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Este artigo analisa o andamento do processo de ajuste e de reforma social impulsionado pelas instituicoes financeiras internacionais e por numerosos governos na America Latina, especialmente nos anos 90. Apresenta as caracteristicas do paradigma de bem-estar que chegou a ser hegemonico em escala regional e discute as consequencias de aplicarem-se as mesmas receitas a realidades nacionais muito diversas. Para analisar a heterogeneidade regional, recorre ao conceito de “regime de bem-estar” e emprega uma tipologia que permite mostrar os efeitos diferenciais dos processos aqui abordados. O artigo aponta a necessidade do uso de um paradigma de bem-estar distinto para enfrentar os profundos desafios sociais postos aos paises da regiao, ou seja, assinala a urgencia de uma reforma da reforma. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: regimes de bem-estar, pobreza, politicas sociais, transicao social, America Latina. LATIN AMERICA: welfare system in transition during the nineties Carlos Barba Solano This paper analyzes the course of the adjustment and social reform processes impelled by international financial institutions and numerous governments in Latin America, especially in the nineties. It presents the characteristics of the welfare paradigm that achieved hegemony in a regional scale and discusses the consequences of applying the same recipes to very diverse national realities. To analyze the regional heterogeneity, it falls back upon the concept of “welfare system” and uses a typology that shows the differential effects of the processes approached here. The paper points the need of the use of a different welfare paradigm to face the deep social challenges put to the countries of the area, in other words, it marks the urgency of a reform of the reform. KEYWORDS: welfare system, poverty, social policies, social transition, Latin America. AMERIQUE LATINE: les regimes de bienetre en phase de transition au cours des annees quatre-vingt-dix Carlos Barba Solano Cet article analyse la progression du processus d’ajustement et de reforme sociale provoquee par les institutions financieres internationales et par de nombreux gouvernements en Amerique Latine, tout specialement au cours des annees 90. Les caracteristiques du paradigme de bien-etre dont le caractere hegemonique a atteint une echelle regionale y sont presentees et les consequences dues au fait d’appliquer les memes formules a des realites nationales tres diverses y sont discutees. Afin d’analyser l’heterogeneite regionale, on a recours au concept de “regime de bien-etre” et on utilise une typologie qui permet de montrer les effets differentiels des processus qui ont ete abordes. Dans cet article le besoin d’utiliser un paradigme de bien-etre different pour affronter les profonds defis sociaux auxquels sont confrontes les pays de la region est mis en evidence, c’est-a-dire qu’on y montre l’urgence d’une reforme de la reforme. MOTS-CLES: regimes de bien-etre, pauvrete, politiques sociales, transition sociale, Amerique Latine. Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Este texto procura realizar uma breve análise sobre as inquietudes teóricas e analíticas no estudo dos movimentos sociais. Nesse sentido, são estabelecidas algumas pautas de análise para uma compreensão e uma interpretação mais adequada dos fenômenos coletivos contemporâneos. Por outro lado, o texto dedica-se a articular o marco analítico sobre movimentos sociais com o percurso político e social vivido pela esquerda política no Uruguai, principalmente a partir do processo de redemocratização política da década de 80. Finalmente, é discutido o espaço político cultural ocupado hoje por essa corrente no governo nacional, sugerindo algumas interpretações sobre o significado histórico no nosso presente. This paper tries to accomplish a brief analysis on the theoretical and analytical complicated issues in the study of the social movements. In that sense, some analysis lines are established for a more appropriate interpretation and understanding of the contemporary collective phenomena. On the other hand, this paper aims to articulate the analytical cornerstone on social movements with the political and social trajectory lived by the political left in Uruguay, mainly starting from the process of political redemocratization of the decade of 80. Finally, the cultural-political space is discussed as it is occupied today by that trend in the national government, suggesting some interpretations on its historical meaning in our present. Ce texte présente une analyse succincte des inquiétudes théoriques et analytiques dans l'étude des mouvements sociaux. A ce propos, des critères d'analyse sont définis pour permettre une compréhension et une interprétation plus adéquate des phénomènes collectifs contemporains. D'autre part, on cherche à rapprocher le référent analytique concernant les mouvements sociaux du parcours politique et social vécu par la gauche politique en Uruguay, surtout à partir du processus de re-démocratisation politique dans les années 80. Finalement, c'est l'espace politique culturel actuellement occupé par ce courant au sein du gouvernement national qui est discuté, et l'on y suggère quelques interprétations de son sens historique dans le présent.

Este texto pretende trazer alguns indicativos para se pensar em que medida as redes de movimentos sociais na America Latina apresentam pistas para politicas emancipatorias. Para se analisar a capacidade ou potencial de redes de movimentos sociais desse continente na construcao de referenciais emancipatorios, partiu-se do pressuposto de que demandas materiais devem ser traduzidas em representacoes simbolicas, a fim de aproximar os atores das redes, permitir a construcao de identidades coletivas e criar elos simbolicos de referencia no interior das redes, que possibilitem a convergencia de suas pautas politicas. Verificou-se, ainda, como a intersubjetividade na rede se constroi a partir de referencias normativas compartilhadas e quais os principais niveis constitutivos para o empoderamento de uma rede de movimento. Trata-se, pois, de verificar como atores coletivos especificos, localizados e com demandas particulares, tornam-se movimentos sociais mais abrangentes do ponto de vista de suas demandas e de seus territorios de atuacao, com pautas politicas mais universais. Isto e, como esta sendo construida a passagem de acoes coletivas restritas a movimentos sociais propriamente ditos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: redes de movimentos sociais, acoes coletivas, America Latina, emancipacao, demandas. NETWORKS OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA. WAYS TOWARDS AN EMANCIPATORY POLICY? Ilse Scherer-Warren This paper intends to bring some pointers on thinking in what measure the networks of social movements in Latin America present ways for emancipatory policies. To analyze the capacity or potential of social movements networks in this continent in the construction of emancipatory referencials, we started with the presupposition that material demands should be translated in symbolic representations, in order to approximate the actors to the networks, to allow the construction of collective identities and to create symbolic links of reference inside the networks, that make possible the convergence of their political lines. It was verified, still, how intersubjectivity is built in the networks starting from shared normative references and which are the main constituent levels for the empowerment of a movement network. Thus, we strive to verify how specific, located collective actors and with private demands become enlarged social movements of the point of view of their demands and of their territories of performance, with more universal policy lines. That is, how the passage of collective actions is being built restricted to social movements properly said. KEYWORDS: networks of social movements, collective actions, Latin America, emancipation, demands. LES RESEAUX DE MOUVEMENTS SOCIAUX EN AMERIQUE LATINE. SONT-ILS LA VOIE D’UNE POLITIQUE EMANCIPATRICE? Ilse Scherer-Warren Le propos de ce texte est d’apporter quelques elements de reflexion pour savoir dans quelle mesure les reseaux des mouvements sociaux en Amerique Latine peuvent ouvrir des pistes a des politiques emancipatrices. Afin d’analyser la capacite ou le potentiel des reseaux de mouvements sociaux de ce continent, pour la construction de referentiels emancipatoires, on part du presuppose que les demandes materielles doivent, d’une part, etre traduites par des representations symboliques, afin de rapprocher les acteurs des reseaux et, d’autre part, doivent permettre la construction d’identites collectives et creer des liens symboliques de reference au sein des reseaux, permettant une convergence de leurs enjeux politiques. Nous avons egalement pu verifier comment se construit l’intersubjectivite dans le reseau, a partir de references normatives partagees, et quels sont les principaux niveaux qui permettent de s’approprier d’un reseau de mouvement. Il s’agit, en effet, de verifier comment des acteurs collectifs specifiques, localises et qui ont des demandes particulieres, se transforment en mouvements sociaux plus amples du point de vue de leurs demandes et de leurs domaines d’action, et dont les enjeux politiques sont plus universels. En d’autres termes, comment on passe d’une action collective limitee a un mouvement social proprement dit. MOTS-CLES: reseaux de mouvements sociaux, actions collectives, Amerique Latine, emancipation, demandes. Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Este artigo procura entender as transformacoes nas formas de insercao da America Latina no contexto de eras geopoliticas, buscando explicitar suas causas e, sobretudo, suas consequencias, no contexto da nova geopolitica contemporânea, em que a regiao se desloca de uma posicao marginal ou passiva para assumir contornos proprios de autonomia, as vezes marcados como zonas de perigo. A analise ultrapassa a simples posicao da regiao na geopolitica Ocidental e baseia-se num exercicio de uma geopolitica do conhecimento. Para tanto, o autor resgata as principais contribuicoes da literatura sobre processos de continuidade de ordens geopoliticas permeadas de mutacoes, identificando as sucessivas eras geopoliticas de John Agnew que, grosso modo, se correlacionam com as ordens geopoliticas existentes: a geopolitica naturalizadora, do inicio do seculo XX; a era pos Segunda Guerra Mundial, da geopolitica ideologica; e a formacao de uma nova era geopolitica com o fim da Guerra Fria. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: America Latina, geopolitica moderna, geopolitica do conhecimento, representacao do espaco, hegemonia. LATIN AMERICA IN MODERN GEOPOLITICAL MODELS: from margination to the concern for her autonomy Heriberto Cairo This paper tries to understand the transformations in the ways of insertion of Latin America in the context of geopolitical eras, trying to show their causes and, above all, their consequences, in the context of the new contemporary geopolitics in which the region moves from a passive or marginal position to assume her own outlines of autonomy, sometimes marked as danger areas. The analysis surpasses the simple position of the region in Western geopolitics, and is based on an exercise of a geopolitics of the knowledge. Thus, the author rescues the main contributions of the literature on processes of continuities of geopolitical orders, permeated by mutations, identifying the successive geopolitical eras of John Agnew that grosso modo are correlated with the existing geopolitical orders: the naturalizer geopolitics, from the beginnings of the XX century; the post-Second World War era, of the ideological geopolitics; and the formation of a new geopolitical era with the end of the Cold War. In this latter Latin America is highlighted with her own outlines, sometimes marked as danger areas. KEYWORDS: Latin America, modern geopolitics, knowledge geopolitics, representation of space, hegemony. L’AMERIQUE LATINE DANS LES MODELES GEOPOLITIQUES MODERNES: de la mise en marge a la preoccupation de son autonomie Heriberto Cairo Dans cet article, il s’agit de comprendre comment les manieres d’inserer l’Amerique Latine dans le contexte des eres geopolitiques se sont transformees. Nous essayons d’expliciter les causes et surtout les consequences de ces transformations dans le contexte de la nouvelle geopolitique contemporaine ou la region passe d’une position marginale ou passive pour assumer des contours propres d’autonomie, consideres parfois comme des zones dangereuses. L’analyse depasse les limites de la region geopolitique occidentale et se base sur l’exercice d’une geopolitique de la connaissance. Pour cela, l’auteur recupere les principales contributions de la litterature concernant les processus de continuites des ordres geopolitiques, impregnes de mutations, en identifiant les eres geopolitiques successives de John Agnew qui a grosso modo ont un rapport avec les ordres geopolitiques existants: la geopolitique naturalisatrice du debut du 20e siecle; l’epoque de l’apres Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale, de la geopolitique ideologique; et la formation d’une nouvelle ere geopolitique avec la fin de la Guerre Froide. Dans cette derniere, l’Amerique Latine commence a s’affirmer de maniere propre, parfois marquee comme une zone dangereuse. MOTS-CLES: Amerique Latine, geopolitique moderne, geopolitique de la connaissance, representation de l’espace, hegemonie. Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br