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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes results from a study on the dynamic behaviour of the Confederation Bridge due to seismic loads. For the purpose of the seismic analysis of the bridge, a finite element model was developed using three-dimensional (3D) beam elements. The model was calibrated using measured data of the bridge vibrations during a dynamic load test. Dynamic analyses were conducted by subjecting the model to selected seismic ground motions representative of the expected motions at the bridge location. The bending moments and displacements obtained from the analyses were used for the seismic evaluation of the bridge. It was found that the seismic effects considered in the design are appropriate for the required safety during the service life of the bridge. Cet article décrit les résultats d’une étude sur le comportement dynamique du Pont de la Confédération lors de charges sismiques. Un modèle par éléments finis utilisant des poutres tridimensionnelles a été développé aux fins de l’analyse sismique du pont. Le modèle a été étalonné en utilisant les données mesurées des vibrations du pont durant un test de charge sismique. Des analyses dynamiques ont été réalisées en soumettant le modèle à des mouvements sismiques du sol choisis représentant les mouvements prévus à l’emplacement du pont. Les moments de flexion et les déplacements obtenus des analyses ont été utilisés pout l’évaluation sismique du pont. Il a été conclu que les effets sismiques utilisés dans la conception sont appropriés pour le niveau de sécurité requis durant la vie du pont. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire following an earthquake is an important factor causing damage to buildings and life-line structures. Therefore, besides satisfying structural design requirements for normal loads, such as dead and live loads including the seismic hazard, buildings should also be designed to withstand the fire following earthquakes for a certain minimum duration as required for a desired level of performance. This period of time will allow occupants to evacuate the building safely and the emergency crews to cope with the fire. Also, it is essential to reduce the post-earthquake fire (PEF) ignitions and minimize the damage to active fire protection systems as much as possible to prevent the spread of fire. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on the PEF hazard and discusses the causes, mitigation measures, and performance of building structures under this hazard. Mitigation measures that could be developed based on the experience from the structural engineering field are identified. Both local and global approaches that should be taken to mitigate the PEF hazard, including structural and nonstructural design, various urban planning aspects, and their interactive combinations, are discussed. Based on the review, it is concluded that that there is a strong need for the development of guidelines for structural fire safety design for PEF scenarios. In addition, appropriate analysis and numerical simulation techniques for the evaluation of the structural performance under earthquake-induced fire conditions need to be developed. It is also necessary to conduct experimental studies to validate such numerical models and refine them. Les incendies suivant un séisme sont une importante cause de dommages aux bâtiments et aux structures vitales. Ainsi, en plus d’être conçus pour répondre aux exigences de conception structurale pour les charges normales telles que les charges permanentes et en mouvement, incluant le risque sismique, les bâtiments devraient être conçus pour résister aux incendies suivant les séismes pour une durée minimale requise par le niveau de rendement désiré. La durée permettra aux occupants d’évacuer le bâtiment en toute sécurité et aux équipes d’urgence de combattre l’incendie. De plus, il est essentiel de réduire l’allumage d’incendies suivant les séismes et, dans la mesure du possible, de minimiser les dommages causés aux systèmes actifs de protection contre les incendies afin de prévenir la propagation de l’incendie. Cet article présente une revue de la technologie récente sur les dangers d’incendies suivant les séismes et analyse les causes, les mesures d’atténuation et le comportement des structures de bâtiments lors de tels dangers. Les mesures d’atténuation qui peuvent être établies en se basant sur l’expérience de l’ingénierie des structures sont identifiées. Les approches locales et globales qui devraient être prises pour atténuer le danger d’incendie suivant un séisme, incluant la conception structurale et non structurale, divers aspects de la planification urbaine ainsi que leurs combinaisons interactives sont abordées. Cette revue conclut qu’il est fortement nécessaire de développer des lignes directrices de conception structurale de sécurité incendie pour les cas d’incendies suivant un séisme. De plus, il faut développer une analyse appropriée ainsi que des techniques de simulation numériques pour l’évaluation du comportement structural lors d’incendies causés par un séisme. Il est également nécessaire de réaliser des études expérimentales pour valider et raffiner de tels modèles numériques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study which assessed the seismic performance of plate-shell integrated concrete liquid-storage structures (PSICLSS) using a scale test model for shaking table testing. The dynamic responses of the PSICLSS under unidirectional and bidirectional earthquakes were tested. Among the data collected are the hydrodynamic pressure, liquid sloshing height, and residual displacement of the PSICLSS.

The paper presents observed damage in reinforced concrete buildings during the 27 February 2010 Maule earthquake in Chile. Performance of concrete frame and shear wall buildings are discussed with emphasis on seismic deficiencies in design and construction practices. It is shown that the majority of structural damage in multistorey and high-rise buildings can be attributed to poor performance of slender shear walls, without confined boundary elements, suffering from crushing of concrete and buckling of vertical wall reinforcement. Use of irregular buildings, lack of seismic detailing, and the interference of nonstructural elements were commonly observed seismic deficiencies. A comparison is made between Chilean and Canadian design practices with references made to the applicable code clauses. Lessons are drawn from the observed structural performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the proposed elicitation process that can be utilized to quantify the effectiveness of Bayesian networks in the probabilistic failure analysis of complex structures like bridges and dams. Also cited are a real-life study using the networks to analyze the safety of the Mountain Chute Dam and Generating Station in Ontario, and the possible reasons behind a dam's failure like excessive loads due to unexpected flood events.

Presents a study that investigated seismic design using the equivalent static load method. Background on approaches in determining seismic load forces; Analysis of the effects of higher modes on base shear; Results and implications for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada.

Presents a study that examined the effect of foundation rocking on the seismic response of shear walls. Background on the provisions of the 1995 National Building Code of Canada regarding foundations; Application of an analysis model to represent a shear-wall structure; Results and implications.

Discusses changes in the provisions of the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada regarding seismic loading and design. Seismic hazards in spectral format; Probability of exceedance; Calculation of fundamental periods; Treatment of irregularities; Dynamic analysis requirements.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The seismic response of tubular steel wind turbine towers is of significant concern as they are increasingly being installed in seismic areas and design codes do not clearly address this aspect of design. The seismic hazard is hence assessed for the Canadian seismic environment using implicit finite element analysis and incremental dynamic analysis of a 1.65 MW wind turbine tower. Its behaviour under seismic excitation is evaluated, damage states are defined, and a framework is developed for determining the probability of damage of the tower at varying seismic hazard levels. Results of the implementation of this framework in two Canadian locations are presented herein, where the risk was found to be low for the seismic hazard level prescribed for buildings. However, the design of wind turbine towers is subject to change, and the design spectrum is highly uncertain. Thus, a methodology is outlined to thoroughly investigate the probability of reaching predetermined damage states under any seismic loading conditions for future considerations. La réponse sismique des tours d'éoliennes en tubes d'acier est une question importante puisque ces dernières sont de plus en plus installées dans zones sismiques et que les codes de calculs ne traitent pas clairement de cet aspect de la conception. Les aléas sismiques sont ainsi évalués pour l'environnement sismique canadien en utilisant une analyse implicite par éléments finis et une analyse dynamique incrémentielle pour une tour d'éolienne de 1,65 MW. Son comportement sous une excitation sismique est évalué, les dommages sont définis et un cadre est établi pour déterminer la probabilité de dommages à la tour à différents niveaux d'aléas sismiques. Les résultats de l'implantation de ce cadre en deux endroits au Canada sont présentés, où le risque était faible pour le niveau d'aléas sismiques prescrit pour les bâtiments. Toutefois, la conception des tours d'éoliennes est sujette à changement et la plage de conception est très incertaine. Ainsi, une méthode est présentée afin d'examiner en détail la probabilité d'atteindre des niveaux de dommages prédéterminés sous des conditions de charge sismique possibles dans l'avenir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, objects of art have been damaged and sometimes destroyed in earthquakes. Research was undertaken to investigate the seismic vulnerability of art objects exhibited on display cases, and museum floor motions representative of Montreal seismic hazards were simulated for that purpose. Particular attention was paid to the effects on art object seismic vulnerability of support conditions, modified floor surfaces, sliding and rocking responses of unrestrained display cases, floor elevations, art object mass, and the dynamic properties of the display cases. Seismic vulnerability of art objects was evaluated based on the seismic response of the display cases at the level of art object display. Display cases were investigated experimentally using shake table testing. Floor contact conditions and elevation had a crucial effect on the unrestrained display cases, causing them to slide or rock vigorously. As a result of experimental analysis, recommendations and (or) simple mitigation techniques are provided to reduce the seismic vulnerability of art objects exhibited on these display cases. Au cours de l’histoire, plusieurs objets d’art ont été endommagés ou quelque fois détruits lors de séismes. Une recherche a été entreprise pour examiner la vulnérabilité sismique des objets d’art dans les vitrines d’exposition d’après aléa et risque ont un sens technique different sismique pour Montréal; des mouvements représentatifs des planchers de musée ont été simulés à ces fins. Une attention spéciale a été apportée aux conditions des supports, aux effets des conditions de surface de plancher, à la réaction en glissement et en basculement des vitrines d’exposition non fixées, à l’emplacement (niveau de plancher) des vitrines d’exposition, à la masse des objets d’art ainsi qu’aux propriétés dynamiques des vitrines d’exposition. La vulnérabilité aux effets sismiques des objets d’art a été évaluée en se basant sur la réponse sismique des vitrines d’exposition au niveau de las surface d'exposition des objet d'art. Les vitrines d’exposition ont été testées sur une table de vibration. Les conditions de contact avec le plancher ainsi que le niveau de plancher ont un impact majeur sur les vitrines d’exposition non fixées, les faisant glisser ou bercer vigoureusement. En conclusion, des recommandations et-ou des techniques simples d’atténuation sont fournies afin de réduire la vulnérabilité sismique des objets d’art présentés dans ces vitrines d’exposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the seismic vulnerability evaluation of buildings, the score assignment method can be used as the first step of a multiphase procedure aimed at identifying hazardous buildings that must then be analysed in greater detail. Because the existing Canadian rapid visual screening procedure has not been updated since 1992, a new procedure is proposed based on a set of vulnerability indices for different cities in the province of Quebec. A seismicity level (low, moderate, or high) is attributed to each city using the spectral acceleration response values included in the 2005 edition of National building code of Canada (NBCC) and the criteria proposed in FEMA 310 Handbook for the seismic evaluation of buildings - a prestandard. The structural vulnerability indices (SVIs) are calculated using the recently improved nonlinear static analysis procedure in FEMA 440, Improvement of nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures for each seismicity level. The NBCC 2005 reference soil class C is considered in the calculation of the SVIs, and index modifiers for the building height, irregularities, and design and construction year. The application of these indices to the estimation of the probable damage distribution in building inventories is discussed at the end. Dans un contexte d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité sismique des bâtiments, la méthode d’attribution de pointage peut être utilisée comme première étape d'une procédure à phases multiples pour identifier les bâtiments potentiellement dangereux, et nécessitant une analyse plus détaillée. La méthode canadienne d’évaluation rapide n’ayant pas été mise à jour depuis sa parution en 1992, on présente ici une nouvelle procédure proposant une série d’indices de vulnérabilité sismique pour les différentes villes du Québec. Un niveau de sismicité (faible, modéré ou élevé) est attribué à chaque ville selon les nouvelles valeurs d'accélération spectrale de l’édition 2005 du Code national du bâtiment du Canada (CNBC) et les critères proposés dans FEMA 310 « Handbook for the seismic evaluation of buildings - a prestandard. » Pour chaque niveau de sismicité, des indices de la vulnérabilité structurale (IVS) sont calculés à partir de la procédure améliorée du FEMA 440 « Improvement of nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures » pour l’analyse statique non-linéaire. Le sol de référence, catégorie C, de l’édition 2005 du CNBC, est considéré dans le calcul des IVS et des modificateurs. Ceux-ci considèrent la hauteur du bâtiment, ses irrégularités, les conditions du sol et les années de conception et de construction. L'application de ces indices pour l’estimation de la distribution de dommages probables pour un groupe de bâtiments durant une activité sismique est ensuite discutée. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Presents a study that examined the provisions of the 1995 National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) with regard to the elastic response of simple asymmetric building models to earthquake motions. Background on the torsion provisions of the 1995 NBCC; Analysis of the torsional response of the single-story building model; Results and implications.

Examines dynamic analysis procedures for the computation of seismic design forces. Categories of dynamic analysis procedures; Information on the seismic provisions of the 1995 National Building Code of Canada; Details of the determination of the structural period to be used in association with the equivalent static force method.

Provides information on the provisions of the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada regarding earthquake-resistant design. Requirements for complete load paths; Definitions of irregular structures and special design requirements associated with the irregularities; Importance of the effects of displacements.

Focuses on the development of a seismic hazard model by the Geological Survey of Canada to update the seismic hazard maps of the country. History of seismic hazard maps; Technological changes in seismic hazard analysis; Information on the provisions of the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada.

Examines proposed changes to the 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada regarding seismic force modification factors. Background on developments in the base shear equation for seismic design; Analysis of several approaches in determining force modification factors; Results and implications.

Presents a study that examined foundation factors in seismic codes to capture the amplification effects of local soil conditions on ground motions. Review of developments in categorizing site conditions for seismic codes; Analysis of approaches to foundation factors; Implications of the results for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada.