurgen Habermas' (1992) bourgeois liberal model of the public sphere. We analyzed the class experiences with community service that emerged from students' contributions to a database of community organizations, concept maps, and a student-driven course evaluation. The outcomes of this research include a description of potentially useful course strategies and a narrative of a unique type of community-service learning. (Contains 3 notes and 2 tables.)

Develops the thesis that curriculum studies work in Canada might be characterized in terms of some persistent and theoretical commitments prompted both by national history and by commentaries on national identity. Draws on ecological and postmodern discourses. (SLD)

Four grade-9 mathematics teachers in Canada were studied over one year as they implemented destreaming (detracking), which was an externally induced reform in their school system. Implementation of the destreaming had an immediate negative effect on teacher expectations of their own efficacy, but their beliefs rebounded over the year. (SLD)

Legal and ethical issues involved in the balance between concern over school violence and regard for the individual rights of students are explored. Several Canadian cases involving duty of care, the 1995 amendment to the Young Offenders Act, and the confidentiality of student records are reviewed. Confidentiality guidelines are proposed. (SLD)