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The microanatomy of enamel and dentine records important information about the rate and duration of tooth development, and the timing of key developmental milestones and stress events occurring during an individual's life. While much attention has focused on relationships between dental development and life history in great apes, opportunities to examine individuals from well-documented wild populations are exceptionally rare. Further, many taxa remain poorly known. We report on a histological examination of dental development in a young juvenile female mountain gorilla from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. This individual died an early death; associated records document the last several months of her life. In first and second mandibular permanent molars, we used histological methods to reconstruct cuspal formation times, daily secretion rates, and age at death, providing the first such data for mountain gorillas. Following a blind protocol, we also charted the timing of stress as recorded by accentuated growth increments. Calculated age at death of this individual was 3.10 years, at which time mandibular M1s were partially erupted through the gingiva. From analyses of daily and long-period growth increments, M1 mesiobuccal cusp calcification initiated 87 days before birth and total cuspal formation time was 2.27 years. Periodicity of long period growth increments was 6 days. A prominent stress line was determined to have formed four months before death, corresponding closely in time to a documented poaching event that left this individual orphaned. Subsequent to this, accentuated increments record repeated incidence of stress during a period of documented reintroduction attempts, injury resulting from aggression by other gorillas and a follow-up surgery. Our observations are consistent with accelerated dental development reported previously for a captive juvenile western gorilla (Schwartz et al. 2006), and demonstrate the value of dental histology for revealing aspects of individual life history and stress in wild great apes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]