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76 serra volpini Os autores discutem o conceito de vulnerabilidade e o aplicam ao horizonte da politica, propondo tratar de vulnerabilidade politica e relaciona-la com o que chamam de “violencia fria”, ou seja, aquela cujos agentes conseguem blindagem institucional de modo a reduzir ou anular sua imputabilidade, por conta da dilacao dos efeitos da acao predatoria e da impessoalidade da sua relacao com as vitimas, mas tambem por via de pressoes sobre governos e agencias de controle. A proposito, discutem a problematica da cidadania em quadro de grandes desigualdades e examinam fatores que tornam populacoes mais ou menos vulneraveis politicamente a danos socioambientais. Entre esses fatores, consideram a manipulacao do planejamento urbano e regional com a limitacao de seu carater participativo e interferencias de interesses privados na maquina publica, nesse policy-making. A proposito, examinam tambem a recorrente confusao proposital entre ‘interesse de governo’ e ‘interesse publico’. Palavras chave: Violencia fria. Vulnerabilidade. Planejamento. Cidadania. Desigualdade. ABOUT COLD VIOLENCE Ordep Serra Lorena Volpini The authors discuss the concept of vulnerability and apply it to the horizon of politics with the goal of talking about politics vulnerability and relate it to was they call “cold violence”, that is, the one where agents have institutional protection that reduces or cancels their liability, due to the postponement of the effects of the predatory action and to how impersonal their relationship with the victims is, but also due to pressures on governments and control agencies. They discuss the issue of citizenship in highly unequal scenarios and examine the factors that make populations more or less politically vulnerable to socio-environmental damage. Among these factors they consider the manipulation of urban and regional planning with its limiting collaborative character and the interferences of private interests on public affairs during this policy-making. They also examine the recurrent confusion between ‘government interest’ and ‘public interests’. Keywords: Cold violence. Vulnerability. Planning. Citizenship. Inequality. CONSIDERATIONS SUR LA VIOLENCE FROIDE Ordep Serra Lorena Volpini Les auteurs discutent de la notion de vulnerabilite et l’appliquent au domaine de la politique. Ils proposent d’analyser la vulnerabilite politique et d’etablir le lien avec ce qu’ils appellent “la violence froide”. En d’autres termes, celle pour laquelle les agents de cette violence arrivent a se blinder institutionnellement afin de reduire ou d’annuler les responsabilites en raison du retard de ses effets predateurs et de l’impersonnalite de sa relation avec les victimes, mais aussi par la pression exercee sur les gouvernements et les organismes de reglementation. C’est bien a propos que la question de la citoyennete est remise en cause dans le cadre de grandes inegalites et que les facteurs qui rendent les populations plus ou moins vulnerables politiquement a des dommages environnementaux sont pris en consideration. Parmi ces facteurs, la manipulation de la planification urbaine et regionale, avec ses limitations d’un point de vue participatif et l’interference d’interets prives dans l’administration publique, au niveau de cette politique de decision (policy-making) . Par ailleurs, ils examinent aussi la confusion deliberee et constante entre “les interets de gouvernement” et “les interets publics”. Mots-cles: Violence froide. Vulnerabilite. Planification. Citoyennete. Inegalite. Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

O trabalho investiga os impactos das mudancas registradas entre 2002 e 2009 no mercado de trabalho urbano do Brasil sobre os trabalhadores, levando em conta a sua segmentacao em grupos resultantes da intersecao das dimensoes de idade, genero e escolaridade. Nele, faz-se uma breve analise das alteracoes observadas nesses sete anos no perfil sociodemografico da populacao em idade de trabalhar para, em seguida, investigar os niveis de ocupacao, de desocupacao e de formalizacao dos diversos segmentos de trabalhadores definidos a partir dessas variaveis. Para tanto, foi construido e analisado um conjunto de indicadores, baseados em dados da PNAD, que dao conta da insercao no mercado de trabalho de homens e mulheres jovens, adultos e idosos segundo o nivel de escolaridade e permitem visualizar as novas configuracoes do mercado de trabalho que emergem no ciclo expansivo da economia dos ultimos sete anos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: mercado de trabalho; idade, sexo, escolaridade; formas de insercao. NEW SETTINGS IN URBAN LABOR MARKET IN BRAZIL: notes for discussion Ângela Borges This paper investigates the impact of changes recorded between 2002 and 2009 in the urban labor market in Brazil on the workers, taking into account its segmentation into groups resulting from the intersection of the dimensions of age, sex and education. In it we make a brief analysis of the changes observed in these seven years in the socio-demographic profile of the population of working age to, then, investigate the levels of occupation, unemployment and the formalization of the various segments of workers defined from those variables .To that end, we constructed and analyzed a set of indicators, based on data from the National Survey by Home Sampling (in Portuguese, PNAD), that account for labor market insertion of young men and women, adults and elderly according to education level and the new settings of the labor market that emerge in the expansionary cycle of the economy over the last seven years. KEYWORDS: labor market, age, sex, education, forms of integration. LES NOUVELLES CONFIGURATIONS DU MARCHE DU TRAVAIL URBAIN AU BRESIL: annotations pour une discussion Ângela Borges Il s’agit d’une recherche concernant l’impact des variations enregistrees entre 2002 et 2009 sur les travailleurs au sein du marche du travail urbain au Bresil. On tient compte de la segmentation en groupes, resultat de l’intersection des parametres d’âge, de sexe et de scolarite. On y fait une breve analyse des changements observes, au cours de ces sept annees, sur le profil sociodemographique de la population en âge de travailler, pour ensuite etudier les niveaux d’occupation, de non occupation et de formalisation des differents groupes de travailleurs definis a partir de ces variables. A cette fin, nous avons construit et analyse une serie d’indicateurs, bases sur les donnees de la PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios/ Recherche Nationale par Echantillonnage de Domiciles), qui rendent compte de l’insertion sur le marche du travail d’hommes et de femmes jeunes, d’adultes et de personnes âgees, en fonction de leur niveau de scolarite. Ceci permet de visualiser les nouvelles configurations du marche du travail qui surgissent dans le cycle d’expansion de l’economie au cours de ces sept dernieres annees. MOTS-CLES: marche du travail; âge, sexe, scolarite, formes d’insertion. Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh

Este texto chama atencao para a necessidade de se estabelecer um consenso em torno das politicas de promocao da igualdade de oportunidades, destacando- se as acoes afirmativas e as politicas de diversidade. Enquanto as primeiras se materializam atraves do Estado, as segundas emanam do setor privado. A partir do historico da implantacao dessas politicas no contexto norte-americano, a autora enfatiza os desvios conceituais do debate, assim como ressalta a ambiguidade teorica e pratica da adocao dessas politicas Brasil. Ao final, o texto indica questoes que devem ser levadas em conta, na intervencao do Estado para garantir a igualdade de oportunidades. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Acao afirmativa, politicas de diversidade, racismo, discriminacao racial, ambiguidade, Brasil. AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONS THE BRAZILIAN WAY: IN SEARCH OF CONSENSUS Vera Lucia Benedito This text calls attention to the need of establishing a consensus around the policies of equality of opportunity , highlighting the affirmative actions and the policies of diversity. While the former policies are materialized through the State, the later emanate from the private sector. From the historic confirmation of differences in the implantation of these policies in the North-American context, the author emphasizes the conceptual deviations and discusses these policies in Brazil, resorting to the examples observed in employment and education areas. At the end of the text, some suggestions for forwarding policies of promotion of equality of opportunities are presented and also for eliminating social-racial discriminations in the public and private sectors. KEY WORDS: Affirmative action, diversity policies, racism, racial discrimination, ambiguity and Brazil Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

O texto compara o uso da forca pela policia e pelas forcas armadas, levando em conta cinco dimensoes fundamentais: poder de fogo, contexto de intervencao, ethos , regulamentacao e prestacao de contas. O artigo propoe uma tipologia das organizacoes policiais e militares, que inclui dois tipos puros e dois tipos hibridos: por um lado, a policia e as forcas armadas (tipos puros) e, por outro, a policia militar (ou militarizada) e as missoes internacionais de paz das Nacoes Unidas (tipos hibridos). PALAVRAS CHAVE: policia, forcas armadas, forca, ethos , prestacao de contas. TOWARDS A SOCIOLOGY OF PUBLIC FORCE: observations on the use of police force The use of force by the police and the military is contrasted on five dimensions: firepower, context of intervention, ethos, regulation and accountability. The paper offers also a tentative two by two typology of police and military organizations, that allows for hybrid types: the four types are: the police (single variant), the army (single variant), the military police (hybrid variant: a militarized police organization) and the peacekeeping forces of the United Nations (hybrid variant: a military organization with a policing mandate). KEY WORDS : police, military, force, ethos, accountability. A PROPOS D’UNE SOCIOLOGIE DES FORCES PUBLIQUES: observations de l’utilisation des forces de police Prenant en consideration cinq elements consideres fondamentaux, ce texte fait la comparaison entre la police et les forces armees: pouvoir des armes, contexte d’intervention, ethos, reglementation et prestation de comptes. L’article propose une typologie des organisations policieres et militaires qui inclue deux types purs et deux types hybrides, d’une part la police et les forces armees (types purs) et d’autre part la police militaire (ou militarisee) et les missions internationales de paix des Nations-Unies (types hybrides). MOTS-CLES : police, forces armees, force, ethos, prestation de comptes. Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

O presente texto tem por objetivo confrontar tres distintos conceitos de informalidade/trabalho informal, encontrados na literatura de Economia e Sociologia do Trabalho, de forma a poder comparar os resultados decorrentes de suas respectivas aplicacoes empiricas; testando, dessa forma, as suas diferentes capacidades de analise e explicacao de fenomenos relativos ao mercado de trabalho. Advoga-se a hipotese de que, se nao explicitados claramente, os distintos conceitos de informalidade existentes podem mais confundir do que facilitar a compreensao da estrutura e dinâmica do mercado de trabalho. Na verdade, nenhum dos conceitos de informalidade apresentados tem a capacidade de dar conta, em si mesmo, da especificidade de cada um dos fenomenos, extremamente heterogeneos entre si, que participam da construcao de suas respectivas definicoes. No entanto, a partir de criterios distintos, esses conceitos conseguem reunir diferentes conjuntos de formas de ocupacao/atividades economicas que expressam situacoes e processos mais abrangentes da estrutura e dinâmica do mercado de trabalho, tais como o seu grau de heterogeneidade, a amplitude de sua protecao e regulamentacao e a dimensao e gravidade de sua precarizacao. Palavras-Chave : informal, trabalho precario, emprego, Regiao Metropolitana de Salvador The concept of informality: an exercise of empirical application of concepts This paper aims to confront three different concepts of informality/ informal work found in the Economics and Work Sociology literature, to be able to compare the consequential results of their empyrical applications, testing, in this way, their different abilities of analysis and explanation of phenomena related to the employment market. The central hypothesis is that, unless clearly stated, the existing different concepts of informality may confuse rather than make easier the understanding of the structure and dynamics of the employment market. In fact, none of the concepts presented has the capacity to take care of each extremely especific phenomenon that take part in the construction of their respective definitions. However, from distinct criteria, these concepts are able to join different groups of forms of occupation/economic activities that express more comprehending processes and situations ofthe dynamics and structure of the employment market, such as its degree of especifity, the scope of its protection and regulamentation and the dimension and seriousness of its precarization. Key words : informal, precarious work, employment, Metropolitan Region of Salvador LE CONCEPT D’INFORMALITE: un exercice d’application empirique des concepts L’objectif de ce texte est de confronter trois concepts distincts de l’informalite/travail informel trouves dans la litterature sur l’Economie et la Sociologie du Travail, afin de pouvoir comparer les resultats decoulants de leurs respectives applications empiriques et de tester ainsi leurs differentes capacites d’analyse et d’explication des phenomenes relatifs au marche. L’hypothese sur laquelle on se base est que s’ils ne sont pas clairement expliques, les differents concepts existants de l’informalite peuvent confondre plutot que faciliter la comprehension de la structure et de la dynamique du marche du travail. En realite, aucun des concepts d’informalite presente ne peut rendre compte, a lui tout seul, de la specificite de chacun des phenomenes, etant donne qu’ils sont extremement heterogenes entre eux et qu’ils contribuent a la construction de leurs respectives definitions. Cependant, a partir de criteres distincts, ces concepts arrivent a reunir differents ensembles de formes d’occupation/d’activites economiques qui expriment des situations et des processus plus amples de la structure et de la dynamique du marche de travail, tels que son degre d’heterogeneite, l’ampleur de sa proctection et de sa reglementation ainsi que la gravite de sa precarisation. Mosts-cles : informel, travail precaire, emploi, Region Metropolitaine de Salvador. Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os padroes de interacao que se estabelecem entre cientistas e o ambiente externo a academia, propondo uma tipologia para dar conta de posturas do cientista com relacao a essa interacao e explorar os desafios que essas diferencas colocam para a politica de ciencia, tecnologia e inovacao contemporânea. O objeto empirico deste trabalho sao 16 estudos de caso realizados junto a grupos que se distinguem pela relevância e importância no cenario cientifico de 4 paises da America Latina (Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Mexico). A analise dos casos estudados mostra que a existencia de um mandato institucional forte na direcao de uma colaboracao estrategica, apoiado em mecanismos de avaliacao que reconhecam e direcionem as atividades de cooperacao com atores sociais e um fator importante para viabilizar um formato de interacao que redunde em ganhos estrategicos para o cientista, na producao de conhecimento socialmente robusto. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: America Latina, Politica de C,T&I, modos de producao de conhecimento, atitudes dos cientistas, cooperacao com atores sociais. POLICIES OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INOVATION IN LATIN AMERICA: the answers of the scientific community Elizabeth Balbachevsky This paper has the objective to analyse the standards of interaction which are established between scientists and the environment outside the academy, proposing a typology capable of standing the posture of the scientist in relation to this interaction and to explore the challenges that those differences place upon the policy sciences, technology and contemporary innovation. The empirical objective of this paper are 16 case studies performed together with groups that are distinguished due to theirs relevance and importance in the scientific scenery of 4 Latin America’s countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico). The analysis of the cases studied shows that the existence of a institutional mandate strong towards a strategic collaboration sporting tools of evaluation that recognise and guide activities of co-operation with social players is a important factor to enable a format of interaction that leads in a strategic gain to the scientist in the production of robust social knowledge. KEY WORDS: Latin America, Policy of S,T&I, ways of producing knowledge, scientists attitudes, co-operation with social players. POLITIQUES DES SCIENCES, DE LA TECHNOLOGIE ET DE L’INNOVATION EN AMERIQUE LATINE: les reponses de la communaute scientifique Elizabeth Balbachevsky L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser les interactions entre les scientifiques et l’environnement en dehors de l’universite. On y propose une typologie pour rendre compte de la posture des scientifiques par rapport a cette interaction. Ceci pour exploiter les defis poses par ces differences envers la politique des sciences, de la technologie et de l’innovation contemporaine. Sur le plan empirique, 16 etudes de cas sont realisees aupresde groupes choisis en fonction de leur importance dans le cadre scientifique de 4 pays d’Amerique Latine (Argentine, Bresil, Chili et Mexique). L’analyse des cas etudies montre que l’existence d’un mandat institutionnel solide, en vue d’une colaboration strategique, est un facteur important pour viabiliser une interaction capable de produire des gains strategiques pour les scientifiques en vue de la production d’une connaissance socialement robuste. Ce mandat doit etre accompagne de mecanismes d’evaluation qui reconnaissent et orientent les activites de cooperation avec les acteurs sociaux. MOTS-CLES: Amerique Latine, Politique de C,T&I, modes de production de la connaissance, attitudes des scientifiques, cooperation avec les acteurs sociaux. Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh