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Nomenclatural proposals are Lobelia cardinalis L. subsp. cardinalis var. cardinalis f. hispidula (E. Wimmer) Bowden; L. cardinalis L. subsp. graminea (Lam.) McVaugh var. propinqua (Paxton) Bowden f. × propinqua (= f. cordigera × f. splendens), var. propinqua f. cordigera (Cav.) Bowden, and var. propinqua f. splendens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex. Willd.) Bowden; L. × speciosa Sweet nm. schneckii Bowden (= L. siphilitica L. var. siphilitica × L. cardinalis L. var. cardinalis); and L. × speciosa Sweet nm. occidentalis Bowden (= L. siphilitica L. var. ludoviciana A.DC. × L. cardinalis L. subsp. graminea (Lam.) McVaugh var. phyllostachya (Engelm.) McVaugh). During the past 40 years, a complex group of tetraploid hybrids has been developed by the author by crossing, selfing, and backcrossing and with much selection of superior cultivars. The ancestral plants of these tetraploid clonal hybrids were L. siphilitica var. siphilitica, L. cardinalis subsp. cardinalis var. cardinalis, and L. cardinalis subsp. graminea var. propinqua cv. Queen Victoria and cv. Illumination. It is proposed to name the clonal hybrids: L. × speciosa Sweet (Canadian Tetraploid group) cv. Brightness, cv. Oakes Ames, etc.

The somatic (2n) chromosome numbers of more than 70 species of 28 genera of grasses from Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay are recorded. The chromosome numbers of about half of these species have not been reported in previous cytotaxonomic literature. The 28 genera are Agrostis, Aira, Andropogon, Apera, Arrhenatherum, Briza, Bromus, Cenchrus, Chloris, Cynodon, Danthonia, Eragrostis, Festuca, Gastridium, Koeleria, Melica, Nassella, Paspalum, Phalaris, Poa, Polypogon, Rottboellia, Schismus, Setaria, Sporobolus, Stipa, Trichachne, and Trichloris.

The correct name for the tribe that contains the wheats, barleys, and ryes and their wild relatives is TRITICEAE Dumort. The genus Triticum L. emend. is treated to include both the diploid, allotetraploid, and allohexaploid wheats (Triticum L.), and the diploid species and the allotetraploid and allohexaploid species of interspecific hybrid origin that were formerly placed in the genus Aegilops L. In the geuus Triticum L. emend., there are 10 diploid species; one allotetraploid wheat species of hybrid origin (T. turgidum L. emend.) which includes many cultivars, three botanical varieties, and one auto-allohexaploid form; one allohexaploid wheat (T. × aestivum L. emend.) which is a hybrid complex that includes many cultivars; 10 other allotetraploid or allohexaploid species of interspecific hybrid origin; and numerous other artificial and natural interspecific hybrids. Section HORDEUM of the genus Hordeum L. contains the cultivated barleys and their wild relatives which are all classified under one species, H. vulgare L. emend. The taxonomy of the ryes and the genus Secale L. is considered briefly.

Six hybrid genera of the tribe TRITICEAE are recognized from North America:[Formula: see text]Binomials and parentages are given for different combinations of species of the parental genera.Nomenclatural proposals include × Agrositanion Bowden; × Elysitanion Bowden; × Sitordeum Bowden; × Agroelymus dorei Bowden; × Agrohordeum macounii (Vasey) Lepage nm. valencianum Bowden; × Elyhordeum dutillyanum (Lepage) Bowden nm. dutillyanum and nm. littorale (Hodgson & Mitchell) Bowden; × Elyhordeum schaackianum (Bowden) Bowden; × Elyhordeum piperi (Bowden) Bowden; × Elyhordeum dakotense (Bowden) Bowden; × Elyhordeum triploideum (Bowden) Bowden; × Elyhordeum stebbinsianum (Bowden) Bowden; × Elyhordeum berkeleyanum (Bowden) Bowden; × Elyhordeum montanense, (Scribn. in Beal) Bowden; × Agrositanion saundersii (Vasey) Bowden; × Agrositanion saxicola (Scribn. & Smith) Bowden; × Elysitanion hansenii (Scribn.) Bowden; × Elysitanion aristatum (Merr.) Bowden; and × Sitordeum californicum Bowden.

Comparative studies were made on the morphology of herbarium specimens and plot-grown plants of three species of Elymus L. in section Psammelymus Griseb. in Ledeb., namely, E. racemosus Lam., E. arenarius L., and E. mollis Trin. The three species were morphologically and geographically distinct. Elymus racemosus, a tetraploid species (2n = 28), occurs from Eastern Greece to Altai. Elymus arenarius is a Northern European species that is octoploid (2n = 56); it occurs in Iceland and has been introduced to the west coast of Greenland and widely separated localities in North America. Elymus mollis (2n = 28) has a wide distribution from the North Pacific coasts to Southern Greenland and rarely Iceland; it occurs in the Arctic from the Taimyr Peninsula to West Greenland. In E. mollis, there are three subspecies: (1) subsp. mollis including var. mollis f. mollis, f. simulans f. nov. and f. scabrinervis f. nov. and var. japonicus var. nov.; (2) subsp. villosissimus (Scribn.) Love; and (3) subsp. interior (Hultén) comb. nov. The Asiatic species, E. angustus Trin. and E. dasystachys Trin., are related to these three species. Elymus × vancouverensis Vasey appears to be an interspecific hybrid complex that originated from the hybridization of E. mollis var. mollis and probably E. triticoides Buckl., which is also tetraploid (2n = 28). In E. × vancouverensis, there are three nothomorphs: nm. vancouverensis (2n = 42), nm. californicus nm. nov. (2n = 42), and nm. crescentianus nm. nov. (2n = 28).

Chromosome numbers and voucher specimens are recorded for some collections of 25 genera of grasses, mainly collected in Canada. The somatic chromosome numbers of the following are recorded: (1) Agrostis borealis, 2n = 56; A. canina, 2n = 14; A. gigantea, 2n = 42; A. palustris, 2n = 30; A. perennans, 2n = 42; A. scabra, 2n = 42; and A. tenuis, 2n = 28; 32; and 34. (2) Alopecurus acqualis, 2n = 14; A. alpinus, 2n = 105; 112; and 119; A. geniculatus, 2n = 28; A. occidentalis, 2n = 112; and A. pratensis, 2n = 28. (3) Ammophila breviligulata, 2n = 28. (4) Anthoxanthum odoratum, 2n = 20. (5) Calamagrostis canadensis, 2n = 42; and 56; C. inexpansa, 2n = 70; C. lapponica, 2n = 28; 32; 42; ca. 91; 98; and 140; C. neglecta, 2n = 28; C. pickeringii, 2n = 28; C. purpurascens, 2n = 28; 42; and 84; and Calamagrostis sp.?, putative hybrid, 2n = 49. (6) Cinna arundinacea, 2n = 28; and Cinna latifolia, 2n = 28. (7) Danlhonia compressa, 2n = 36; and D. spicata, 2n = 36. (8) Deschampsia brevifolia, 2n = 26; D. caespitosa, 2n = 26; 27; and 28; D. elongata, 2n = 26; D. flexuosa, 2n = 28; and 32; and D. pumila, 2n = ca. 39. (9) Hierochloë alpina, 2n = 56; and H. odorata, 2n = 56. (10) Koeleria cristata, 2n = 14. (11) Leersia virginica, 2n = ca. 48. (12) Milium effusum, 2n = 28. (13) Muhlenbergia squarrosa, 2n = 40; and M. uniflora, 2n = ca. 42. (14) Nardus stricta, 2n = 30. (15) Oryzopsis asperifolia, 2n = 48; O. pungens, 2n = 24; and O. racemosa, 2n = 48. (16) Panicum xanthophysum, 2n = 36. (17) Phalaris arundinacea, 2n = 28. (18) Phleum alpinum, 2n = 28; and Phleum pratense, 2n = 42. (19) Sieglingia decumbens, 2n = 36. (20) Sorghastrum nutans, 2n = 40. (21) Spartina gracilis, 2n = 42. (22) Sphenopholis intermedia, 2n = 14. (23) Sporobolus cryptandrus, 2n = 36. (24) Stipa comata, 2n = 44. (25) Trisetum flavescens, 2n = 28; T. molle, 2n = 42; and T. spicalum, 2n = 28.

Chromosome numbers and voucher specimens are recorded for some Canadian and Alaskan collections and a few mainland American collections of Poa and Puccinellia which belong to the tribe FESTUCEAE. The somatic chromosome numbers of the following are recorded: (1) Poa agassizensis, 2n = ca. 56; P. alpina, 2n = 32, 33, 39, and 42; P. ampla, 2n = 62; P. annua, 2n = 28; P. arctica, 2n = 56, 63, 70, ca. 75, 78, 82, 85, 86, and 106; P. arida, 2n = ca. 76; P. canbyi, 2n = 56, 70, and ca. 98; P. cusickii, 2n = 56, and 59; P. eminens, 2n = 42; P. fernaldiana, 2n = ca. 42; P. glauca, 2n = 42, 50, 56, 64, 65, 70, 75, and 78; P. glaucantha, 2n = 44; P. glaucifolia, 2n = 56, ca. 70, and ca. 100; P. interior, 2n = 28, 34, 42, and 56; P. juncifolia, 2n = ca. 60; P. leptocoma, 2n = 42; P. nervosa, 2n = 56, and ca. 74; P. palustris, 2n = 28, 30, and 32; P. pratensis, 2n = 28, 42, 44, 56, ca. 66, 67, 70, 74, ca. 78, ca. 82, 84, 86, 88, and ca. 124; P. saltuensis, 2n = 28; P. secunda, 2n = 42, 56, 70, ca. 78, 80. and ca. 90; P. stenantha, 2n = 42; and P. trivialis, 2n = 14.(2) Puccinellia ambigua, 2n = 56; P. americana, 2n = ca. 42 and 56; P. angustata, 2n = 42; P. borealis, 2n = 42; P. bruggemannii, 2n = 28; P. cusickii, 2n = 28; P. distans, 2n = 42; P. glabra, 2n = 42 and 56; P. hauptiana, 2n = 28; P. laurentiana, 2n = 42 and 56; P.longiglumis, 2n = 56; P. lucida, 2n = 42 and 56; P. nuttalliana, 2n = 42; P. × phryganodes, 2n = 21; P. vaginata, 2n = 56; and P. vahliana, 2n = 14.

A cytotaxonomic treatment is given for 12 native species, 2 introduced species, and 3 natural interspecific hybrids of the genus Elymus L. that occur in Canada. Five of the native Elymus species and an additional natural interspecific hybrid are found in Alaska. Eleven of the native species, one introduced species, and two of the natural interspecific hybrids are present in the mainland United States. Some additional native species and natural interspecific hybrids of Elymus from the mainland United States are treated briefly.Nomenclatural proposals include: Elymusglaucus Buckl. var. virescens (Piper) Bowden; E. ×uclueletensis Bowden (E. mollis Trin. f. mollis × E. glaucus Buckl. var. glaucus); E. × aleuticus Hultén (pro sp.) (E. mollis Trin. f. mollis × E. hirsutus Presl); E. canadensis L. var. wiegandii (Fern.) Bowden f. wiegandii and f. calvescens (Fern.) Bowden; E. ×maltei Bowden nm. maltei, nm. simulans Bowden, nm. churchii Bowden, and nm. brownii Bowden (E. virginicus L. × E. canadensis L.); E. virginicus L. var. jenkinsii Bowden; E. hystrix L. var. bigelovianus (Fern.) Bowden; E.piperi Bowden; E. innovatus Beal subsp. innovatus var. glabratus Bowden; and E. triticoides Buckl. var. pacificus (Gould) Bowden. Hystrixpatula Moench is here treated as Elymushystrix L.Voucher specimens are cited for the following chromosome number determinations:(1) diploid, 2n = 14: Elymusjunceus.(2) tetraploid, 2n = 28: Elymus canadensis var. canadensis, E. canadensis var. wiegandii f. wiegandii, E. diversiglumis, E. glaucus var. glaucus, E. glaucus var. virescens, E. hirsutus, E, hystrix var. hystrix, E. hystrix var. bigelovianus, E. innovatus subsp. innovatus var. innovatus, E. × maltei nm. maltei, E. riparius, E. sibiricus, E. villosus f. villosus, E. virginicus var. virginicus f. virginicus, and E. virginicus var. submuticus.Earlier literature reports (based on voucher specimens) are given for the following:(1) tetraploid, 2n = 28: Elymus mollis (two subsp. and three forms), E. piperi, and E. × vancouverensis nm. crescentianus.(2) hexaploid, 2n = 42: Elymus × vancouverensis nm. vancouverensis, and E. × vancouverensis nm. californicus.(3) octoploid, 2n = 56: Elymus arenarius, E. innovatus subsp. velutinus, and E. piperi.

Cytotaxonomic data are reported for the genera Hordeum, Eremopyrum, Secale, Sitanion, and Tritícum. New nomenclature is: Hordeum geniculatum All. f. hirtellum (Degen ex Nevski) Bowden; Hordeum jubatum L. emend, subsp. × intermedium Bowden (subsp. breviaristatum Bowden × subsp. jubatum); Hordeum jubatum L. emend, subsp. breviaristatum Bowden; Hordeum leporinum Link var. simulans Bowden; and Eremopyrum bonaepartis (Spreng.) Nevski f. hirsutum (Bertol.) Bowden.Voucher specimens are cited for the following chromosome number determinations:(1) diploid, 2n = 14: Hordeum californicum, H. geniculatum, H. glaucum, H. marinum, H. pusillum, and Eremopyrum bonaepartis f. bonaepartis.(2) tetraploid, 2n = 28: Hordeum depressum, H. geniculatum, H. jubatum subsp. jubatum, H. jubatum subsp. × intermedium, H. jubatum subsp. breviaristatum, H. leporinum var. leporinum, H. murinum, Eremopyrum bonaepartis f. bonaepartis, E. bonaepartis f. hirsutum, and E. distans.(3) hexaploid, 2n = 42: Hordeum arizonicum and H. leporinum var. simulans.

× Elymordeum Lepage is a validly published name for hybrids of Elymus L. × Hordeum L.; × Hordelymus should not be used as a name for these hybrids. Eight × Elymordeum hybrids are listed in this paper: × Elymordeum dutillyanum Lepage (Elymus mollis subsp. mollis × Hordeum jubatum); × Elymordeumschaackianum hybr. nov. (Elymus hirsutus × Hordeum brachyantherum); × Elymordeumpiperi hybr. nov. (Hordeum jubatum × Elymus triticoides); × Elymordeumdakotense hybr. nov. (Hordeum jubatum × Elymus canadensis); !× Elymordeumtriploideum hybr. nov. (2n = 21) (Hordeum distichon × Elymus racemosus var. racemosus); !× Elymordeumstebbinsianum hybr. nov. (Hordeum brachyantherum × Elymus glaucus); !× Elymordeumberkeleyanum hybr. nov. (Hordeum brachyantherum × Elymus condensatus); and !× Elymordeummontanense (Scribn. in Beal) comb. nov. (Elymus virginicus × Hordeum jubatum). Most specimens of !× Elymordeum montanense are nm. montanense; two specimens with pubescent lemma backs are nm. pubescens nm. nov. The parentages of the four hybrids designated by !× have been experimentally confirmed.Most of the parental species of Elymus and Hordeum were tetraploid (2n = 28); the exception was the diploid, (2n = 14), Hordeum distichon. One artificial hybrid, !× E. triploideum, was from Russia; the other hybrids were natural or artificial hybrids from North America. Seven of the parental species of Elymus and Hordeum are native in North America; two occur in Northeastern Asia and North America, one is native in Central Asia and one parent is a cultivated barley. In natural and artificial F1× Elymordeum hybrids, the anthers did not dehisce, the pollen was completely bad, and the spikes never set seed.The natural hybrids of !× Elymordeum montanense occur rarely and sporadically from Montana to Nova Scotia. An artificial F1hybrid was produced in 1954–55 from the cross, Elymus virginicus L. f. virginicus × Hordeum jubatum L. var. jubatum. The artificial hybrid was identical with the natural hybrid from Lower Onslow, Nova Scotia. The hybrids and parental plants were tetraploid, 2n = 28, and there were many meiotic irregularities in the pollen mother cells.

Chromosome numbers and voucher specimens are recorded for some collections of the tribe TRITICEAE Dumort., mainly collected in Canada. The somatic chromosome numbers of the following are recorded: (1) Elymus canadensis L., 2n = 28; (2) Elymus cinereus Scribn. & Merr., 2n = 28 and 2n = 56; (3) Elymus glaucus Buckl., 2n = 28; (4a) Elymus innovatus Beal subsp. innovatus, 2n = 28; (4b) Elymus innovatus Beal subsp. velutinus Bowden, 2n = 56; (5) Elymus wiegandii Fern., 2n = 28; (6) Eremopyrum triticeum (Gaertn.) Nevski, 2n = 14; (7) Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith, 2n = 28; (8) × Agrohordeum macounii (Vasey) Lepage, 2n = 28; (9) × Agroelymushirtiflorus (Hitchc.) Bowden, 2n = 28; and (10) × Agroelymus ungavensis (Louis-Marie) Lepage, 2n = 28. Because var. coreensis Hack. is an earlier varietal name, Elymus mollis Trin. var. coreensis (Hack.) Bowden replaces E. mollis Trin. var. japonicus Bowden as the name for the variety that occurs on the shores of the Sea of Japan.

The results of about 1400 pollinations that involved the 21 species of Lobelia L. sect. Lobelia are reported. The bispecific combinations that gave positive or negative results are recorded. Thirty-three different species combinations are represented in the artificial interspecific hybrid populations. Two of these hybrids have been reported by previous authors.Lobelia × rogersii hybr. nov. (L. brevifolia × L. puberula) is described. Numerous natural hybrid specimens were examined and the parentage was confirmed experimentally. Some plants of L. × rogersii were pollen-sterile; other plants were partly self-fertile.

Chromosome numbers and voucher specimens are recorded for some collections of the tribe FESTUCEAE Dumort., mainly collected in Canada. The somatic chromosome numbers of the following are recorded: (1a) Arctagrostis arundinacea (Trin.) Beal var. arundinacea, 2n = 28, 2n = 29, and 2n = 30; (1b) Arctagrostis arundinacea (Trin.) Beal var. crassispica Bowden, 2n = 56; (1c) Arctagrostis latifolia (R.Br.) Griseb., 2n = 56. (2) Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern., 2n = 14. (3) Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv., two vars., 2n = 22. (4a) Bromus ciliatus L., 2n = 14; (4b) Bromus inermis Leyss., two subspecies and two vars., 2n = 56; (4e) Bromus kalmii A. Gray, 2n = 14; (4d) Bromus porteri (Coult.) Nash, 2n = 14; (4c) Bromus tectorum L., 2n = 14. (5) Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. var. laurentiana Fern., 2n = 20. (6) Dactylis glomerata L., 2n = 28. (7) Distichlisstricta (Torr.) Rydb., 2n = 40. (8a) Dupontiafisheri R.Br, subsp. fisheri, 2n = 132; (8b) Dupontia fisheri R.Br, subsp. psilosantha (Rupr.) Hultén, 2n = 44. (9) Eremopoa persica (Trin.) Roshev., 2n = 28. (10a) Festuca altaica Trin., 2n = 28; (10b) Festuca baffinensis Polunin, 2n = 28; (10c) Festuca brachyphylla Schultes, 2n = 42 and one collection, 2n = 44; (10d) Festuca elatior L., 2n = 14; (10e) Festuca obtusa Bieler, 2n = 42; (10f) Festuca prolifera (Piper) Fern. var. lasiolepis Fern., 2n = 50; (10g) Festuca rubra L., 2n = 42; (10h) Festuca saximontana Rydb., 2n = 42; (10i)Festuca scabrella Torr. ex Hook., two vars., 2n = 56 and 2n = 28. (11a) Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder, 2n = 20; (11b) Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin., 2n = 60; (11c) Glyceria grandis S. Wats., 2n = 20; (11d) Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) Hubb., 2n = 40; (11e) Glyceria pulchella (Nash) K. Schum., 2n = 20; (11f) Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc, 2n = 20; (11g) Glyceria × gatineauensis Bowden (G. melicaria × G. striata), 2n = 30; (11h)Glyceria × ottawensis Bowden (G. canadensis × G. striata), three nothomorphs, 2n = 42, 2n = 46, and 2n = 48. (12) Lolium rigidum Gaud., 2n = 14. (13a) Phippsiaalgida (Sol.) R.Br., 2n = 28; (13b) Phippsia concinna (Th. Fries) Lindeb., 2n = 28. (14) Pleuropogon sabinei R.Br., 2n = 42. (15) Schizachnepurpurascens (Torr.) Swallen, 2n = 20. (16) Torreyochloa fernaldii (Hitchc.) Church, 2n = 14.