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In the article, the social and cultural repercussion of the phenomenon of alchemy is considered using specific examples. The authors study the basis and motivation for the creation of modern-day alchemical legends within the “dwellings of philosophers” concept; the means of their hypothetical implementation in the symbolism and imagery of the architecture of Kyiv houses of the verge of 19-20th centuries, in particular so-called “House of Alchemists” in the Pechersk district. The concept of the archetypal nature of alchemical symbols explains why they are regularly reproduced in art on a conscious or subconscious level, and still perceived by society. A comparative analysis of the figures of the facades of the early-20th century “House of Alchemists” and similar elements of the architecture of other Kyiv buildings of that time reveals their similarity to the graphic symbols of alchemy, although it does not reveal absolute coincidences with those presented in alchemical lexicons. Therefore, the hypothesis about the alchemical intentions of the owners or architects of buildings is neither well-proven nor definitively refuted and requires further investigation. Nevertheless, the considered situation illustrates the specifics of the existence of the phenomenon of alchemy in its legendary mode, in which specific historical realities are not crucial for the creation of an attractive legend or are used selectively. Manifestations of the echo of the alchemical worldview in modern society can have both conscious and subconscious nature. In the case of the “House of Alchemists” in Kyiv’s Pechersk, such an echo is the very fact of appeal to the phenomenon of alchemy. It is significant that the name “House of Alchemists” appeared in our time when the popularity of the topic of alchemy is growing in the socio-cultural space. A perceptible echo of the phenomenon of alchemy in the realities of public life is an evidence of the relevance of its existence in the modern socio-cultural environment because the basic axiological ideals of the phenomenon have not undergone devaluation over time. Nowadays, the role of esoteric and non-scientific phenomena in the life of society is not diminished, and the image of alchemy as an alternative to modern rationality acquires new relevance. This situation seems to be inherent in transitional epochs marked by global shifts in worldview paradigms and axiological orientations motivating people to rediscover the “abyss of being”, in particular in the categories of alchemical philosophy with its rich figurative and mythological dimension. Equally, similar trends were characteristic of the period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the mentioned “House of Alchemists” was built in Kyiv.

The article examines the current socio-economic situation in China, analyzes the process of economic development of the country in the context of historical and political processes of the past, including those that took place in the country during the second half of XX century and the first decades of the current century. The reasons for the success of economic reforms in China, which led to the social modernization of the country and turned it into a powerful economic state, are revealed in the article. Since China’s accession to the WTO in 2001, the leadership of China, realizing the benefits of free trade and openness policy, is actively offering the world new ideas and projects that should contribute to the harmonization of international economic relations and sustainable global development, strengthening China’s positions in the world. The idea of “One Belt, One Road”, proposed by the President of People’s Republic of China Xi Jinping in 2010, was positively received by the world community. Developing this concept, in 2013 the Chinese leader proposed the new projects to implement the idea of “One Belt, One Road”. In particular, these were two large-scale projects: the “Silk Road Economic Belt” and “XXI century Maritime Silk Road”. The projects are aimed at building the new trans-Eurasian economic corridors and new sea routes, which should expand China’s ability to interact with other countries and strengthen its presence around the world. Considerable attention in the article has also been paid to the analysis of the results and prospects of Ukrainian-Chinese cooperation over the last decades since the establishment of diplomatic relations, which have been transformed into a strategic partnership. The paper presents the importance and role of the active involvement of Ukraine in such a global project as the concept of “One Belt, One Road”, which would allow the realization of the geopolitical, scientific, technical, intellectual and economic potential of Ukraine on a fuller scale. The deepening of cooperation between Ukraine and China would lead two sides on the path of sustainable, long-term development and would contribute to the prosperity of the two countries.

The foundation and activity of the Mariupol Local Public University under the social processes of the Ukrainian Revolution during 1917-1919-s is highlighted in the paper on the base of the modern methodological approaches. The history of the educational institution is analyzed in the context of anthropological, social, cultural and interdisciplinary approaches. The issues of the Mariupol Local Public University’s organization and principles of its activity are considered regarding the principles of microhistory in detail. The educational activity, personnel and university enrolment are presented. The attention was drawn to the activity of the Mariupol democratic community regarding university’s establishment, to an impact of changing social processes that were in Ukraine in general and in Mariupol in particular, according to the methodological principles of socio-cultural history. The role of the particular historical and public figures (namely, the head of the Board of trustees of the public university S. Vainerova, the heads of the City Council of Mariupol I. Popov and O. Levytskyi, the member of Mariupol public executive committee I. Kovalenko and others) is considered on the methodological bases of historical anthropology. The elements of history, social and cultural studies are combined in the article according to the interdisciplinary approach.

The processes of revival of Ukrainian culture and education which unfolded among the Ukrainian population of the North Caucasus (mainly - of Kuban) in the 1920s and 1930s have been examined in the article. The scientific novelty and relevance of the study are due to the fact that, for the first time, the author has attempted to reveal the preconditions, circumstances, course and consequences of national and cultural development of the Ukrainian population in Kuban in 1920-1933 on the basis of available sources and analysis of existing literature. The reasons for this development and the structures that provided it both at the level of spontaneous initiative of local Ukrainians and due to the influence of certain official events and institutions have been highlighted in the article. Particular attention is paid to the dynamics of providing for the needs of Ukrainians in Kuban both in education in their native language and other national and cultural needs. The processes and mechanisms of transition of schools of all levels in Kuban to the Ukrainian language, creation and activity of Ukrainian-language publishing houses, theatrical, literary and musical associations have been considered. In the early 1930s, these rather large processes began to be held back by the central government. They were completely stopped at the beginning of 1933, which was accompanied by the Holodomor, the physical elimination of many Ukrainians in Kuban and assimilation de-Ukrainization processes. The reasons for this anti-Ukrainian policy and its consequences have also been considered in this article.

In the article the course of the “second” repatriation of the Poles in Stanislav region during 1956-1959 has been elucidated. The materials of the Ukrainian and Polish archives became the source of the investigation. Most of these documents have been introduced into the scientific usage for the first time. The “second” repatriation was an important milestone in the history of the local Polish minority. It caused a significant reduction of the number of the Poles on the territory of Stanislav region. The article highlights that the preconditions of the “second” repatriation were in the “first” repatriation, which took place during 1944-1946, because families who were willing to reunite were divided by the boundary between Poland and the USSR. The attention was paid to the fact that a new migration became possible due to the regime liberalization in the Soviet Union and diplomatic efforts of the Polish governmental circles. It was highlighted that some of citizens of Poland called their relatives and acquaintances for repatriation and it caused dissatisfaction of the Soviet authorities. The attention was paid to the fact that the citizens of the USSR could visit their relatives in Poland and see real living conditions there. The legal basis of the “second” repatriation was analyzed. The main motives of the Poles’ departure were ascertained. It was remarked that many Jews left for Poland and then for the Western countries and Israel, and it was one of the reason of the Soviet authorities’ hostile attitude to repatriation. It was found out that some repatriates came back to the Soviet Union. The reasons of this phenomenon were analyzed. The repatriation of communists was investigated. Its scale and migrants’ national structure were elucidated. It was found out that the majority of the Poles in Stanislav region didn’t want to leave their little motherland during the “second” repatriation. The motives of such behavior were analyzed. It was remarked that not all who were willing could use the right for repatriation. The approximate number of the Poles who migrated from Stanislav region to Poland was calculated.

The article deals with the issues of the essence of processes of personal development of a person as an implementation of its inner-spiritual potential. The subject of the research is formulated in the unity of the levels of conscious self-and world-attitude of the individual, which actualizes the problem of identity. The article focuses on the ethical components of the development of the internal-spiritual structure of the individual, it is stated that the value-semantic positions of the individual directly affect the development of consciousness and the identical formation of the person; the highest achievement of man in the processes of self-realization in the world of culture and public life, is a moral self-identification as a manifestation of conscious responsibility and responsibility of the individual in the plane of social expression. The source catalogue of the research distinguishes the works of philosophical, cultural and others spheres, in which the problem of personal development of person, the value-semantic parameters of its socio-cultural life is considered in the aspects of understanding the nature of the man searching for a meaning, the ability to cultural creation. Identification of unexplored parts of the general problem. The article focuses on the ethical dimensions of human existence in the modern world, emphasizing that a person is capable of cultivating the social environment due to the possibilities of inner-spiritual perception of reality and change of one's being. The human ethos unfolds in the direction of implementing processes of cultural cultivation, which has a decisive influence both on the processes of improving the inner world of the individual, and on the "cultural space" of the environment. According to the ethical and cultural approach, the problem of personal development of man is presented from the standpoint of philosophical and methodological analysis, research is concentrated on the creative meaning of such semantic concepts as "personality", "identity", "morality", "senses", etc. The author analyzes the ethical and semantic basis of personal self-determination of an individual, which originates as an individualized potential of the way out of the outer world and designing the "image of oneself" in the conditions of this world. The specificity of human personality development is based on the recognition of the principled dialogicity of human existence, expressed by the combination of the ideal orientation of the moral world of the human "self" and the problem of objective requirements of social reality as the practice of organizing interpersonal relations. The research presents a generalization according to which, under the influence of culture, a person undergoes internal transformations, which is a necessary condition for the creation of the identity, which is not derived directly from social influences, but is the result of reflection, comprehension, value relation, and efforts of self-consciousness - due to these cultural-making opportunities of a person the functioning of the world of everyday life is possible, modern personalized practices of life are being constructed and embodied in the collective forms of human coexistence.

The paper analyzes the current situation in the world during the coronavirus pandemic, in particular, the general trend to border closure, isolation, national selfishness, increase in total control, and “secucracy”. The paper puts forward a question of reinterpretation of the significance of material values; actualization of post-material values: friendship, love, respect for the Other, self-actualization, family, and environmental values. Based on P. Sorokin’s model of universal altruism, the value shift amidst the pandemic has been analyzed. It is proved that during the severe periods of human development the values of natural law, namely the right to life, the right to health, the right to freedom assume great importance.

In our philosophical exploration we shall originally analyze dialectical contradictions of predispositions and skills as a source of memory phenomenon development; the patterns leading to the human professional activity evolution, as well as the identification of obstacles and barriers. The area of human orientation in the world of changing opportunities under the influence of the information society formation, hyper-reality and Smart Society in the cognitive innovation perspective, which is defined in the twenty-first century in the novelties of the labor market, new professions, in the processes of technological development, digitization, and transition to the virtual world of communication networks and the Internet, is justified. Moreover, studies of the memory environment reveal a search for "a certain space of inclination," as well as "corresponding features of each block" of the memory environment, determining the patterns of individual professional selection and prospects of a figure, as the subject not only of professional activity in particular, but of life in general. The correlation of the activity approach developments within the development of the subject’s life as well as the model of predisposition realization by M. Achtnich mentioned as holistic and optimal one, maintained by the specific-historical conditions of the figure, have mostly determined the key problem, which this article is devoted to. The purpose of this scientific exploration is the philosophical understanding of predisposition and skill dialectic in human professional activity (on the example of models by Martin Achtnich and Gregory Popov). The achievements of the theoretical model of Gregory Popov represent the significant results of the solution of the issue, to which P. Drucker reached himself in his formulation of "Smart Approach." It is the aforementioned concept that stands now decisive for the prospects of a "smart society" dispute in various activity spheres. Furthermore, the following disposition considers the praxeological perspective of knowledge of the patterns of the "inclination-skills" contradiction resolving application based on the models of G. Popov and P. Druker.

The experience of overcoming negative psychological consequences of illnesses, existed in different religious systems, becomes crucial especially under the circumstances of the global pandemic of COVID-19. The author appeals to the Islamic tradition, particularly fixed in the collection “Risale-i Nur”. The collection “Risale-i Nur” is the Tafsir (Commentaries on the Qur’an) written by the Turkish theologian, philosopher and religious leader Bediüzzaman Said Nursi (1876-1960). The author explains his appeal to the first book of collection “The Words” with the fact that Said Nursi analyzes the Islamic sources of belief as well as considers the peculiarities of personal life in the light of Islam. The considerations and life details facilitate to practice the daily deeds according to the norms of the Qur’an and use it for overcoming the negative emotions in difficult life situations. The author proves that the tough experience of humanity, including the pandemic of COVID-19, is God’s message to people with the guidelines that the opportunities to overcome impossibility should be found, people should donate to become rich, should listen (be obedient) to accept God’s mercy. Following abovementioned guidelines, the believers may overcome psychological stress during illnesses and tough life situations faster as the author illustrates with the numerous examples.

The article deals with the position of the head of the US Department of State - Secretary of State in the US government system and his role in shaping the country's foreign policy. The author emphasizes the lack of basic research on this topic and the availability of only factual material on the activities of the Secretaries of State in various historical periods of American history. It is noted that the Secretary of State's position is not quite similar to that of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, since he serves in this country in two roles: as the President's foreign policy chief adviser and as the head of a vast diplomatic corps. The author points out that the role and status of the Secretary of State is not regulated at the constitutional level and provides a list of powers of the Secretary of State and notes their extension since the creation of such office in 1789. The author points out that, before the Second World War, in most cases, in the tandem, the President-Secretary of State was the second to formulate the foreign policy of the country and to initiate its implementation, and was able to do justice to the president. Secretaries of State such as R. Lansing, B. Colby, and C. Hughes have enjoyed the trust of their presidents and have had a significant influence on the conduct of American foreign policy. During the presidency of F. Roosevelt and G. Truman, these individuals were themselves Secretaries of State, maximally moving the heads of the State Department to the background, giving them the opportunity to "bring order" not in the foreign policy arena, but in the State Department. It was not positive for the role of the Secretary of State and his Office the adoption of the 1947 Act establishing the National Security Council and the separation of a separate position - the President's national security adviser. From this very moment, the leaders of the National Security Council began to popularize the idea that foreign policy is not just one of the activities of the state, but directly a component of national security. Of course, this has led to increased NNG involvement in the country's foreign policy, which has often led to conflicts between the President's National Security Advisor and the Secretary of State, and the US President himself has not always supported the latter. It is noted that the Secretaries of State under Presidents J. Kennedy, L. Johnson, and R. Nixon, J. Bush Jr. played a rather indirect role in the country's foreign exchange. In contrast, Presidents D. Eisenhower, R. Reagan, B. Clinton and B. Obama respected and acted in tandem with their secretaries of state.

The article examines the process of forming Vietnam’s foreign policy in the context of the historical and political processes of the country in recent history. Paying tribute to the Asian conservatism and seeing a reform of the political system as a threat to the foundations of the statehood and national unity, the Vietnam leaders has chosen its path of social modernization - a “renovation” strategy (in Vietnamese - “Đổi Mới”) that has transformed the country within twenty years into another Asian tiger. The “renovation” course was to allow the policy of “open doors” in foreign economic relations. External factors for the successful development of the Vietnam’s foreign policy include the ASEAN membership. Due to the many political and socio-cultural factors common to Vietnam and the ASEAN member states (Vietnam joined ASEAN in 1995) and the continued political stability of the country, Vietnam has achieved a particular favor from the investors and trading partners of this association. Considerable attention in the article has also been paid to analyzing the development of political and trade-economic relations between Vietnam and Ukraine in the context of multilateral cooperation. The establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries and signing the key bilateral agreements has been analyzed. The absence of fundamental differences on key international issues as well as the willingness to develop friendship and mutually beneficial partnership has created the favorable conditions for cooperation between Ukraine and Vietnam within the international organizations. There is much in common in our countries’ positions on the proliferation of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, counter-terrorism, reform of the United Nations etc. Ukraine and Vietnam have traditionally supported each other’s nominations for election to the governing bodies of international organizations.

The article highlights the issue of political everyday life of Mariupol Ukrainians in the revolutionary processes of 1917 on the basis of the analysis of periodicals. The informational and organizing role of the regional periodicals of that time, that, along with other aspects, contained reports on the political situation in Ukraine, the activities of Mariupol Ukrainians and the political influence on them by the Ukrainian Central Rada, have been emphasized. An analysis of the political everyday life of Mariupol Ukrainians in the revolutionary processes of 1917 makes it possible to determine the peculiarities of this social phenomenon. The change of vectors of everyday life of Mariupol Ukrainians in the political sphere during 1917 under the influence of revolutionary processes have been traced. It has been proved that the political everyday life of Mariupol Ukrainians in the rapid events of the revolution was determined by the influence of several factors: the Ukrainian Revolution, which began in 1917 as part of the Russian democratic revolution and after the adoption of the Third Universal, received a national character; the struggle for the revival of Ukrainian statehood, which was legally documented by the Universals of the Central Rada; active formation of Ukrainian identity at the regional level, social attitude in Ukraine in general and the Northern Azov and Mariupol; worsening of social contradictions and intensification of military and political confrontation at the end of the year. The place of activists of the Ukrainian movement in Mariupol in the political life of the revolutionary period has been defined.

The purpose of the article is to show the process of creating Ukrainian youth academic community in the interwar Poland. It is analyzed sources of the Ukrainian youth emigration, tasks put before the students (as the main part of young emigrants), foundation and activity of their organizations. Methodology is based on the use of general historical research methods, namely: historical-comparative, typology and system analysis. The article is based on numerous archival documents of the Czech, Polish and Ukrainian archives and also includes wide range of historiography. The most important sources for investigation were periodical issues of Ukrainian youth organizations in Poland, Czechoslovak Republic and other European countries. It is also pointed out in the article peculiarities of academic centers and types of emigrant organizations, influence on to the Ukrainians in the interwar Europe. It is analyzed cooperation between Ukrainian, European and international youth movement.

The article is devoted to an insufficiently explored page of history of early Buddhist philosophy, namely, the formation of the Noble Truths doctrine in the work of Nāgārjuna, the famous Indian philosopher of the II-III centuries AD, who is considered the founder of the Mādhyamaka school of Mahāyāna philosophy. An important source of this branch is the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, or the “Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way”, compiled by Nāgārjuna. This book consists of 27 sections and is considered the basic text of the Mahāyāna, which had a great influence on further evolution of Buddhist philosophy in India, Tibet and East Asia. The article analyzes the 24th section “The Noble Truths Study”, which consists of 40 verses devoted to various issues on the conditions for learning the truth. The purpose of this article is to analyze the substantive issues of 24th section in the context of unfolding of early Buddhist philosophical discourse. Nāgārjuna’s views on the ways of achieving truth are compared with the interpretations of modern historians of Buddhist philosophy: D. Kalupahana, A. Tillakaratne, M. Siderits, S. Katsura and others. Given comparativistics allow us to understand more comprehensively Mahāyāna’s process of formation, as well as to provide a meaningful explanation of what the Śūnyatā is.

The relevance of the article is due to the need to reflect on a new cultural phenomenon that presents the cultural practices of modern chronotopos. The philosophical and cultural concepts of the state of culture are analyzed and the tendencies reflecting instability (transitivity), uncertainty, ambivalence of cultural practices and carnivalization of all spheres of life are revealed. The philosophical reflection of the essence, character, signs of carnivalization made it possible to explicate the phenomenon of "carnival" through its ideological and behavioral components. In the context of the dialogue of medieval and contemporary culture, the essence of carnivalization as a phenomenon of culture is revealed. This context is considered as a special means of restoring the integrity of worldview, world outlook, world attitude. The problem of cultural practices orientation to their value-semantic (axiological) uplift is also actualized. The nature and essence of such categories as "carnival laughter", "carnival freedom", "carnival behavior", "ambivalence" are investigated, characteristic features of carnivalisation are identified and it can be considered as a way of modeling and constructing contemporary cultural reality. The fact that the modern cultural space creates conditions not only for the functioning of carnivalization within the primary function - renewal, creation of a new life-world, but also a new world-view and meaning-making. The constructive role of cultural dialogue in the process of praxeological growth of the subjects of carnivalization has been determined. It is shown that the concept of carnivalization of Mikhail Bakhtin remains relevant at the present stage of cultural development. The discovery of carnivalization as a certain signal of the crisis of culture and the way out of it gives reason to consider carnivalization as a factor of self-organization of culture, as a complex organized system., Актуальность статьи обусловлена необходимостью осмысления нового культурного феномена, который представляет культурные практики современного хронотопа. Проанализированы философско-культурологические концепции состояния культуры и выявлены тенденции, которые отражают неустойчивость (переходность), неопределенность, амбивалентность культурных практик и карнавализации всех сфер бытия. Философская рефлексия сущности, характера, признаков карнавализации сделала экспликацию феномена «карнавал» из-за его мировоззренческий и поведенческий компоненты. В контексте диалога средневековой и современной культуры раскрыта сущность карнавализации как феномена культуры и как особого способа восстановления целостности мировосприятия, миропонимания, мироотношения и актуализировано проблему ориентации и направления культурных практик на их ценностно-смысловое (аксиологическая) подъем. Исследована природа и сущность таких категорий, как «карнавальный смех», «карнавальная свобода», «карнавальная поведение», «амбивалентность», выявлены характерные признаки карнавализации и доказано, что ее можно рассматривать как способ моделирования и конструирования современной культурной действительности. Обосновано положение о том, что современный культурное пространство создает условия не только для функционирования карнавализации в пределах первоочередной функции - обновления, становления нового жизненного мира, но и нового миропонимания и смислотворення. Определены конструктивную роль диалога культур в процессе праксеологического роста субъектов карнавализации и показано, что концепция карнавализации Михаила Бахтина остается актуальной на современном этапе развития культуры. Раскрытие карнавализации как определенного сигнала кризиса культуры и способа выхода из нее дает основания рассматривать карнавализации как фактор самоорганизации культуры, как сложноорганизованной системы., Актуальність статті обумовлена необхідністю осмислення нового культурного феномена, який презентує культурні практики сучасного хронотопу. Проаналізовано філософсько-культурологічні концепції стану культури та виявлено тенденції, які відображають нестійкість (перехідність), невизначеність, амбівалентність культурних практик і карнавалізацію усіх сфер буття. Філософська рефлексія сутності, характеру, ознак карнавалізації уможливила експлікацію феномена «карнавал» через його світоглядний і поведінковий компоненти. У контексті діалогу середньовічної та сучасної культури розкрито сутність карнавалізації як феномена культури та як особливого способу відновлення цілісності світосприйняття, світорозуміння, світовідношення і актуалізовано проблему орієнтації і спрямування культурних практик на їх ціннісно-смислове (аксіологічне) піднесення. Досліджено природу й сутність таких категорій, як «карнавальний сміх», «карнавальна свобода», «карнавальна поведінка», «амбівалентність», виявлено характерні ознаки карнавалізації та доведено, що її можна розглядати як спосіб моделювання і конструювання сучасної культурної дійсності. Обгрунтовано положення про те, що сучасний культурний простір створює умови не тільки для функціонування карнавалізації у межах першочергової функції - оновлення, становлення нового життєвого світу, але й нового світорозуміння та смислотворення. Визначено конструктивну роль діалогу культур у процесі праксеологічного зростання суб’єктів карнавалізації і показано, що концепція карнавалізації Михайла Бахтіна залишається актуальною на сучасному етапі розвитку культури. Розкриття карнавалізації як певного сигналу кризи культури і способу виходу з неї дає підстави розглядати карнавалізацію як чинник самоорганізації культури, як складноорганізованої системи

The article is devoted to a wide range of issues connected with the social and cultural changes that accompany the transition from industrial to information society. The aim of the issue is to demonstrate the Polish way to information civilization. Regarding this goal the author used the following methods: historical, behavior (indirect) analysis, decision making method as well as extrapolation and reflection. The issues of concepts’ specificity connected with the information society are discussed in the article. The specific nature of Polish society transformation in the context of external factors regarding European integration and global social processes in general is analyzed. The historical dynamic of Polish information infrastructure establishment has been presented; the way has been indicated as incomplete consequently the information transformations have not been completely accomplished in Poland., Статья посвящена рассмотрению широкого круга проблем, связанных с социокультурными изменениями, которые сопровождают переход от индустриального к информационному обществу. Целью статьи является попытка показать польский путь к информационной цивилизации. Для этого автор использует такие методы, как исторический, поведенческий (непрямой) анализ, метод принятия решений, а также экстраполяцию и рефлексию. В статье обсуждаются проблемы корректности определений понятий, связанных с информационным обществом. Анализируется специфика трансформации польского общества в контексте внешних факторов, учитывая европейскую интеграцию и, шире - глобальные социальные процессы. Прослежена историческая динамика развития информационной инфраструктуры Польши и показано, что этот путь еще не завершен, чтобы можно было говорить, что информационная в Польше наступила окончательно., Стаття присвячена розгляду широкого кола проблем, пов’язаних з соціокультурними змінами, що супроводжують перехід від індустріального до інформаційного суспільства. Метою статті є спроба показати польський шлях до інформаційної цивілізації. Для цього автор використовує такі методи, як історичний, поведінковий (непрямий) аналіз, метод прийняття рішень, а також екстраполяцію та рефлексію. В статті обговорюються проблеми коректності дефініцій понять, пов’язаних з інформаційним суспільством. Аналізується специфіка трансформації польського суспільства в контексті зовнішніх факторів, враховуючи європейську інтеграцію та, ширше - глобальні соціальні процеси. Простежено історичну динаміку розбудови інформаційної інфраструктури Польщі та показано, що цей шлях ще не завершений, аби можна було говорити, що інформаційна в Польщі настала остаточно.

Social downshifting is emerging as one of the key strategies of optimizing and maintaining the quality of human life in view of the prospect meet one's death with dignity. The aim of the issue is to conceptualize the term “social downshifting”, by analyzing the relationship between social and biological aspects of death and the connection of a person's understanding of his/her death with his/her social self-identification. In this study the functional approach was used in its value interpretation, that is, as a method of value functionalism. If social downshift emerges as a social value, it can have different functional consequences - institutional, organizational, communicative. On the other hand, the functional choice of a person in favor of social downshift as accepting a new value of the state of limited functional capacity can have very different value reasons - biological (anthropologic, environmental, etc.) or social (ethical, religious, political, economic, etc.). Social downshifting is not an outgrowth of social identity frameworks, but rather their artificial (possibly temporary) narrowing. While there may be objective reasons for this, social downshifting is still the result of the subjective, conscious position being taken by an individual, with which he or she is replacing his/her previous, socially aggressive and expansive position. Changing of the social identification is the best alternative to the uncompensated loss of grounds for the individual’s ordinary method of social identification. The uncompensated loss of identity is essentially social death of a person - full or partial, and it is not surprising, therefore, that it often entails overt or covert suicide, that is, premature, artificially caused physical death. Therefore, social downshifting as a realistic variant of changing the social identity of an individual in unfavorable circumstances, acts as a safeguard against suicide. With successful social downshifting, the person acquires a new meaning of life and new, acceptable living conditions. Thus, a person is motivated to use the technological life-extension capabilities that global civilization offers., Социальный дауншифтинг становится одной из ключевых стратегий оптимизации и поддержания качества человеческой жизни с учетом перспективы достойной встречи смерти. Целью статьи является концептуализация термина «социальный дауншифтинг» путем анализа взаимосвязи между социальными и биологическими аспектами смерти и взаимосвязи понимания человеком своей смерти со своей социальной самоидентификацией. В этом исследовании функциональный подход был использован в его ценностной интерпретации, то есть как метод ценностного функционализма. Если социальный дауншифтинг становится ценностью, это может иметь различные функциональные последствия - институциональные, организационные, коммуникативные. С другой стороны, функциональный выбор человека в пользу социального дауншифтинга как принятие нового значения состояния с ограниченной функциональной способностью может иметь очень разные ценностные причины - биологические (антропологические, экологические и т.п.) или социальные (этические, религиозные, политические, экономические и т.д.). Социальный дауншифтинг является не расширением социальных рамок идентичности, а скорее их искусственным (возможно, временным) сужением. Несмотря на то, что для этого могут быть объективные причины, социальный дауншифтинг все еще является результатом субъективной, сознательной позиции, которую занимает индивид, которой он заменяет предыдущую, социально агрессивную и экспансивную. Изменение социальной идентификации является лучшей альтернативой некомпенсированной потере оснований для обычного способа социальной идентификации человека. Некомпенсированная потеря идентичности по сути является социальной смертью человека - полной или частичной, и поэтому неудивительно, что часто влечет за собой явное или скрытое самоубийство, то есть преждевременной, искусственно вызванной физической смерти. Поэтому социальный дауншифтинг, как реалистичный вариант изменения социальной идентичности индивида в неблагоприятных обстоятельствах, выступает как гарантия от самоубийства. При успешном социальном дауншифтинге человек приобретает новый смысл жизни и новые, приемлемые условия жизни. Таким образом, человек мотивирован использовать технологические возможности продления жизни, которые предлагает глобальная цивилизация., Соціальний дауншифтинг стає однією з ключових стратегій оптимізації та підтримки якості людського життя з огляду на перспективу гідної зустрічі смерті. Метою статті є концептуалізація терміна «соціальний дауншифтинг» шляхом аналізу взаємозв'язку між соціальними та біологічними аспектами смерті та взаємозв'язку розуміння людиною своєї смерті зі своєю соціальною самоідентифікацією. У цьому дослідженні функціональний підхід був використаний у його ціннісній інтерпретації, тобто як метод ціннісного функціоналізму. Якщо соціальний дауншифтинг стає соціальною цінністю, це може мати різні функціональні наслідки - інституційні, організаційні, комунікативні. З іншого боку, функціональний вибір людини на користь соціального дауншифтингу як прийняття нового значення стану з обмеженою функціональною здатністю може мати дуже різні ціннісні причини - біологічні (антропологічні, екологічні тощо) або соціальні (етичні, релігійні, політичні, економічні тощо). Соціальний дауншифтинг є не розширенням соціальних рамок ідентичності, а швидше їх штучним (можливо, тимчасовим) звуженням. Незважаючи на те, що для цього можуть бути об'єктивні причини, соціальний дауншифтинг все ще є результатом суб'єктивної, свідомої позиції, яку займає індивід, якою він замінює попередню, соціально агресивну та експансивну. Зміна соціальної ідентифікації є найкращою альтернативою некомпенсованій втраті підстав для звичайного способу соціальної ідентифікації людини. Некомпенсована втрата ідентичності по суті є соціальною смертю людини - повною чи частковою, і тому не дивно, що це часто тягне за собою явне або приховане самогубство, тобто передчасну, штучно спричинену фізичну смерть. Тому соціальний дауншифтинг, як реалістичний варіант зміни соціальної ідентичності індивіда в несприятливих обставинах, виступає як гарантія від самогубства. При успішному соціальному дауншифтингу людина набуває нового сенсу життя та нових, прийнятних умов життя. Таким чином, людина мотивована використовувати технологічні можливості продовження життя, які пропонує глобальна цивілізація.

Modern reality needs to be put into practice, asserted as a program of practical activity by newly developed theoretically approaches, among which the archetypal approach seems to be one of the most promising, since it takes into account the real motives of the actors as subjects. The features of the archetypal approach to activities in certain spheres of social practice from the point of view of realization in everyday life, and not only in theory, are highlighted in the article. Thus, examples of the application of the archetypal approach in marketing practice, in particular branding, in pedagogical practice and in the practice of political diplomacy, are considered. The importance of taking into account the archetypal tendency of the objects of influence in these spheres and the construction of an adequate scheme of activity, including on these principles, is emphasized. An extensive list of individual archetypal classifications is given, archetypes and roles differentiated. The model of the twelve archetypes of M. Mark and KS Pearson was used as a methodological base, among which the types "Simple", "Glorious Small", "Careful", "Creator", "Sage", "Seeker", "Rebel", "Clown", "Hero", "Mage", "Ruler". The difference between the content of the outlook of these archetypes is exemplified by their actual or potential legitimation in the practice of branding, pedagogy and diplomacy. The author uses Ukrainian realities, in particular, conducts an archetypal analysis of diplomatic negotiations between the leadership of Russia and the heads of European states over the end of the war in eastern Ukraine. We propose our own assessment of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of such negotiations in terms of archetypal approach. An overview of the achievements of modern Ukrainian scientists in the direction of legitimizing the archetypal approach in different spheres of practice is given., Современная реальность требует имплементации в практику, утверждения как программы практической деятельности новых теоретических подходов, среди которых архетипический подход представляется одним из наиболее перспективных, поскольку учитывает реальные мотивы деятелей как субъектов. В статье освещены особенности архетипического подхода к деятельности в отдельных сферах общественной жизни с точки зрения реализации в повседневной практике, а не только в теории. Рассматриваются примеры применения архетипического подхода в практике маркетинга, в частности, брендинга, в педагогической практике и практике политической дипломатии. Отмечается важность учтения архетипической склонности объектов воздействия в данных сферах и построения адекватной им схемы деятельности в том числе на этих принципах. Приводится развернутый перечень отдельных архетипических классификаций, дифференцируются архетипы и роли. В качестве методологической базы использована модель двенадцати архетипов М. Марк и К. С. Пирсон, среди которых акцентированы типы «Простодушный», «Славный малый», «Заботливый», «Создатель», «Мудрец», «Искатель», «Бунтарь», «Шут», «Герой», «Маг», «Правитель». Определена разница между содержанием мировоззрения этих архетипов на примере их актуальной или потенциальной легитимации в практике брендинга, педагогики и дипломатии. Автор обращается к украинским реалиям, в частности, проводит архетипический анализ дипломатических переговоров между руководством России и глав европейских государств по поводу прекращения войны на востоке Украины. Предложена собственная оценка причин неэффективности таких переговоров с точки зрения архетипического подхода. Приведен обзор исследований современных украинских ученых в плане легитимации архетипического подхода в различных сферах практики., Сучасна реальність потребує імплементації у практику, ствердження як програми практичної діяльності нових розроблених теоретично підходів, серед яких архетиповий підхід видається одним із найбільш перспективних, оскільки враховує реальні мотиви діячів як суб’єктів. У статті висвітлено особливості архетипового підходу до діяльності в окремих сферах суспільної практики з точки зору реалізації в повсякденному житті, а не лише в теорії. Розглядаються приклади застосування архетипового підходу в практиці маркетингу, зокрема, брендингу, у педагогічній практиці та практиці політичної дипломатії. Наголошується на важливості врахування архетипової схильності об’єктів впливу в цих сферах та побудови адекватної їм схеми діяльності в тому числі на цих засадах. Наводиться розгорнутий перелік окремих архетипових класифікацій, диференціюються архетипи та ролі. В якості методологічної бази використано модель дванадцяти архетипів М. Марк и К. С. Пірсон, серед яких акцентовано типи «Простодушний», «Славний малий», «Дбайливий», «Творець», «Мудрець», «Шукач», «Бунтар», «Блазень», «Герой», «Маг», «Правитель». Окреслено різницю між змістом світогляду цих архетипів на прикладі їх актуальної або потенційної легітимації у практиці брендингу, педагогіки та дипломатії. Автор звертається до українських реалій, зокрема, проводить архетиповий аналіз дипломатичних переговорів між керівництвом Росії та глав європейських держав з приводу припинення війни на сході України. Запропоновано власну оцінку причин неефективності таких переговорів з точки зору архетипового підходу. Наведено огляд доробків сучасних українських учених у напрямку легітимації архетипового підходу в різних сферах практики.

Review for the collective monograph «Difficult Questions of Historical Memory in Paradigm of Culture Dialogue», Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University. Bilostok: Belorussian historical association, 2019. 292 p.

The dynamics of changes in the spiritual-ecclesiastical and religious dimensions of Ukraine over the last quarter of a century testifies to a clear tendency towards self-determination and institutionalisation of the Orthodox community. The first half of the twentieth century became one of the stages of the movement for the creation of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. A special place in the mentioned events had the figure of Metropolitan Polikarp (Sikorskyi). In 1922, a former associate of the Kyiv Spiritual Consistory and the Ministry of Religions of the Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic, Petro Sikorskyi, found himself in Western Volyn, a part of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After his tonsure, Polikarp (Sykorskyi) headed the Derman monastery, and soon afterwards - the Miletsky monastery. At Miletsky Monastery, the hieromonk Polikarp used every opportunity he could to Ukrainize the life of the monastic community. At the beginning of 1923 Polikarp (Sikorskyi) was a Dean of the monasteries of the Volyn Diocese. It was important for Polikarp (Sikorskyi) to participate in the work of the Volyn Diocesan Congress of 1923, where he presided. The decisions of congress provided a formal basis for the Ukrainianization of church services. Delegates voted for the return of the Ukrainian language to divine service and the preparation of liturgical texts in Ukrainian. In the first half of 1923 Archimandrite Polikarp (Sikorskyi) was already a rector of the Zagayat Monastery. Here he focused, among other things, on the de-Russification of the divine services and the whole rhythm of the brethren's spiritual life. Polish police closely followed the archimandrite and claimed that Sikorskiy had turned the monastery into a hotbed of Ukrainian agitation. Not only the Polish police concerned itself with Archimandrite Polikarp (Sikorskiy's) views on the matters of religion and statehood. The representatives of the Russian ecclesiastical and political circles did, too. In October of 1923 by the respective decree, the head of the Church transferred P. Sikorskiy to Vilnius. The intensification of Ukraine's movement for the national and religious independence led to the appointment of Archimandrite Polikarp (Sikorskyi) to the posts of a rector of the cathedral and a dean of a municipality in Volodymyr in the spring of 1926. At that time, a conflict between the pro-Moscow priests and the Ukrainian community led by Arseni Richinsky intensified in the city. Polikarp (Sikorskyi) managed to satisfy the demands of the Ukrainians, but in early 1927 he was transferred to the Zhyrovichi Monastery. Nevertheless, Archimandrite Polikarp (Sikorskyi) remained one of the leaders and a symbolic figure in Ukraine's movement for the national and religious independence in Volyn. This was also confirmed by the Lutsk Church Congress of 1927 and other events in the life of the Orthodox Church of Poland. The other vector of Archimandrite Polikarp's contacts pointed to the UPR circles. Polikarp (Sikorskyi) maintained a dialogue with the UPR leader in exile, Andriy Livitsky. All these circumstances led to the ordainment of Polikarp (Sikorskyi) to the Bishop of Lutsk in 1932. The paper that follows publishes for the first time the unknown facts and certain aspects of Metropolitan's life, of which our knowledge is limited. The article also analyzes the Metropolitan's contribution to the Ukrainizationo of the Church of Volhynia in the interwar period. The purpose of the study is to investigate the extent of Polikarp (Sikorskiy's) Ukrainianizational activities in Volhynia and his impact on social and religious processes. From this goal, the following tasks arise: to evaluate the contribution of Polikarp (Sikorskiy) to the Ukrainianization of Church and religious life of Orthodox community of Poland in the interwar period; to show the extent of the influence of the bishop's figure on the achievements of the movement for the national and religious independence of Volyn in the interwar period.

Crisis phenomena in the cultural and spiritual sphere of the modern society make it necessary to turn to the historical experience of cultural life. Coverage of the public initiative, its support by the state and the promotion of the establishment and activities of educational centers will help to rethink the experience, which will facilitate the search for ways of reviving culture, charity and enlightenment traditions. Thus, arguing the relevance of the declared theme, the authors presented information about the creation of a public library reading room in the district center of Kyiv province - the city of Uman. Having worked out the annual sets of two provincial newspapers - “Kievlyanin” (“Kyiv citizen”) and “Life and Art”, the authors systematized the materials published in them about the Uman Public Library Reading Room. The article draws attention to the multiethnic nature of Uman, because the initiators of the reading room were Jewish youth, to the difficulty of opening a reading library, which emerged as a result of the implementation of a public initiative. The sources of public reading room funding, among which donations of rich people prevailed, have been identified. Based on newspaper reports, it has been shown that the role of management in opening and maintaining a library-reading room has not been significant. It has been emphasized that the very fact of publication of materials about the Uman Public Library Reading Room on the pages of provincial newspapers, which had a large distribution area, testifies to the importance of its formation, and to the dissemination of the experience of such public initiative manifestation. The conclusions of the article summarize that the newspapers "Kievlyanin" and "Life and Art" need a comprehensive research as a source of library affairs study in the territory of Ukraine in the second half of the 19 th - early 20 th centuries, as well as cultural enlightenment in general.

An issue about the Polish underground activity under the circumstances of the occupation regimes in Western Ukraine is considered in the paper. Particularly, the archive criminal case № P-30031 from the fund of the Security Service of Ukraine in Lviv region about the conviction by the Russian authorities of 14 members from the headquarters of the Polish underground “A Union of Armed Struggle” has been published and analyzed for the first time. Prior to this, the course of the war between Poland and Germany on September 1 st -28 th 1939 is briefly characterized; an arrival of the Soviet army and army of the repressive forces is depicted. The autonomous endeavors of the Polish patriots to organize the underground military organizations for the struggle with the occupants in Lviv at the end of 1939 - at the beginning of the 1941 are described. The efforts of the Polish emigration government to organize the underground struggle against the occupants throughout the territory of former Rzeczpospolita II are confirmed. A detailed characteristic of “A Union of Armed Struggle” is given where the command staff, its quantity, a level of armament and the general readiness for the armed rebellion are presented. “The case of fourteen” members of the Union is highlighted, the behavior of police officials, detectives, judges, the officials from the cassation authorities and the Supreme Legislative Bodies of Soviet Ukraine and the USSR regarding to the defendants is considered. The authors have come to a following conclusion: despite the scale and detailed plans of the emigration government and the Polish underground organizations directed to the renewal of Poland according to the borders of 1939, the lack of state, insufficient quantity of weapons, material and financial resources for the struggle had led to the quick revelation and subsequent arrest of UAS leaders, that was one of the biggest underground organization. The analysis of the criminal, control and personal cases of UAS members has depicted the tragic fate of the Polish military underground in Lviv in 1939-1941-s.

Through the prism of the Subcarpathian press of the first third of the twentieth century, the tragic period of establishment of the Ukrainian statehood on the eve of World War II, the struggle for the free development of the Ukrainian nation on the territory of Subcarpathian Ruthenia due to the Munich Agreement and the dangerous political game of England, France, Germany and Italy, as well as Poland and Hungary, in the epicenter of ambitions of which Transcarpathia was caught, is delineated. Further development was given to the issues of struggle of the Ukrainians in Transcarpathia for the realization of the “peoples’ right to self-determination” in the course of the forceful formation of the joint Polish-Hungarian border after the Second Czechoslovak crisis of 1938, which had given rise to the actual division of Czechoslovakia on the one hand, and the intensification of Ukrainians’ national aspirations - on the other. The geopolitical aspects of the game of the Central Powers, as well as of Poland and Hungary in the process of “redrawing Europe”, the international peculiarities of the policy of appeasement of an aggressor of 1938 as a process of concessions and losses, in which the Transcarpathian lands remained as currency and the government of the autonomous Subcarpathian Ruthenia had to struggle alone against imperial revisionism, aggressive propaganda and destructive armed sabotage, were analyzed. Based on the Transcarpathian periodicals, the development of relations between the Carpathian Ukraine and practically the only foreign-policy partner - Germany - is shown in the context of the formation of the Hitler’s strategy of the “Eurasian Axis”, where the Ukrainian lands had a significant role. Factors of influence on the formation of the new European political reality and the role of the Ukrainian country in it are investigated. When using the press as a key source of historical data, a comprehensive picture of the Central Powers’ encroachments and aspirations and their practical intentions in an international crisis is reflected.

The article deals with the place, role and presence of women in the United States diplomatic service in the 20th century at the beginning of the XXI century. It is noted that since the emergence of such a term as "diplomacy" in the life of America (in fact, from 1787) and until 1922, when women were given the right to vote and, as a consequence, the right to take the exam to work in the diplomatic service, no the woman did not hold even the lowest post. The only way to get involved in diplomatic relations is to be a shadow woman behind the back of a male diplomat. From 1922, women began to gradually master the basics of the diplomatic service, but met with many obstacles in their path, one of which was the reluctance of the main executive body in international relations, the State Department, to promote women in diplomatic service. To this end, potential candidates were pre-designed to "scare" situations that a woman might encounter while performing her job. However, those who eventually succeeded in the diplomatic service performed mostly clerical duties and could not speak of the possibility of occupying some senior position in the "men's club" of the diplomatic service. It was believed that the appointment of a female ambassador abroad would damage the image of the United States on the world stage. It was not until the end of World War II, when America itself set certain rules and, as a result of production necessity, did the number of women in diplomatic service begin to increase gradually every decade, reaching its climax during the reigns of Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, who, by the time the representation of women in the State Department was not lost. It was during their reign that the highest position in the US State Department was held by women. The article provides statistics on the number of female ambassadors under US presidents, ranging from F. Roosevelt to Obama.

The analysis of asymmetric threats in past armed confrontations makes it possible to evaluate the risks in similar situations today. The Cold War of 1946-1991 is not an exception, because the experience of using propaganda influence by both parties in it is an inexhaustible source for generalization and predictions of the processes around the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, which are gradually described by modern military and political experts as the “Cold War of the XXI century”. Publications existing in the post-Soviet space largely suffer from the orthodoxy of their views. This limits the ability to evaluate objectively the forms and methods of forming public opinion in the United States regarding a political enemy after the Second World War, and thus impoverishes knowledge of possible options for the unfolding of events for our country in the opposition of such type, and, accordingly, the ability to predict the situation. The proposed study attempts to differentiate itself from Soviet and post-Soviet sources of information and, based solely on US publications, to identify the main cliches formed in the US information space regarding the image of the enemy in the face of the USSR.

The purpose of research is to identify the features of information record in metric books, confession lists and revision “skazki”, their use in making genealogical trees of representatives of different denominations and social categories of XVIII - the beginning of ХХ century, that are stored in the State Archives of Donetsk Oblast. Methodology of the research lies in the use of methods of typologization and classification, historiographic, historical-genetic, and historical-comparative methods that allowed for comprehensive processing of sources, revealing their information capabilities and features. An attempt was made to investigate their information potential and their use in making genealogical trees of representatives of different denominations and social categories of Donetsk Region. Metric books are the primary genealogical source, because they recorded the main events in human life: birth, marriage, death. Their information potential makes it possible to explore the family relationship of all segments of Ukrainian society. Another important all-segment source of genealogical information is the confession lists of the churches: the annual family and nominal registers of the parishioners of the church, who were confessed to the priest. The information potential of these sources should be used at the beginning of genealogical research, when the number and names of family members, the exact dates of birth are unknown. The source of the most practical importance in the reconstruction of genealogical trees of taxable segments of the population is the materials of the all-Russian taxable population censuses, which were conducted in the territory of the Russian Empire in the period of 1718-1857. The results of these censuses were the so-called revision “skazki”. Metric books, revision “skazki” and confession lists are sufficiently informative sources and have a high level of reliability, their information potential makes it possible to reconstruct genealogical trees of representatives of different denominations and social categories of Donetsk Region. Their scientific value is increasing today because of the inability of Ukrainian researchers to study part of these complexes due to Russian aggression in the East of Ukraine.

The article is dedicated to the reconstruction of national historical narratives in light of national stamp publishing. The research is based on the study of the pictorial aspect of the postage stamps of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in 1918-1920 as an expression of state policy towards the development of the national postal service that played an important role in the process of state-building. The diachronic analysis method gives an opportunity to study the process of transformation of postage stamps from the philatelic material to the state of cultural and historical monument. Analytical study of catalogued postage stamps with the general narrative of the past state postal structure of the Ukrainian People’s Republic is defined as the Ukrainian philatelic heritage. Postage stamps as an element of the statehood of Ukraine in the first half of the twentieth century formed the basis of modern national stamp publishing in contemporary narrative of historical memory

New attention towards the ancient Church chant is especially on time in today’s Ukraine, where the renewed autocephalous Church is entering the global Christian community, looking back at its own historical and liturgical roots and trying to overcome the stereotypes about its tradition. The present article deals with the myths of different Christian musical traditions concerning themselves and their neighbors. Such myths implicitly express the yearning for the lost unity of the Church and condemn the Other for this loss. Hence they continue the dogmatic polemics in the domain of aesthetics. As we have demonstrated, such myths were constructed by the 19th-20th centuries historiographies of Church chant as an ideological impetus for the renewal of the relevant traditions. However “positive” mythologization of one’s own chanting tradition, firstly, retouched those dimensions of its image that were underestimated at that time, and secondly, often denigrated the neighbor traditions. So, the one-sidedness of such mythologization has provoked some modern cantors to engage into the joint reconstruction of authentic history of music together with their foreign colleagues. In this paper such collegial reconstructions - theoretical as well as practical - were for the first time assessed as an important dimension of interconfessional and interchurch dialogue. As we tried to show, they are not less necessary than the discussions in dogmatic field and their fruits are much more powerful than any “musical Esperanto” of popular Christian hymns.

Our era, characterized by the breaking of old stereotypes of thinking, ideological schemes and the formation of new spiritual foundations of social development, acutely actualizes the problem of person's identification and the formation of his/her spiritual and moral values. The article reveals the role of women in the Ashkenazi tradition, a place that the Torah assigns to women in the general scheme of Jewish ritual life. The Torah texts in which the role of women in a family are analyzed in detail. The study clarifies the importance and dignity of the mission that is assigned to Jewish women and which they so faithfully carry out throughout history. The urgency of the study of the above problems is also necessitated by the generalization of the spiritual experience of Judaism, in-depth study of the patterns of new functioning of religions in the conditions of dramatic social changes, their praxeological manifestations, analysis of the mechanism of spiritual and cultural continuity in the practice of religious communities. Materials and articles can be used by specialists in the field of religious and theological studies, students, professors, while writing scientific papers, as well as at lectures related to the study of theology.

The article intends to study the person of Melchizedek as described in the Epistle of Hebrews. It provides an overview of sources who have engaged with this biblical hero and interpretations that exist on his personality. It has been shown that there are many varied opinions regarding Melchizedek. The article attempts yet again, following closely the author of the Epistle, to unravel the secret of this person. The research is based on the hermeneutic-exegetical method. It is shown how, step-by-step, the author of Hebrews guides the reader in the disclosure of the identity of Melchizedek, which undeniably has a serious impact on the thinking of his first and of contemporary readers. The article starts with a brief introduction to the Epistle followed by a description of the historical background of the first century. It is shown that the Epistle in a narrative style was written either during the period of persecution of Christians, or just preceding it. Apparently, difficult times affected the faith of the members of the community. Some of them had cooled off in their faith, some had departed from Christ, some had fallen into sin, some may have again returned to the Jewish system of values. In the Epistle, the author tries to draw the attention of community members again to Christ. He shows Christ’s superiority over the prophets, the angels, over Abraham, Moses, and Aaron as well as over the Old Testament priestly system of temple service. The author demonstrates the divinity of Jesus Christ, talks about the purposelessness, meaninglessness and even the danger of life without Him and calls for a return to faith in Him. In his hermeneutical-exegetical study of the Old Testament narratives of Melchizedek in Genesis 14:18-20 and Ps.110:4, the author of the Epistle uses traditional rabbinic methods of interpretation of Scripture acceptable in his time. He shows that Melchizedek is not only a historical person, but also an eschatological one. He is not only a prototype of the priest of the future, not just a prototype of the Messiah. He actually is the Messiah, the Son of God. The person of Melchizedek was touched on by the author of the Epistle not only in order to show His divinity and identity with Christ, but also to show that God the Father acted through Him in the Old Testament and also continues to do so in the New Testament. Jesus is a faithful High Priest.

The present paper traces the status of impostors in school education in India. Moreover, the paper assesses the level of fear of success among the adolescents which creates undue pressure on the students to excel and compete with their peers. The sole objective of the school educational system has turned out to be job oriented as the numbers of quality educational institutions are very less which ensures better career prospects for the students. A group of n = 140 high school students were chosen for the current study. The variables like, family background, gender, educational level, age etc do have relationships with impostor phenomenon and fear of success. The results of the study justifies the scenario wherein high achievement in comprehensive examinations is directly proportionate to fear of success as the high achievers demonstrated different values than the low achievers. The results also indicate that the students with fear of success have equal ability to achieve academically as well as in non- academic tasks. Moreover, the impostors show direct relationship with fear of success. The study proposes the need of more intervention programs and a educational policies which ensures multi-dimensional counseling programs to meet all the attributes of success/ performance fearing individuals.

The relevance of the article lies in the necessity to discover major aspects of the UNR Military and Sanitary Mission’s activity on prisoners of war (POWs) in Germany. The Mission’s crucial task was to facilitate their repatriation. It should be noted that the main obstacle for Ukrainian POWs’ transportation was based on the development of the destructive political processes on the territory of former Russian empire, particularly due to the consolidation of power in the hands of Bolsheviks in Petrograd. The study is to determine the features of the cooperation between the Mission and Ukrainian POWs’ camp communities, as well as the quantity and characteristics of the humanitarian assistance provided to POWs. The research identifies that the Mission succeeded in improving living conditions for POWs at camps through sending food supplies, clothes and shoes. In addition, it cared for POWs’ moral needs by implementing courses, lessons, theatrical plays and sending Ukrainian periodicals and books to the camps. What is more, the Mission was responsible for the sanitary care, especially in regard to sending medicaments and medical staff. The mission also developed the ways and logistics of POWs’ repatriation process as well. The study’s novelty lies in in a comprehensive research of the Mission’s activity which resulted in organizing, in September-October 1919, the transportation of small POWs group to Czechoslovakia with Ukraine as a final destination. Nonetheless, the negotiations regarding a massive repatriation were not successful and, thus, a considerable part of POWs stayed in camps until May 1920. Despite these events, the Mission’s activity had positive consequences for most Ukrainian POWs, particularly organizing their national life in camps.

У сучасній історіографії усталеною є думка про те, що в Османській імперії не існувало ринку землі в сучасному економічному тлумаченні. Базуючись на створеній у XVIII столітті концепції феодалізму й розвиненої в працях марксистсько-радянського штибу, було створено образ суспільства, що не знало приватної власності на землю, яка належала обмеженій кількості юридично повноправних вельмож. Для «Сходу» й для Османської імперії зокрема, ця теорія, органічно поєднуючись із концепцією «східного деспотизму», створила хибне уявлення про земельні відносини, згідно з яким, неначебто, вся земля належала державі, уособленням якої була постать султана, що роздавав земельні наділи в тимчасове користування. Користувачі земельних угідь не мали права продати, купити, орендувати, заповідати, розділяти земельний наділ тощо. Люди, що працювали на землі, були лише тимчасовими тримачами-орендаторами, які постійно перебували під економічним, а часто й під фізичним гнітом привілейованої частини османського суспільства (здебільшого військової), й ледь не на становищі рабів, прикріплених до тієї чи іншої ділянки. Навіть привілейовані верстви володіли землею на час несення державної служби і моментально втрачали будь-які права на землю після припинення служби. Згідно такої картини, приватної власності на землю не могло бути апріорі. У статті здійснюється спроба довести на основі законодавчих актів, що в Османській імперії існував вільний ринок землі, яка могла бути об’єктом економічних стосунків між усіма підданими Османської держави, що земля була поділена на велику кількість різноманітних типів в залежності від економічних та природніх обставин, земельний наділ міг знаходитися в приватній власності, а типологія землі в Османській імперії була зумовлена максимізацією прибутку держави. Кричуща невідповідність даних, базованих вже на перекладених і доступних джерелах із історії османських земельних відносин ґрунтується на застарілому радянському погляді, складності перекладу османських юридичних та економічних термінів та недотриманні принципу історизму при зіставленні османських соціоекономічних реалій із сучасними.

The geopolitical changes in the international relations after the First World War, the new trends in European foreign policy, the increasing interest to the Ukrainian issue were the main reasons which intensified an interest of Ukrainian community to the issues of international policy. Founded in 1922 the Western Ukrainian Association of the League of Nations (WUALN) endeavored to facilitate the solution of the Ukrainian issue in the format of the LNUA, manifesting the idea of Ukrainian statehood renewal. Three periods can be defined in the association’s activity: the first includes the period from January-June 1922; it is the time of organization’s foundation and its entrance to the League of Nations Union of Associations (LNUA); the second (the main) period from the 8th of June 1922 to the 23rd of June 1923; it is the time of a full membership the WUALN in the Union; the third period from the 23rd of June to the 1st of July 1924 connected with the suspension of the WUALN’s membership in the LNUA and the association’s struggle for the rights’ renewal in the organization. The WUALN did not recognized the Treaty of Versailles about the division of the Ukrainian lands between the Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia; the Riga Peace Treaty’s ratifications of 1921 between Poland, the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian Republic included to the Soviet Union. The Association had the close contacts and cooperated with the WUNR’s government in exile, political parties from the Western Ukraine: Ukrainian National Labor Party (UNLP), Ukrainian Radical Party (URP), Christian Social Party (CSP), Ukrainian Parliament Representation (UPR) and other organizations. The association coordinated actions on the international scene and its tactics with the WUNR’s government in exile and E. Petruschevich personally; still the information about the misuses of the Polish government, the facts of violations from the Polish regime of the national minorities’ rights, non-performance of the international obligations of the Polish state was obtained from the other civil and political organizations of the WUALN. The contradictions between UNR and WUNR governments influenced on the relations with the Ukrainian Association of the League of Nations (UALN) from Naddniprianschyna in 1919-1920-s; notwithstanding in the strategical lines of the “Ukrainian issue’s” solution the both associations demonstrated solidarity and co-coordination that the congress of the LNUA demonstrated vividly in The Hague. However, the contacts with the members of Naddniprianschyna gradually activated after the temporary suspension of WUALN’s activity in the LNUA in 1923. At that period the UALN often defended the WUALN’s interests in the governing bodies of the LNUA, and the WUALN considered the variant of integration to the UALN on the autonomy rights.

The article is devoted to analysis of general trends in the Armed Forces of Ukraine military specialists’ training are scrutinized in this article from a historical perspective. The factors of reduction in the first officer positions recruitment before the Russian Federation military aggression against Ukraine are analyzed. Those factors are: drawbacks in the state order planning for the training of tactical level specialists, absence of the other sources of officers admission to the first officer positions because of the lack of appropriate legislative framework, and an unsuccessful implementation of the personnel policy and military education tasks that consequently led to a significant officers’ training lag behind the real needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. In addition, the measures taken by the Defense Agency to stabilize the situation and eliminate the existing incompleteness of the first officer positions are considered. Since 2015, the Defense Agency has suggested several effective methods, primarily in the form of course training for non-commissioned officer personnel who have higher education with the further assignment to the officer personnel positions and award of a military rank of “second lieutenant”. The Defense Agency also has run an experiment that involves the enrollment for an experimental program “Leadership Courses” of civil citizens who obtained a bachelor’s degree and higher for training (up to 12 months) for the military service under contract in the first officer positions. The suggested forms and means of the servicemen’s training are continuously adapted in order to find an optimal way that has to provide the conditions for mastering a certain military specialty on a professional level. The author has studied the latest forms of junior officers’ training taking into account the standards of NATO member states. The concept of “military specialists’ training” is analyzed in the context of implementation of military education tasks and military personnel policy for the first time. The future research perspective consists in the need to provide the possible ways of the world-leading countries’ positive experience usage in order to create an effective career management system for military specialists.

An endeavor to analyze the role and place of Eastern Europe in Polish geopolitical conceptions during the interwar period was made in the issue. The aim of the research was the scientific analysis of ideology and policy of federalism and prometheism which were realized into the camp’s policy of Polish sanitation shared J. Pilsudski’s political views. A role and place of Ukrainian problem in Eastern policy of Poland was considered according to the identified aim. The scientific article emphasized that the main attention was paid to Eastern geopolitical direction of Poland during the interwar period. Polish national democrats promoted a conception of incorporation which implied lands inclusion in Poland at the East with Polish ethnical and cultural priority. The adherents of J. Pilsudski united on the ground of federalism conception due to which Ukraine, Lithuania and Belorussia had to establish a united country with Poland, for instance Rzecz Pospolita. The federal idea’s defeat that was certified by Riga agreement of 1921 gave impetus to the concept of prometheism formation in Poland. It was distinguished form a federational program by the fact of the Soviet Union existence and national emigration from Eastern Europe as well as from Central Asia and the Far East which was involved into the orbit of Polish influences. An endeavor of a complex study of prometheism concept in domestic and foreign policy of Poland was initially made in Ukrainian historiography. The ideological sources and traditions of Polish Eastern policy which were the base of prometheism concept, in particular the federational program of Polish socialists were considered. The evolution of Polish prometheism idea during the interwar period was analyzed in the issue. The author’s understanding of specific nature of the international prometheism movement establishment and development, which united the emigrants from Russian under the aegis of Poland, was offered in the article.

The issue is devoted to a value sphere of Christian dominant consideration in the spiritual and semantic space of a name-giving culture in Ukrainian anthroponymic tradition as well as to the historical and philosophical analysis of spiritual peculiarities presented in the process of proper nouns' creation and functioning in Ukrainian spiritual culture at the pagan times. The urgency of an issue has been intensified by a fact that a name is one of the most crucial symbols in human's awareness of personal solitude. Anthroponyms (human proper nouns) have been a widely used national lexical phenomenon for different times and epochs, and for different people, that emphasized a constant existential need of the issue in the individual as well as in the social consideration. The sphere of a scientific study is the genesis and peculiarities of Ukrainian onomasticon. The ancient names' popularity and the general understanding of the true name's spiritual roots of an ancient name are discussed. The crucial concept of the work is a statement about the preservation of the spiritual sources of a pagan tradition. National Ukrainian onomasticon has been predominantly formed on the Orthodox value basis that is owing to the historical peculiarities of the national, religious and cultural space. The value of a name as a philosophic, cultural, spiritual and historical phenomenon is highlighted. The aim of an issue is to represent a transcendental peculiarity of the proper names and via a structured analysis with the hermeneutic methodology application to highlight the appearance and spiritual components in the elite-sacral, elite-secular and national names in Ukrainian ancient ethical tradition. The cardinal meaningful lines of the names' spiritual roots are to be analyzed. The conclusions of the issue are embodied in the following statements and constants: - A name is the most essential expression of self on an ontological level. - A name is an opportunity of social memory saving on a social level. - The two level context of Ukrainian onomasticon is represented by a pagan tradition of namegiving which is based on the spiritual unity between a human and natural environment that transforms it into a spiritual charm. - Christian tradition of name blessing considers a name as a spiritual protection of a saint as well as a motivation for further spiritual changes.

This paper describers the state of archaeological resource of Paleolithic artefacts in the territory of the Lower Dnieper. The places, discovery dates, the names of the researchers conducted excavations are presented. According to the aim of the issue, the general description of the history of Palaeothic artefacts of Lower Dniper is presented. The analysis of the representational historiographic base of the issue gave an opportunity to discover the first scaled study provided by Gornostaevskaya archeological expedition in the region in 1950-s which was connected with Kachovskyi’s reservoir building. The later studies were performed by Kherson’s expedition affiliated to the Institute of Archeology of Ukrainian Academy of Science. During the years of independence some restudies were provided by the enthusiastic scientists, M.P. Olenkovsky’s work could be distinguished among them. Approximately thirty and a half stations of Paleolithic Age were found in the region. Unfortunately, the vast majority of the stations were destroyed. The oldest discoveries are presented by the two stations of the Middle Paleolithic Age: the first is situated between the villages of Balky and Blagovishchenko; the second is Rock Orel near Maychka village. The author determines the problems which the Ukrainian researchers face: 1) the vast majority of the stations are destroyed by the waters of Kachovka’s reservoir or the soil reclamation works; 2) the problem of artefacts’ final dating; 3) the lack of finance of the scientific institutions which has a negative influence on the further studies.

For some time now, Nigeria has faced the threat of secession from different groups. Each of the groups feels that the country is not representing their interest. In particular, most of the groups feel that the interest of their people has not been properly represented in terms of power sharing. Nigeria operates a democratic system of government with three tiers namely the executive, the judiciary and the legislature. The country also has six geo-political zones for the purposes of power sharing. The zones are North East, North West North, North Central South East, South West and South-South. The 36 states of the federation are, therefore, groups into the various zones with unequal number of states. For example, the North East has six states, the North West has seven, the North Central has six the same as South-South and South-West. However, the South-East has only five states. The unequal number of states among the geo-political zones has serious implications for power sharing in the country. For example, each state has three elected senators and a number of house of representative members depending on the population of the state. What this means is that the South-East has less number of senators and House of Representative members. Their counterparts from North-West is likely is likely to have the highest number of representatives. Zones like North Central, North East, South-West and South-South will have equal number of Senators but the number of House of Representatives may differ depending on the population. This unequal representation could have implications on the promotion of bills and policies and motions in the National Assembly that address issues that affect the welfare of each of the people of each geo-political zones. The mere thinking that South-East is outnumbered in the National Assembly could also make people of the zone to view almost every government programme and policy with suspicion. People of the area may be thinking that the government at the centre does not represent their interest. They may also be thinking that the country does not mean well for them. All these could provide fertile ground for agitations to fester. This partly explains why the country has faced agitations from people from South-East who have over the years sought to separate from Nigeria. Such agitations have also been reported in the media. This paper investigates audience perception of this reporting. The study sought answers to four research questions. Survey research was adopted for the study. A total of 384 respondents were recruited for the study. The questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. The data generated were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found that most of the respondents studied reported high frequency of exposure to media reports on secession agitations. The result also showed that the media of exposure were radio, TV, and newspapers. The sample studied perceived media reports on secession agitations as supporting such actions. The result also showed a significant relationship between exposure to media reports on secession and public perception. The researchers recommend, among others, that the Nigerian Union of journalists should step up their monitoring mechanism to ensure that media reports do not compromise national unity.

The results of historiographic research devoted to the Armenian diaspora in Lviv are highlighted in the issue. The necessity of such historiographic presentation was enhanced by the high number of historical sources where the Armenians of Lviv were mentioned or described, and their scientific interpretations. The main principles of author’s classification were the credibility of historical sources and artefacts as well as the chronological order of the studies’ emergence which could be related to the history of whole city and to the periods of the Armenian community’s struggle for their rights and privileges. Among the official documents, determined the authentic nature the Armenian community in Lviv, were the tax registries, royal estates’ descriptions, the Armenian judicial acts and a controversial document “The Document of 1062 of Duke Fedor Dmitrievich”, according to which the Armenians were introduced to Lviv for establishing the settlement and the credibility of which had been debatable to the present day. A separate part of the work is devoted to the most prominent historiographical studies and historical essays of the Armenians in Lviv. The new archive materials were included into the scientific usage; in particular, the attention was drawn to the preserved Armenian manuscripts in ancient Armenian that had been stored at the scientific library of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv and needed digitalization and restoration. The scientific work of professor Ya. R. Dashkevych, who was one of the most prominent researchers of the issue “The Armenians in Ukraine” and other national and foreign historians, was briefly described. The conclusion was drawn regarding to the necessity of Ukrainian history’s enrichment by the Armenian’s issue.

The issue of documents’ study from a family archive for estate’s daily life reconstruction on Left-bank Ukraine within 19 th century is considered in the paper for the first time. A base for the scientific exploration was Galagan’s family archive that represented a regional community, particularly Ukrainian nobility with the origins from kozaks’ high-ranking officers. The collection is characterized by the high level of documents preservation, various typological groups’ existence that are created by Galagan’s family as well as by the persons connected with the family during the imperial stage of Ukrainian history. The fact permits to consider a country estate in the light of multi-level daily practices of Ukrainian nobility within the elaborate system of social and cultural connections. The aim of the issue was to determine the significance of informational and meaningful potential of Galagan’s archive for analysis and reconstruction of estate’s daily life as a center of Ukrainian nobility’s economic and cultural practices within the determined time and space limits. The author demonstrates that several meaningful existential layers of estate’s daily life as well as the nobility in general have been reconstructed according to Galagan’s archive materials. Among the recreated notions are estate’s setting; family relationships, connections with peasants and hired workers; the way of housekeeping under historical circumstances; general awareness of social and political events outside an estate; reconstruction of close family relationships; intellectual and spiritual decoration of Ukrainian nobility’s country estates. Each of the presented layers is recreated on the ground of texts analysis from one typological group as well as by information comparison from various typological sources. The documents consideration has highlighted a fact of private and public spheres’ intersection on the base of estate’s daily life. The results of presented study can be used in historical exploration of various social groups’ daily routine in Ukraine, family biography’s reconstruction within the context of social history, country estate consideration as an original historical and cultural phenomenon under the realities of 19 th century. The issue is based on an original author’s conception.

A common conviction of Modernism about personality’s absence in the High Middle Ages is criticized in the issue. From Duns Scotus’s axioms, scholastic directives about necessary aspiration of bliss which characterizes a true Christian believer, the author has proved that scholastic doctrines of the period are aimed at a process of moral, reflective and responsible person formation whose deliberately remains an unchanged balance between individual and collective values. The hermeneutical, phenomenological, logical and critical methods are used to reveal social and mental senses of ethical and religious category of bliss in Duns Scotus’s doctrine and axiological mainstreams’ determination of personality development in the High Middle Ages. The Scotus’s interpretation of bliss aspiration is proved to state a concept of active individual development and emphasizes a process of personality formation, encourages a man to self-control and the inner world harmonization according to Christian canonical values and ideas of believers from various communities - families, corporations, states, which create the integral “Christian community” (corpus Christianorum). A beatitudo aspiration is a hierarchical guideline and a mean of active spiritual and moral motion beginning, as well as it is one of the will’s direction facilities toward an ideal object. The bliss aspiration provides an opportunity to realize abilities of will-love, to overcome depravity interim ethics, by eliminating its contingent notion, and after having known a natural sphere of bliss, wishing happiness. Scholar considers beatitudo a bail of Love and God’s plan in an ordinary human life, as a certain man’s gift that facilitates to reach finis ultimus. Despite a level of depravity a man should personally harmonize two spheres of bliss, in particular private and universal spheres. Nevertheless, due to a natural law human nature primarily desires happiness in a private sphere, and then bliss in a universal sphere that will be reached by a posteriori acts of will and an equal dilemma solution. A philosophic interpretation of a bliss category is created for the first time. The perspectives of further study will allow contemporaries an additional opportunity to understand the anthropological transition from traditional way of thinking to rational and individual one and to determine the internal filling of medieval human’s spiritual world, that are the mental milestones in a process of a European personality formation.

The moral and ethical situation in Ukraine is considered in an issue in the light of analysis of the realities which characterize the modern social, cultural and spiritual reality. Having concluded that the main right of any person is a right to own dignity, an author highlights that the realization of respect for Other is a problem for modern Ukraine which demands an urgent solution. A characteristic of presented in Ukrainian’s society systems of “deeds” and “choices” is provided in the issue for determination of the key research arguments. The systems give the essential meanings to “good” and “evil” definitions on the way of highlighting some axiological vectors for imbalance correction that characterize Ukrainian social, cultural and spiritual realities. The methodological coordinate system of an issue refers to the elements of Fr. Nietzsche’s work which is used for reality peculiarities’ definition, and to the ethical system of Christian guidelines which are noted for ideas’ expressiveness under current tradition. An author appeals to Ch. Taylor’s studies for a search of crucial ethical ideas, which are able to harmonize the relationships with Others within a country as well as beyond it. Due to the author a way of positive realities transformation (in moral, spiritual, social and civil directions) in Ukraine consists in deliberate wish to overcome the stereotypes of slave morality (when everyone is a “threat” for everybody) and change the system of actions depended on such type of morality. That required the true community work in a direction of national intellectual enrichment, national spiritual development according to the system of educational and cultural initiatives.

The article is devoted to the institutionalization processes within the Muslim communities in the new conditions of political transformations in Ukraine. In the conditions of the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the author sets the goal to investigate the actual ways of joining the structures of civil society, interaction with state authorities and the influence on the religious factor, which, along with the ethnic and national factors, is extremely important for studying in the context of the Crimean Tatars community. The article describes the conditions for the implementation of activities in the framework of migration processes, possibility of a culture development, and the preservation of the identity of representatives of the Muslim communities of the Crimea. Within the framework of this research, work was carried out to find newly created and reorganized organizations and communities, in particular, it was necessary to identify ways to implement the rights to preserve and develop cultural heritage, language, as well as to provide social and legal protection to certain citizens affected by occupation of the peninsula. The results of the study indicate attempts to overcome the isolation policy and obstacles to the adaptation of settlers in a new place, internally migrated persons, as well as an important area of activity was the elimination of the trend of separation of the Caucus Tatar community in Ukraine and its isolation character. In particular, to date, new centers have been created in Ukraine, along with those that have undergone reorganization changes: SDMC public organization «Ixsan-Sincerity" in the city of Drohobych, the Islamic cultural center named after Muhammad Asad in Lviv, the diaspora of the Crimean Tatars has about 10 thousand people in the Kherson region, while there is a rather close living of the Crimean Tatars in the village New Dam in the Vinnytsya region. There is "Crimean Tatars' “Zemlyatstvo (association of people coming from the same area)"” - a public organization representing the interests of the indigenous people of Crimea. So, the main areas of internal migration were Lviv, Vinnytsya and Kherson regions, whose work set the goal of preservation of ethnic and religious identity of the indigenous people of Crimea.

The issue is devoted to the study of modern processes in the sphere of decision-making and organizational communicational systems building. The complex analysis of organizational culture as a component of social culture, system of values and beliefs, which determined personnel’s behavior model and conditioned the general character of organization existence is performed. In particular, applying to comparative and critical analysis of various concept definitions of “organizational culture” and revealing the advantages of social and cultural approach as a platform for social structures analysis which formed value background for managerial decisions, the author considers organizational culture as a base for effective managerial decisions-making; defines the main classification principles of organizational culture; determines the structure on the ground of three-level conception: “surfaced”, “beneath surface” and “deep” levels, which form “cultural paradigm” of an organization and coherent image. Furthermore, the typical internal components of organizational culture are highlighted and analyzed. Addressing the following objectives provides an opportunity, firstly, to organize social and philosophical concepts’ analysis of organizational culture on global and local levels, whereas each relates to a special tool standard used within social and communication analysis; secondly, to define specific features’ selection of organizational culture’s influential factors on managerial decisions creation and their mechanisms of implementation. The crucial conclusions are: mutual connection determination between 1) the types of social structure and the peculiarities of organizational activity; 2) the classification features of organizational culture and intentions of managerial decisions; 3) levels of organizational culture and organizational values positioning; 4) a personal type and his ability to accept and transmit the fundamental achievements of organizational culture.

In the modern world, almost simultaneously in the texts on national security strategies of the United States and the European Union the weak states are mentioned as the main threat to security for the whole world. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that weak states have long been the subject of research by Western scholars. It covers the search for solutions to problems in several areas, including the post-Soviet transfer, the issues of the African continent development and formation, the study of security issues in the Middle East, and so on. The article attempts to identify discrepancies in definitions and categorizations, as well as to analyze the preconditions and ways to overcome the position of “weak state”, in particular in the foreign economic and security sector. The main theoretical approaches to the definition of weak states in the foreign literature have been analyzed, but in domestic research this question is very rarely raised by scientists. The threats to international security of countries with a "weak state" status have been summarized. The study concludes the definition and assessment of the weak states status, namely, weak states in different regions of the world and in particular in Ukraine. Within the framework of this research, it has first been proposed to clarify the definitions of "weak" and "failed" states, as well as to determine the principles of the weak state existence along with the neighboring large country, and clearly defined preconditions and ways of overcoming its political and economic weakness, on the example of Ukraine.

Author in this article continuous publications on the Battle of Stalingrad, revealing the role of army armored troops of Red Army during the breakthrough of the enemy’s defense and surroundings of the 6th and 4th tank armies during the Stalingrad strategic offensive operation in the autumn-winter of 1942-1943, as the only one operation of the southwest, Don and Stalingrad fronts. The importance of groups of tanks of direct support of the infantry during the breakthrough of the enemy's defense and mobile units (tank and mechanized corps) during the completion of the breakthrough of the main enemy's defensive zone and the development of success inside of the enemy lines have been analyzed. The experience of the association of three tank corps for closer interaction under the general leadership of one of these commanders was singled out, which was the basis for the formation in the spring of 1943 of tank armies of a uniform composition.

The study consists of two parts: the administrative-territorial division of Galicia and the general description of its population. The first part of the study provides information on the administrative subordination of Galicia during the 14th century - the first third of the 20th century. Detailed information is given on administrative-territorial division of Galicia in the days of Austria, Austria-Hungary, the West Ukrainian People's Republic, the Ukrainian People's Republic, and interwar Poland before the Second World War. The system of administration as well as territorial boundaries of voivodeships and powiats is described. The second part of the study contains quantitative and qualitative data on the total population of Galicia, its ethnic and religious groups.

The article analyzes an influence of 412 SMS from Mtn Nigeria agro info Services Added Value that were sent by graduates of universities with agricultural specialties during 2018. The author examined the content of those messages and their effectiveness in decision making by young specialists about their employment in Nigerian agricultural enterprises. For this purpose the author divided all messages into four categories (“evidentiary”, “local”, “descriptive”, “striking”). Of them, “evidentiary” messages were the most effective in communication by encouraging unemployed to make constructive decisions about their employment. Generally, the results of the research demonstrates that the messages sent to mobile phones are effective means in attraction of the qualified specialists to the work in agriculture sector of the county. Apart from historical, sociological component of this research is also important, because unemployment of graduates of universities makes them vulnerable and may influence negatively on the society. It is also important that the research may result in positive changes in certain behavior patterns, because now mobile phone is an effective means of not only communication, but also forming of certain tastes and values. Finally, the results of this research may influence on substantive content for mobile phone users, because they reflect a rather significant multiaspectual effectiveness of the named categories of SMS. Therefore, the most important innovation of the article is an evidence of the influence of mobile communication on important behavior reflexes; given facts and conclusions may be useful and instructive for telecommunication service providers and communications experts, as well as for managers of agricultural enterprises, social workers and researchers on this issue. The most important result of this research is the demonstration that due to the receiving agro-informational hints by unemployed graduates of universities a large part of them found employment, at the same time, those who did not regard this information remained unemployed.

The purpose of this study is to add to recent calls to develop indigenous knowledge of peace system and culture development to promote culture of peace in Africa. It assesses the indigenous Gadaa system peace concept and culture, identify its peace related values, philosophies, traditions, institutions, etc for nurturing and sustaining peace in the Oromo society, with the neighboring ethnic group, and its relevance to creating peace culture in Africa and beyond. It relates Gadaa peace system with the UN peace system initiative and framework in demonstrating the relevance of Gada peace system to peace building in multi-ethnic conflicts transformation in the Horn of Africa and beyond. Oromo people were traditionally a culturally homogeneous society with genealogical ties living in Ethiopia, Kenya, and other neighboring east African countries. They governed themselves in accordance with Gadaa (literally "era"), an outstanding democratic socio-political system long before the 16th century that has survived to date and is currently functional in Ethiopia and Kenya, and gaining importance and restored in all parts of Oromia in Ethiopia.. The Gada system is an indigenous institution that pervades every aspect of an Oromo life including personal, interpersonal, social, economic and political life. The Oromo concept of peace is comprehensive and broader than western conception of absence of violence. It covers both negative and positive peace, intra-personal peace, interpersonal peace, within Oromo, with other communities, with nature, and peace with God. Therefore, to build peace culture the Gada concept of peace, truth, values, principles, and conflict resolution techniques need to be restored and promoted. It should be documented and made part of education system. The academics should do research and disseminate these values. The regional state government and civic societies should develop a peace education program based on these values and traditions so that they should be restored quickly and sustained among Oromo community in all corners of east Africa where Oromo community lives. The concepts of gender equality and participation in sustainable development of the society needs to introduced into the Oromo culture and Gada system.