Search

OBJECTIVE: Insecticide-impregnated bednets and curtains have been shown by many studies to be effective against malaria. However, because of possible interactions with immunity development, treated bednets may cause no effect at all or even an increase in malaria morbidity and mortality in areas of high transmission. To clarify this issue, we did a randomized controlled trial to assess the long-term effects of bednet protection during early infancy. METHODS: A total of 3387 neonates from 41 villages in rural Burkina Faso were individually randomized to receive either bednet protection from birth (group A) or from age 6 months (group B). Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality in all study children and incidence of falciparum malaria in a representative subsample of the study population. FINDINGS: After a mean follow-up of 27 months, there were 129 deaths in group A and 128 deaths in group B rate ratio (RR) 1.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78-1.27)). Falciparum malaria incidence was lower in group A than in group B, during early (0-5 months) and late infancy (6-12 months) (RR 3.1, 95% CI: 2.0-4.9; RR 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.6) and rates of moderate to severe anaemia were significantly lower during late infancy (11.5% vs 23.3%, P = 0.008), but there were no differences between groups in these parameters in children older than 12 months. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study provide additional evidence for the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in young children living in areas of intense malaria transmission.

To investigate if the first national insecticide-treated bed-net campaign in Burkina Faso, done in 2010, was followed by a decrease in childhood malaria in a district with high baseline transmission of the disease.We obtained data on the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in children aged 2 weeks to 36 months from malaria surveys in 2009 and 2011. We assessed morbidity in children younger than 5 years by comparing data from the Nouna health district's health management information system before and after the campaign in 2010. We analysed mortality data from 2008 to 2012 from Nouna's health and demographic surveillance system.The bed-net campaign was associated with an increase in the reported use of insecticide-treated nets. In 2009, 73% (630/869) of children reportedly slept under nets. In 2011, 92% (449/487) did. The campaign had no effect on the proportion of young children with P. falciparum parasitaemia after the rainy season; 52% (442/858) in 2009 and 53% (263/499) in 2011. Cases of malaria increased markedly after the campaign, as did the number of children presenting with other diseases. The campaign was not associated with any changes in child mortality.The 2010 insecticide-treated net campaign in Burkina Faso was not associated with a decrease in care-seeking for malaria or all-cause mortality in children younger than 5 years. The most likely explanation is the high coverage of nets in the study area before the campaign which could have had an effect on mosquito vectors, limiting the campaign's impact.Étudier si la première campagne nationale visant à utiliser des moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide au Burkina Faso, menée en 2010, a été suivie d'une baisse des cas de paludisme infantile dans un district ayant un taux élevé de transmission de la maladie.Nous nous sommes procuré des données sur la prévalence de la parasitémie deLa campagne pour l'utilisation de moustiquaires a été associée à une augmentation de l'utilisation de moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide. En 2009, d'après l'enquête menée, 73% des enfants (630/869) dormaient sous une moustiquaire. En 2011, ils étaient 92% (449/487). La campagne n'a pas eu d'effet sur la proportion de jeunes enfants présentant une parasitémie deLa campagne de 2010 pour l'utilisation de moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide au Burkina Faso n'a pas été associée à une diminution des consultations pour paludisme ou de la mortalité, toutes causes confondues, chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans. L'explication la plus probable est liée au taux élevé d'utilisation de moustiquaires dans la zone étudiée avant la campagne, qui pourrait avoir eu un effet sur les moustiques vecteurs de la maladie et avoir limité l'impact de la campagne.Investigar si la primera campaña nacional de mosquiteros tratados con insecticida en Burkina Faso, que se llevó a cabo en 2010, tuvo como resultado un descenso del paludismo infantil en un distrito con una referencia elevada de transmisión de la enfermedad.Se obtuvieron datos sobre la prevalencia de parasitemia porLa campaña de distribución de mosquiteros se relacionó con un aparente aumento del uso de redes tratadas con insecticida. En 2009, aparentemente el 73% (630/869) de los niños dormía bajo mosquiteros. En 2011, lo hacía el 92% (449/487). La campaña no tuvo efecto en la proporción de niños pequeños con parasitemia porLa campaña de distribución de mosquiteros tratados con insecticida realizada en 2010 en Burkina Faso no estuvo relacionada con un descenso en la atención médica relacionada con la malaria o la mortalidad a causa de la misma en niños menores de 5 años. La explicación más lógica es la gran cobertura de redes en el área del estudio antes de la campaña, lo que podría haber tenido un efecto en los mosquitos vectores, limitando el impacto de la campaña.استقصاء إذا ما تبع الحملة القومية الأولى لاستخدام الناموسية المعالجة بمبيد حشري في بوركينا فاصو، والتي تم تنفيذها في عام 2010، أي انخفاض في معدل الإصابة بالملاريا عند الأطفال في إحدى المناطق التي تتسم بارتفاع قاعدة انتشار المرض.حصلنا على بيانات عن انتشار التسمم الدموي بطفيلارتبطت حملة استخدام الناموسية بزيادة ما أمكن تسجيله من استخدام الناموسيات المعالجة بالمبيد الحشري. ووفقًا لما تم رصده، فقد بلغت نسبة الأطفال الذين ناموا تحت الناموسية 73% (630/869) في عام 2009، بينما بلغت 92% (449/487) في عام 2011. ولم تؤثر الحملة على نسبة الأطفال الصغار المصابين بالتسمم الدموي بطفيللم ترتبط حملة استخدام الناموسية المعالجة بالمبيد الحشري التي تم تنفيذها في عام 2010 في بوركينا فاصو بانخفاض طلب الرعاية الصحية فيما يتعلق بالملاريا أو بمعدل الوفيات لجميع الأسباب في الأطفال الذين تقل أعمارهم عن خمس سنوات. والتفسير الأرجح لذلك هو ارتفاع مستوى التغطية للناموسيات قبل الحملة في المنطقة التي خضعت للدراسة، مما أثَّر على البعوض الناقل للمرض، وأدى إلى الحد من تأثير الحملة.旨在调查布基纳法索在 2010 年展开的第一次全国经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐运动之后，高基线疾病传播地区的儿童疟疾是否减少。.我们从 2009 和 2011 年的疟疾调查中获取了两周到 36 个月大的儿童感染恶性疟原虫寄生虫血症的患病率数据。我们通过比较 2010 年开展该运动前后努纳卫生地区的卫生管理信息系统中的数据，评估了 5 岁以下儿童的死亡率。我们分析了努纳卫生和人口监测系统中 2008 年到 2012 年间的数据。.蚊帐运动与报道的经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐使用量增长相关。据报道，2009 年，73% (630/869) 的儿童睡在蚊帐中。2011 年，92% (449/487) 的儿童睡在蚊帐中。该运动对雨季后感染恶性疟原虫寄生虫血症的儿童比例没有影响；2009 年该比例为 52% (442/858)，2011 年则为 53% (263/499)。该运动开展后，疟疾病例显著增长，同时感染其它疾病的儿童数量也显著增长。该运动与儿童死亡率的变化毫无关联。.布基纳法索在 2010 年开展的经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐运动与 5 岁以下儿童的疟疾求医行为或全因死亡率的降低不相关。最合理的解释是，在该运动开展前，蚊帐在研究区域的高使用率对蚊虫媒介已产生影响，因此使该运动的影响受到限制。.Выяснить, снизилась ли частота заболевания детей малярией в регионе с высоким базовым уровнем передачи этой инфекции после того, как в 2010 году в Буркина-Фасо была проведена первая национальная кампания по обработке надкроватных сеток инсектицидами.Мы получили данные о частоте случаев паразитемии, вызваннойКампания по обработке сеток сопровождалась ростом числа сообщений об использовании надкроватных сеток, обработанных инсектицидами. По данным отчетов, в 2009 году 73% детей (630 из 869) спали под сетками. В 2011 году их доля составила 92% (449 из 487). Кампания не повлияла на долю малолетних детей, зараженных паразитомПроведенная в Буркина-Фасо в 2010 году кампания по обработке надкроватных сеток инсектицидами не привела к снижению частоты заболевания малярией с обращением родителей за медицинской помощью. Эта кампания также не ассоциировалась со снижением смертности по различным причинам среди детей в возрасте до 5 лет. Наиболее вероятной причиной такого результата может быть тот факт, что в зоне проведения исследования и до начала кампании наблюдался высокий уровень использования надкроватных сеток, что могло повлиять на векторы распространения комаров и ограничить эффект от кампании.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of country of origin effects and of adjustment and selection processes by comparing noncommunicable disease mortality and life expectancy among migrants to Israel from the former Soviet Union (FSU) with noncommunicable disease mortality and life expectancy among Israelis and the population of the Russian Federation. METHODS: Data from 926 870 FSU-immigrants who migrated to Israel between 1990 and 2003 (study cohort) were analysed. Life expectancy was calculated for the study cohort, all Israelis, and the population of the Russian Federation. Age-standardized death rates were calculated for grouped causes of death. FSU immigrants were additionally compared with other Israelis and with inhabitants of the Russian Federation using cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). FINDINGS: Life expectancy at age 15 years in 2000-2003 was 61.0 years for male and 67.0 years for female FSU immigrants to Israel. Age-standardized death rates for FSU immigrants in Israel were similar to those of other Israelis and much lower than those of inhabitants of the Russian Federation. Relative to Israelis, the study cohort had a higher SMR for neoplasms, and particularly for stomach cancer. Mortality from brain cancer was higher when immigrants were compared to the Russian Federation (SMR: 1.71, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.50-1.94 for males; SMR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.56-2.02 for females), whereas mortality from stomach cancer was lower among immigrants relative to the Russian Federation (SMR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.40-0.47 for males; SMR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.52-0.61 for females). Mortality from external causes was lower among immigrants relative to the population of the Russian Federation (SMR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.19-0.21 for males; SMR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.33-0.37 for females) but significantly higher relative to other Israelis (SMR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.35-1.47 for males; SMR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02-1.15). CONCLUSION: Noncommunicable disease mortality among FSU immigrants to Israel is lower than in the population of the Russian Federation. Mortality rates in FSU immigrants, particularly from circulatory diseases, have rapidly adjusted and have become similar to those of the destination country. However, immigrants from the FSU have considerably higher mortality than other Israelis from external causes and some noncommunicable diseases such as cancer. Mortality rates in these diaspora migrants show a mixed picture of rapid assimilation together with persistent country of origin effects, as well as the effects of adjustment hardships.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with decision to enrol in a community health insurance (CHI) scheme. METHODS: We conducted a population-based case-control study among 15 communities offered insurance in 2004 in rural Burkina Faso. For inclusion in the study, we selected all 154 enrolled (cases) and a random sample of 393 non-enrolled (controls) households. We used unconditional logistic regression (applying Huber-White correction to account for clustering at the community level) to explore the association between enrolment status and a set of household head, household and community characteristics. FINDINGS: Multivariate analysis revealed that enrolment in CHI was associated with Bwaba ethnicity, higher education, higher socioeconomic status, a negative perception of the adequacy of traditional care, a higher proportion of children living within the household, greater distance from the health facility, and a lower level of socioeconomic inequality within the community, but not with household health status or previous household health service utilization. CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence that the decision to enrol in CHI is shaped by a combination of household head, household, and community factors. Policies aimed at enhancing enrolment ought to act at all three levels. On the basis of our findings, we discuss specific policy recommendations and highlight areas for further research.

OBJECTIVE: Insecticide-impregnated bednets and curtains have been shown by many studies to be effective against malaria. However, because of possible interactions with immunity development, treated bednets may cause no effect at all or even an increase in malaria morbidity and mortality in areas of high transmission. To clarify this issue, we did a randomized controlled trial to assess the long-term effects of bednet protection during early infancy. METHODS: A total of 3387 neonates from 41 villages in rural Burkina Faso were individually randomized to receive either bednet protection from birth (group A) or from age 6 months (group B). Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality in all study children and incidence of falciparum malaria in a representative subsample of the study population. FINDINGS: After a mean follow-up of 27 months, there were 129 deaths in group A and 128 deaths in group B rate ratio (RR) 1.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78-1.27)). Falciparum malaria incidence was lower in group A than in group B, during early (0-5 months) and late infancy (6-12 months) (RR 3.1, 95% CI: 2.0-4.9; RR 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.6) and rates of moderate to severe anaemia were significantly lower during late infancy (11.5% vs 23.3%, P = 0.008), but there were no differences between groups in these parameters in children older than 12 months. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study provide additional evidence for the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in young children living in areas of intense malaria transmission.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to quantify the effect of risk factors for childhood mortality in a typical rural setting in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: We performed a survival analysis of births within a population under demographic surveillance from 1992 to 1999 based on data from a demographic surveillance system in 39 villages around Nouna, western Burkina Faso, with a total population of about 30000. All children born alive in the period 1 January 1993 to 31 December 1999 in the study area (n = 10 122) followed-up until 31 December 1999 were included. All-cause childhood mortality was used as outcome variable. FINDINGS: Within the observation time, 1340 deaths were recorded. In a Cox regression model a simultaneous estimation of hazard rate ratios showed death of the mother and being a twin as the strongest risk factors for mortality. For both, the risk was most pronounced in infancy. Further factors associated with mortality include age of the mother, birth spacing, season of birth, village, ethnic group, and distance to the nearest health centre. Finally, there was an overall decrease in childhood mortality over the years 1993-99. CONCLUSION: The study supports the multi-causation of childhood deaths in rural West Africa during the 1990s and supports the overall trend, as observed in other studies, of decreasing childhood mortality in these populations. The observed correlation between the factors highlights the need for multivariate analysis to disentangle the separate effects. These findings illustrate the need for more comprehensive improvement of prenatal and postnatal care in rural sub-Saharan Africa.