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In 2022, Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASISD), the National Science Library, CAS, and Clarivate Analytics released their joint report Research Fronts 2022. The report utilized the Essential Science Indicators (ESI) database to do co-citation analysis. The 2022 report started from 12 610 research fronts in ESI and identified a total of 165 research fronts, including hot and emerging specialties spanning 11 broad research areas in sciences and social sciences. With the 165 research fronts and the related core papers and citing papers as the basis for analysis, this study summarized 8 development trends in science and technology, and recent trends and key research questions in 11 broad research areas, aiming to provide reference for studying and forecasting the major development trends in science and technology, summarizing important research issues and then making systematic deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of patent industry innovation chain, this paper analyzed the regional differences of the patent technology innovation efficiency and industrial technology innovation efficiency in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, as well as the spatial patterns and industrial characteristics of cities with various types of technological innovation efficiency. It is found that there are significant differences in patent and industrial technology innovation efficiency among the three urban agglomerations. The patent technology innovation efficiency in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration is relatively high, while that in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Yangtze River Delta urban agglomerations is relatively low. Cities with high industrial technological innovation efficiency show a continuous distribution around Beijing and Tianjin in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, a central periphery structure in the Yangtze River Delta, and a centripetal distribution in the Pearl River Delta. More than 50% of the listed high-tech enterprises in cities with high industrial technological innovation efficiency are strategic emerging industry enterprises. Most of the cities with low industrial technological innovation efficiency are located far away from the provincial capital cities and municipalities directly under the central government, and the number of listed high-tech enterprises in most cities is small. In view of the present situation of technological innovation efficiency of the three major urban agglomerations, this paper puts forward different innovation development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of scientific research in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is unbalanced and inadequate, and its contribution to technological innovation is insufficient to meet the huge demand for industrial innovation in the Greater Bay Area. This paper tries to clarify the coordination relationship between scientific research and industrial innovation in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area since 1997 by constructing the scientific research-industrial innovation coordination data sets, correlation index and relative development index for ten industries in the area. This paper analyzes the evolution and interaction rules of scientific research and industrial innovation in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures. The research found that scientific research and industrial innovation in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area showed an overall upward trend while the coordinating level varies from industry to industry. Among the ten industries analyzed in this paper, communication technology and integrated circuit have reached a high level of coordination; marine engineering equipment is still in the primary coordination stage; and other industries are at a good level of coordination. The scale advantage and competitive advantage of scientific research are dynamic for the improvement of coordination level, which suggests that we should combine the scale effect and competitive advantage of innovation, pay high attention to originality and leadership, and strive to form the special and preponderant advantage of regional scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of information technology has unprecedentedly created a prosperous cyber society and greatly enhanced productivity facilitated by social interaction. At the same time, many problems emerge in the cyber society, such as telecom fraud, privacy leakage, Internet pollution, and algorithmic discrimination. The problems bring new challenges to social order and security. In order to find the way of cyber society governance and promote the modernization of national governance, this paper first presents the analyses on the new problems encountered in the cyber society in three typical scenarios, i.e., identity governance, behavior governance, and algorithm governance, as well as their risk to the economy, society and security. Furthermore, this paper lists the key challenges for the problem governance, and presents technical countermeasures for modern governance of cyber society from three levels of chip, system, and algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

文章在系统总结国内外海洋牧场概念演进过程及其实践发展历程的基础上, 提出现代海洋牧场建设存 在生态学理论缺失、生态工程技术缺少、生态管理缺位问题。以问题为导向提出海洋牧场人工生态系统概 念, 并从海洋牧场渔业资源关键功能群构造及其生境营造角度, 全面剖析了海洋牧场人工生态系统的结构原 理。最后探讨了海洋牧场人工生态系统构筑的基本范式, 包括海洋牧场人工生态系统方案规划设计、生态工 程与智能工程建设、生态适应性管理模式建立等, 以期为我国现代海洋牧场建设探索生态学理论体系. Based on the systematic review of the conceptual evolution process of marine ranching and its development of practice, this paper pointed out the problems existing in the construction of marine ranching in China, such as lack of theoretical support, lack of ecological engineering technologies, and lack of ecological management. It then proposed the concept of marine ranching artificial ecosystem. In addition, the paper analyzed the structural principle of marine ranching artificial ecosystem from the viewpoint of cultivating key functional communities and habitat construction for the marine ranch fishery resources. Finally, the paper discussed the theoretical framework of the modern marine ranching artificial ecosystem, including the planning and design, the construction of ecological engineering and intelligent engineering, and the establishment of adaptive management, aiming to explore the ecological theory system for China's modern marine ranching construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper firstly reviews the achievements of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) since its raise 10 years ago in terms of policy communication, facility connectivity, trade exchanges, financial integration, and people-to-people bond, and explains the significance of BRI to the new development pattern of the dual circulation. Then, combined with the actual national conditions of China's new development stage, it analyzes the opportunities and challenges of the construction of the Belt and Road in the new situation of the global economy and trade. Finally, it puts forward policy suggestions for the high-quality construction of the Belt and Road in five aspects: industrial chain synergy, business environment construction, new power cultivation, scientific and technological innovation empowerment, and risk control and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archives resources of field stations of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) are important basic scientific and technological resources of the country. In the new era, China has put forward new requirements for the work of scientific research archives. The open sharing and network construction of field stations pose new challenges to the archives management of field stations. In order to deal with the new problems of field station archives management, based on the investigation of the data, documents, and archives management of 137 field stations and 50 supporting affiliations of CAS, this paper analyzes the current situation and problems of field station archives management, and explores the suggestions for improvement. This paper has certain practical and guiding significance for improving the archives management level of CAS field stations, enriching the content of scientific research archives, and building a basic science and technology resource system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security is crucial to national security. Thus, it is an urgent task to figure out the potential risks that threaten China's food security during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and how to cope with those risks. This paper provides an outlook for the development of China's food production during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, and then points out the potential risks faced by food production. The paper demonstrates that China's food production will achieve a steady development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, and the grain output will reach more than 690 Mt by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period. The paper argues that the main potential risks faced by food production during the 14th Five-Year Plan period include the increasing intensive constraints on natural and labor resources, the slow development of the seed industry, the low degree of scale and mechanization, the over-concentration phenomenon, and the frequent occurrence of major events. In the end, corresponding suggestions are proposed corresponding to the above risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruminant livestock such as cattle and sheep can provide high-quality beef, mutton and milk, which are high-quality protein sources meeting the increasingly diverse food consumption needs for human being. Developing high-quality herbivorous animal husbandry is a concrete practice of practicing the "Greater Food" approach. The precise supply of forages and concentrates meeting the requirements of all nutrients in the whole life cycle is vital for cost saving and efficiency increasing of ruminant livestock industry, which is an important way to high-quality development. The whole life cycle nutrition is developed on the basis of traditional ruminant nutrition and new technologies made breakthroughs in understanding life and health. Its essence lies in optimizing the ration formulation based on the theory of systematic nutrition regulation and the theory of short-term and long-term effects of early life nutrition, with a final goal to establish precision nutrition system in combination with technologies in big data and artificial intelligence. Compared with the traditional technology in ration formulation, it is obviously scientific, systematic, and progressive. In this study, the concept, significance, and goals of whole life cycle nutrition in ruminants are briefly introduced. This paper elaborates the key scientific issues and technological problems in the development of whole life cycle nutrition system of ruminant livestock in China, and summarizes the research progress on nutrition regulation, diet formulation, and fundamental research on the long-term impact of early life nutrition in ruminants. Finally, taking the development of modern grassland sheep industry in Hulun Buir State Farm Conglomerate as an example, the concept of building whole life cycle nutrition and promoting high-quality development of ruminant livestock industry is discussed from the aspects of whole life cycle division, whole diet formula, and whole industry chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 45 years, China has accomplished great achievements in carrying out "Three-North" project. Through largescale vegetation construction, the trends of land desertification, soil salinization, soil erosion and the deterioration of people's living environment in the "Three-North" areas have been effectively restrained. The people in the desert area are getting rid of poverty and living a healthy life. In the new era, the "Three-North" project has encountered new demands, new challenges and new opportunities, and it is urgent to achieve a significant transform and upgrade and to improve quality and efficiency. This paper summarizes the current situation of the "Three-North" project construction, focuses on the three-north project general planning and the sixth phase planning and the realization path of the "three transformations", interprets the strategic planning of the "three iconic battles" in the next ten years, and describes the strategic vision of "New Three-North" in the future. A series of specific policy suggestions are put forward such as strengthening institution and capacity building, demonstration zone planning and strengthening scientific and technological support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 2022, the President of the People's Republic of China visited Uzbekistan for the first time after the epidemic. In the subsequent joint statement between China and Uzbekistan, China welcomed the adoption of the Aral Sea initiative proposed by Uzbekistan at the General Assembly of the United Nations. The two sides expressed their willingness to actively promote synergy between the Global Development Initiative and projects related to improving the ecological, economic, and social environment of the Aral Sea region under the framework of the United Nations. In this context, this paper describes the current situation of the Aral Sea crisis with a quantitative method and summarizes the necessity and significance of China's participation in the ecological governance of the Aral Sea using the literature analysis method. The author believes that China has favorable conditions in terms of policies and mechanisms, funds, talents and cooperation foundation in participating in the ecological governance of the Aral Sea, and suggests that under the principle of win-win cooperation, overall coordination, and doing something and leaving something undone, starting from exploring scientific issues and improving people's livelihood, taking desertification combating, water and soil conservation, modern agricultural technology, and the promotion and utilization of new energy as the starting point, and using China's wisdom, experience and strength in participating in the ecological governance of the Aral Sea, promoting the development of the green Aral Sea, effectively deepening China's scientific and technological cooperation with Central Asia, and providing scientific and technological support for the construction of a community with a shared future for China-Central Asia and even high-quality development of the Belt and Road. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotech seed industry is a strategic core industry. Biotechnology combined with digital technology has promoted the seed industry into an intelligent era, and the breeding paradigm has changed from "experimental selection" to "computational selection". Biotech seed industry has become a research and development intensive industry, and the market is highly concentrated, which is controlled by large multinational enterprises. The scientific and technological output of China and the United States is in the first echelon, and the number of papers and authorized patents ranks among the top two in the world. From the perspective of core competitiveness, the United States is a global leader with monopoly advantages in original basic research and key technology. China has made great progress in the application of breeding technology, but it still needs to breakthrough in basic theory research, key technology development, and high value seed product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid accumulation of data resources and the development of analysis technologies have expanded the scope of think tank research, and prompted think tanks to pay more attention to data intelligence. Meanwhile, higher requirements are put forward on the quality and innovation of the think tank. Facing the development needs of think tanks, i.e., modernization, innovation, and conscientization, this paper demonstrates the change of data-driven think tank researches from the perspective of the information chain. The paper analyzes the urgent need to reshape the discursive logic of the think tank, and discusses the construction scheme of triangulation for data-driven think tank research. Finally, several suggestions for optimizing the construction of think tanks are put forward, such as paying attention to the complementarity of correlation and causality, integrating the technical rationality and humanistic values, analyzing from the perspective of cyber-physical-human ternary space, seeking support from multidisciplinary knowledge, and constructing the engineering services of the think tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberspace security has been an important part in ensuring economic development and supporting the progress of modern science and technology. As more and more applications are relying on information technology (IT), it becomes very important to improve the security situation of cyberspace. How to take effective measures to practically improve the cyberspace security situation has become the core problem disscussed in this paper. This paper addresses it from the perspectives of "talent, finance and infrastructure". First, on the premise of insufficient supply of cyberspace security talents, this paper proposes to establish the ability certification of talents transferred from other IT fields, in order to provide cyberspace security talents in many subdivided fields. Second, this paper proposes to solve the financial cost control problem under the determined cyberspace security situation through network security insurance, so as to improve the risk control level of enterprises, reduce the cost of social response to cyberspace security, establish the benchmark of response ability, and provide capability endorsement for security products. Third, this paper proposes to improve the anti-attack capability of IT products through the cyber range infrastructure with the "external attack internal" mode, which builds a shadow system to withstand continuous public testing, so as to strengthen the anti-attack capability of the corresponding system. Through the above three ways, the cyberspace security situation can be greatly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting black soil protection and sustainability is the essential and guarantee of rural revitalization in Northeast China, and rural vitalization is the fundamental way to realize the persistent protection of black soil. Only by coordinating and promoting the overall black soil protection and rural revitalization, can we find the solution to solve the contradiction between black soil protection and the rural economic development in Northeast China black soil region, hence to push in full gear the ecological construction and rural revitalization of the region. Meanwhile, the overall black soil protection should promote the rural revitalization and rural revitalization should facilitate the sustainable utilization of the black soil. This paper summarizes the main correlation between black soil protection and rural vitalization in Northeast China, expounds on the internal logic and main main routes to overall promote black soil protection and rural revitalization. Based on the theoretical analysis, the paper puts forward several relevant policy suggestions for the national black protection program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security is an important guarantee of national security. The northeast black soil region is an important commodity grain production base in China, which plays a fundamental role in ensuring national food security. However, the highly intensive, unreasonable or excessive use of cultivated land in this region has caused serious black soil degradation. Therefore, how to make the Black Soil Granary to provide efficient and sustainable guarantee for national food security is a scientific problem requiring urgent solutions. This paper systematically illuminates the agricultural development of high-productivity black soils since the reform and opening-up. On this basis, the paper systematically summarizes the problems facing the sustainable development of grain production in the black soil region. Furthermore, to meet the requirements of the central government for agricultural production in Northeast China, it puts forward the corresponding countermeasures to coordinate food security and ecological security and to enhance the sustainable development of grain production, intending to provide reference for the sustainable agricultural development in the northeast black soil region, and offer scientific guidance for the strategic planning of national food industry strategy, agricultural policy making, and strengthening of national food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an important guide for different countries and regions to achieve sustainable economic, social, and environmental developments. They include 17 goals and 169 specific targets. The interactions among the goals can be manifested as synergy or trade-off; that is, implementing one or more goals may positively or negatively affect other goals. At present, important progress has been made in the monitoring and evaluation of individual goals. However, our understanding of the synergies and trade-offs among multiple SDGs is still limited. Firstly, this paper describes the current progress in the synergy and trade-offs of SDGs from three aspects: comprehensive analyses of all the SDGs, thematic analyses of few relevant SDGs, and the relationship of the specific indicators under certain SDG. Secondly, in view of the data bottleneck in the current studies, combined with the latest progress of the Big Earth Data, this paper showcases the typical scenarios of the Big Earth Data supporting studies of the synergy and trade-off of SDGs. Thirdly, the Big Earth Data's potential and future research prospects on the synergies and trade-offs of SDGs are proposed. This study shows that SDG synergy and trade-off analyses have experienced three stages: a semiquantitative evaluation based on expert knowledge, correlation analyses based on statistical data, and quantitative analyses based on the Big Earth Data. Different data sources from different countries could lead to varying results, and the Big Earth Data plays a vital role in promoting data consistency and transparency between countries. Therefore, it provides crucial support for the understanding of synergies and trade-offs of SDGs. The purpose of this study is to summarize the latest progress of synergy and trade-off studies of SDGs, which has received less attention in SDG-related research, and to support decision making for realizing the economic, environmental, and social goals together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, artificial intelligence has become a key direction of medical and health-related research and a hot spot of international competition. In order to investigate the current situation and challenges in hospital-led artificial intelligence researched, this study selects 14 national pilot hospitals to promote the high-quality development of public hospitals as samples, adopts a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, analyzes the research articles related to artificial intelligence published by the sample hospitals in recent years, and analyzes the technical challenges in the hospital-led artificial intelligence research. The results show that although the number of hospital-led artificial intelligence research papers is increasing, in which 55% of the research is of prospect and expectation, while the quality of research could be improved. Meanwhile, the number of authorized AI related patent is rather small. The technical difficulties of hospital-led artificial intelligence research lie in the steep learning curve of artificial intelligence technology, high costs from computation iteration, difficulties in transferring clinical multimodal data into research data, and weak explainability. Hospitals should actively respond to policy promotion, reallocating resources to cultivate artificial intelligence coordinators, organize multi-modal data resources, and promote research and outputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tall wheatgrass (Elytrigia elongata) is a perennial cool-season bunchgrass with high productivity and tolerance to salt and alkali, waterlogging, and drought. Since first introduced into China in 1950s, tall wheatgrass has long been used as a wild parent for distant hybridization with wheat (Triticum aestivum). During 1980s─1990s, a few tall wheatgrass varieties were introduced to China as forage grass, nonetheless, currently they are still not widely cultivated and no variety was certificated. In 2020, Zhensheng Li put forward a proposal to construct "Coastal Grass Belt" on saline and alkaline soils in the Circum-Bohai sea region, which provides an opportunity for the industrialization of tall wheatgrass in China. This paper introduces the background, main characteristics, history and status of tall wheatgrass and put forward suggestions for industrialization of tall wheatgrass in China. In order to promote utilization of tall wheatgrass in China, the authors suggested constructing demonstration models of "Coastal Grass Belt" and demonstration farms for livestock in the "Coastal Grass Belt" targeted area. Leading companies should be fostered to form a complete industrial chain of "leading companies + professional cooperatives/ large growers". In addition, basic research, breeding, and seed industrialization should be carried out and accelerated. Meantime, policy and funds from government's support should also be considered. "Coastal Grass Belt" can not only solve the shortage of high-quality forage grass in China, but also establish ecological barrier and protect the ecological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprises are the principal players of scientific research and technology innovation. Increasing the participation of enterprises in basic research is of great significance for China to realize high-level self-reliance and strength in science and technology and to improve the efficiency of national innovation system. However, there is still an obvious gap between the basic research capabilities of Chinese enterprises and those of the United States, Japan, or other developed countries. In this study, we firstly reviewed the characteristics and problems of Chinese enterprises' basic research, finding that expenditure on basic research in enterprises accounts for a relatively low proportion of that in the whole society. At the same time, even though the output of basic research produced by enterprises has increased, its contribution to knowledge creation still needs to be improved. Then, using an "incentive-ability" analysis framework, we revealed the constraints hindering Chinese enterprises to conduct basic research. It shows that incentive for firms to invest in basic research is insufficient. From the perspective of ability, the problem of talent restriction is prominent, industry-university-research cooperation in basic research is limited, and it is difficult for enterprises to use scientific research infrastructure. In the last part of this paper, we present the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions put forward in this study to improve the policy system to support the basic research in enterprises. These measures include: develop differentiated basic research guidance strategies for different industries; support enterprises in setting up laboratories and cultivating talents together with universities and institutions; improve the selection, organization, evaluation and decision-making mechanisms for major scientific and technological projects undertaken by enterprises; expand sharing of science and technology infrastructure and achievements; reform the government outsourcing system to encourage original investment by enterprises; and improve the intellectual property protection system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2022, The United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of Climate Change 2022: Impact, Adaptation and Vulnerability and China Meteorological Administration issued China Climate Chang Blue Book (2022). This paper presents a brief summary of the assessment report on the ecological impacts of climate change and adaption strategies, and related studies of China by reviewing additional literature. The AR6 report and related studies indicate that the ecological impacts of climate warming are significant, including advancement of phenology, extension of plant growing season; species range shift towards high latitude or elevation, tree line moving towards the top of the hill; local extinction of species or habitat loss; increase in frequency, severity and range of disease outbreaks. These ecological impacts of climate change may differ between species or regions. The AR6 report and related studies highlight the urgent need to take necessary measures of adaption and mitigation and to deal with the damages or challenges of climate change to the ecosystems which humans live on. These reports and studies also provide important enlightenment to China in dealing with climate change. We need to strengthen studies of climate change biology so as to take scientific and effective measures of adaptation and mitigation to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lakes (including artificial reservoirs) are important surface water resources, and they are also an important part of the earth surface system consisting of "mountains, waters, forests, fields, lakes, grassland and desert". Based on the lake survey data and long-term monitoring data collected by the Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences as well as other institutions, this paper systematically analyzed the overall status and long-term trends of the ecological and environmental changes of natural and artificial lakes in China, focused on the ecological and environmental status and changes of typical lakes in the five major lake zones in China and highlighted the protection effects and challenges facing the ecological environment of lakes in China. In the meantime, countermeasures and suggestions for policy-makers and are proposed to promote the protection and restoration of the ecology and environment of lakes in China, and to ensure the water safety and sustainable development of lakes and river basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young researchers are the pioneering force with the most innovative vitality, the main force for basic research and core technology breakthroughs, and the backbone for realizing scientific and technological (S&T) self-reliance and self-improvement. In order to strengthen the construction of national strategic S&T force, there is an urgent need to strengthen the construction of young research team and establish a talent development environment that can effectively stimulate the young researchers' creativity, innovation ability, vitality and motivation. This paper summarizes the experience and results of "Youth Innovation Promotion Association"--the main program of independent cultivation of young S&T talents of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), by analyzing the important role of young researchers in the output of major scientific and technological achievements. It then puts forward the systematic thinking of optimizing the development of young research team in China, amongst our efforts towards S&T self-reliance and self-improvement, from the following three aspects: taking multiple measures to strengthen the support to young researchers, creating an institutional environment for young researchers to devote themselves to research, and building a diversified platform for academic exchanges and scientific research cooperation. Lastly, this paper proposes to further optimize and promote the construction of an innovation-oriented development community for the young S&T talents, as well as accelerate the interdisciplinary cooperation of them for integrating innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovation and development of China are inseparable from mathematics. The development of applied mathematics, embodied in scientific discovery, national defense construction and enterprise innovation, is mainly driven by national demand. At present, China's economy has entered into a period of innovation driven development. Enterprises, as the main participants of national economic activities, need the support of mathematics for innovation and development. Regarding how to promote enterprise innovation through mathematics, this paper puts forward four aspects that we need to pay attention to and improve on: posing problems, solving problems, reporting results, and evaluating results. At the end, the paper discusses the prospect and significance of promoting enterprise innovation through mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is committed to promoting cooperation and exchanges in education, science and culture, and has established a number of Category Ⅱ centers in China. Following the development of UNESCO has reference and guidance significance for promoting the international cooperation and exchange between Chinese institutions and UNESCO in the fields of science, technology, engineering, culture, etc. Sourced from the Web of Science, this paper presents a study of 4 936 UNESCO academic papers from 2010 to 2019 to obtain the development trend of science and technology through the perspectives of the output of papers, research topics, and international cooperation in bibliometrics. The result shows that the number of academic papers increased annually in the past decade, with the proportion of highly cited papers as high as 1.64%. These UNESCO papers cover 21 fields with characteristics of interdisciplinary, including ecology & environmental science, chemistry, earth science, engineering, biology and biochemistry, material, physics, plant and zoology, and agriculture. Disaster risk reduction, Africa, Woman, Youth and Cultural Protection are the traditional priority fields of UNESCO. In the past decade, UNESCO cooperated with the countries worldwide, while dominantly in Europe, especially in the Netherlands. This study puts forward the suggestions for the cooperation between Category II centers in China and UNESCO in the future, coving key disciplinaries, traditional priority fields, international cooperation network, COVID-19 prevention and control, and China's contribution and profile. The implications are also presented as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The allocation of science and technology resources and the organization of science and technology forces, which has always been connected intrinsically with the nation's development, has adopted different models, undertaken different missions, and played different roles in different stages of the development. This paper conducts a review and analysis on the major challenges faced by the nation, assignment of scientific tasks, organization of science and technology forces, and the output of scientific achievements, from the perspectives of "from standing upright to becoming prosperous and growing in strength". It aims to provide a deep understanding of the nation's focus on the state key laboratory reconstruction, as an important tool to facilitate the deepening of the science and technology system reform, and the exploration of the new nationwide system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing innovation networks and cultivating innovation corridors are important to realize regional innovation development. Based on the data of patent transfer from 1987 to 2018, this paper analyzes the spatial-temporal evolution of technology transfer network at different scales in the Yellow River Basin, and proposes the cultivation path of Zhengzhou-Luoyang-Xi'an innovation corridor. Firstly, it is found that a majority of technology transfer within the basin is switching from inter-provincial transfer to intra-provincial transfer, with provincial capitals being the main source of technology. Xi'an is the primary source of technology transfer network, and cities, such as Zhengzhou, Qingdao, and Jinan, are secondary sources. Moreover, the technology sources outside the Yellow River Basin are mainly located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and other developed urban agglomerations. In addition, Xi'an, Jinan, Qingdao and other high-level central cities have become the main receiving areas of technology transfer. This study concludes that the construction of inter-provincial innovation network should focus on the construction of Zhengzhou-Luoyang-Xi'an innovation corridor, in order to realize the matching and coordination of industrial technological advantages and technological demands of different cities, promote the construction of Zhengzhou-Luoyang-Xi'an high-quality development cooperation belt, and then accelerate the innovation-driven development process of the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the evolution process of American technology policy since the Second World War, clarifies the dynamics, goals, and characteristics of the development of technology policy at each stage, and shows that the American technology policy in the cold War period is implied in the science policy, and then clearly put forward the special technology policy after the cold War, and then the technology policy has been developed well. This paper summarizes the determinants of American technology policy development as domestic factors, international environment, and characteristics of science and technology, and analyzes the future of American technology policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major function zoning plays a strategic role in economic development and ecological environment protection in China. Analyzing the evolutionary process and trends in spatial structure is essential for the pattern optimization of land development and major function zones. The aim of this study is to explore the scientific and policy implications of the evolution of the spatial structure of major function zones. This paper first takes several basic parameters, namely the population ratio/economic ratio of the urbanization areas, agricultural development areas, and ecological security areas; then, measures the evolution characteristics of core-periphery structure and pole-axis structure five years before and after the implementation of national major function zoning planning in 2010 to reveal the spatial structure of the core, edge, and the variation along the axis. Considering the new requirements on the construction of ecological civilization and regional coordinated development strategy in the new period, this paper further analyzes the problems of the evolution of territorial spatial structure from the aspects of regional disparities, resource and environment effects, and external relations. The results show that population and economy are further concentrated in urbanized areas, urban agglomeration areas, and the main development axis. The results also reveal that the population agglomeration process is faster than the economic agglomeration process. The overall economy and population of the country demonstrate a trend of mutual equilibrium, which is in line with the national natural carrying capacity and the territorial function suitability that considering the geographic location and system integrity. The regional disparities among different function areas, regional plates, the core area, and the edge area, along the axis area and away from the axis area show a narrowing trend. However, the problems of unbalanced regional development, resources, and the environment are still outstanding. The existing national “two horizontal and three vertical” axes cannot meet the strategic needs of coordinated regional development and the Silk Road Economic Belt’s opening up in the new era. The following policy recommendations are proposed: promoting the further concentration of population in urban agglomerations and core areas of major axes to achieve a balance between population and economy; further reducing the population pressure in the peripheral areas of the northern region to promote a balance between population size and natural carrying capacity; adding the Pearl River-Xijiang development axis and to improve the “three horizontal and three vertical” strategic axes of territorial development; and extending the major axes along the Yangtze River passage, the land bridge passage and the Baokun passage to adapt to the openness strategy in the new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

基于碳汇价值优化生态保护补偿机制对推进生态文明建设发挥着举足轻重的作用, 是体现"碳中和" 过程公平的重要调剂手段, 也将促进生态保护补偿政策向精细化转变。文章从梳理我国生态保护补偿发展及 实践特征出发, 基于碳汇价值的内涵、属性与实现路径, 提出基于碳汇的生态保护补偿机制面临的三重挑 战：碳汇发生机制具有复杂性、不确定性与不稳定性;各类碳汇价值的量化工作基础不同;受作为基础性、 关键性要素的碳价格确定影响, 碳汇价值核算争议较大, 碳汇监测技术尚不完善。构建基于碳汇的生态保护 补偿机制应区分阶段推进, 相关基础理论研究、管理与技术支撑需要不断深化。. The establishment of ecological protection compensation mechanism is a critical content and an important institutional guarantee for the construction of ecological civilization. Carbon peak and carbon neutrality have been included in the overall layout of the construction of ecological civilization. The optimization of ecological protection mechanism based on carbon sink value plays a pivotal role in promoting the construction of ecological civilization in China, which is an important means of regulating the fairness of "carbon neutrality" process, and will also promote the transformation of ecological protection compensation policy to refinement. Based on the connotation, attribute and realization path of carbon sink value, this paper points out that the ecological protection mechanism based on carbon sink faces three challenges. First, the mechanism of carbon sink is complex, uncertain and unstable; second, the quantitative basis of carbon sink value is different; third, due to the influence of carbon price determination which is a fundamental and key element, the carbon sink value accounting is controversial and carbon sink monitoring technology is not well-developed. Therefore, the establishment of ecological protection compensation mechanisms based on carbon sinks should be carried out at different stages, and relevant basic theoretical research, management and technical support need to be deepened and improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

为落实习近平总书记关于要推动空间科学、空间技术、空间应用全面发展的指示, 我国航天事业在近 年来出现了可喜的发展。空间科学成为越来越多从事航天事业的大学和科研机构关注的对象。然而, 对于空 间科学在载人航天、深空探测和科学卫星这三类任务中如何发挥其作用, 仍然有不少疑问和困惑。文章从空 间科学发展的起源, 以及载人航天、深空探测和科学卫星各自的特点, 探讨空间科学在其中所起到的作用, 并提出政策建议。. In order to implement President Xi's instruction on promoting space science, space technology, and space application all together, national space programs have been developed fast, which are witnessed recently. Space science has become the hot research topic for more and more universities and research institutions. Nevertheless, there are still questions and puzzles about how could space science play its role in manned spaceflight, deep space exploration, and scientific satellites. This paper discusses the role of space science in all three kinds of space programs, starting from the history of space science, and the characteristics of manned space flight, deep space exploration and scientific satellites, and concludes with some policy suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

文章全面介绍了太空活动所需时空基准的基本内涵和相互关联, 概述了国内外在时间系统、天球参考 架、行星历表、脉冲星计时等时空基准方面的发展现状, 分析了我国与国外在发展太空活动相关时空基准方 面的差距和原因, 在此基础上提出了发展思路和建议。. In this paper, the connotation of space-time reference and its relationship with space activities are described comprehensively. Time system, celestial reference frame, planetary ephemeris and pulsar timing are outlined. The gap between China and abroad development on space-time reference and its causes are analyzed. At the end, some suggestions for future development in China are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth is one of the key minerals in the global competition. At present, the global rare earth resources and supply pattern are changing, and Western countries are actively building a supply chain to replace China. This paper describes the evolution of China's rare earth supply and demand pattern from the perspective of elements, analyzes the dislocation of supply and demand of China's rare earth elements and the challenges it faces under the great changes, and puts forward the balanced utilization strategy of rare earth elements, which provides an optimization plan for promoting the globalization of the industrial chain and ensuring the safety of China's rare earth resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corresponding author is a special type of signature and has special academic misconduct. The corresponding author's responsibility is to complete the corresponding of the paper, and its improper signature is manifested as inappropriate labeling, infringement of other authors' right of authorship, and failure to fulfill the corresponding author's obligation. Good design of corresponding author system can effectively prevent academic misconduct such as improper signature, but the existing corresponding author system is not competent. The reform should be carried out from three aspects: establishing the rules for signing corresponding authors, perfecting the reward mechanism for corresponding authors, and implementing the contribution statement of co-authors. Through the fine division of roles, just reward mechanism, scientific responsibility distribution, and other ways to reduce disputes, promote cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a profound understanding of the great significance of constructing an ecological protection pattern in Northwest China, this paper systematically summarizes the achievements, new problems and new trends of ecological protection in Northwest China, and accordingly, puts forward an overall spatial arrangement for the ecological protection under "two regions (watersheds)-six zones (core ecological function zones)-multiple points (key ecological points)". In addition, a key path to construct a new pattern of ecological protection in Northwest China is expounded in order to make more contributions to the acceleration of the harmonious co-existence between human and nature. The path is mainly based on implementing a key task of the protection and restoration around six core ecological function zones, and meanwhile, carrying out three important actions, i.e., the construction of green low-carbon recycling industry system, the overall improvement of ecosystem quality and stability, and the reform and innovation of ecological protection mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

海洋是全球最大、最活跃的碳库, 人类活动排放到大气中的二氧化碳约 30% 由海洋吸收, 而海洋储碳 周期达数千年, 这对缓解并改善全球气候变暖至关重要。利用海洋吸收和封存二氧化碳是实现碳中和目标的 重要技术手段。文章定义了海洋碳封存的专业技术范围, 总结了海洋碳封存相关的技术方法, 分析了当前海 洋碳封存的技术发展趋势及国内外先进技术经验, 以期为我国加快实现碳中和目标提供管窥之见. The ocean is the largest and most active carbon reservoir in the world. Through ocean-atmosphere exchange and the photosynthesis of marine plants, the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) by the ocean is much greater than that by soil and vegetation on terrestrial areas. This is essential to mitigate and ameliorate today's global warming which is caused by rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. Therefore, to achieve the goal of "carbon neutrality" around the country, it is an effective approach to sequester CO2 in the ocean. This paper summarizes the technical application scope and methods of ocean carbon sequestration. By analyzing correlative patents in the world, the development trend and the advanced experiences of ocean carbon sequestration are studied. This study also provides some suggestions for the future development of ocean carbon sequestration technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

大豆是重要的粮食和经济作物, 近年来我国大豆供需矛盾日益突出, 如何保障大豆安全供给已成为我 国粮食安全和农业发展的重要课题。文章根据 2011--2020 年我国大豆消费和供给状况, 分析了目前我国大豆 国内供给严重不足、国际供给依存度高及进口渠道较集中等问题, 提出了通过加强大豆科学研究提高我国大 豆产量、开展大豆国际科技合作及拓展大豆生产国际布局等提升我国大豆产业水平、拓宽大豆进口渠道的政 策建议, 以实现提高我国大豆供给能力和保障我国粮食安全的目标. Soybean is one of the most important crops for food and oil. The soybean demand has been increased in recent years in China. Since China has limited soybean production capacity, it has been importing increasing amount of soybean from abroad. It is a critical topic for China to develop the soybean production and expand the import channels to ensure food security. Based on the soybean demand-supply situation from 2011 to 2020, this paper discussed the problems including severely insufficient domestic production and supply, high level of reliance on international supply, and limited import channels. It put forward suggestions on approaches to enhancing scientific research for improving soybean production capacity domestically, strengthening international science and technology cooperation and global layout for production, and widening the soybean import channels. These will be helpful for improving the soybean supply capacity and fulfilling the aim of food security in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

包含基础研究和应用研究的科学研究是创新的源头, 对科学研究活动的资助有助于缔造新产品和催生 新业态, 进而带来持续的经济增长和较高的经济回报。但科学研究活动具有高风险、不确定性等特征, 与追 求利润导向的社会资金天然存在鸿沟, 难以获其青睐。针对这个问题, 文章系统梳理了我国社会资金投入科 学研究的基本情况, 分析了社会资金投入不足的主要原因, 同时对政府引导基金和领军企业愿意重金投入科 学研究的典型案例进行总结, 研究科学活动逻辑与资本投资逻辑共生协同的可能性, 提出应加强公共政策的 体系化设计, 消弭和平滑投资风险、助推投资偏好沿创新链前移, 建构驱动社会资金向科学研究集聚的支撑 性制度环境. Innovation always originates from scientific research (basic research and applied research). Investing in scientific research can create new products and new industries, and bring continuous and huge profit. It appeals to a wide range of social investment from market to fund scientific research in recent years. Such economical return, however, is often thwarted by the high risk and uncertainty of scientific research. The main obstacle to the social investments funding scientific research is analyzed in this paper and then some examples are presented as well. It illustrates that it is crucial for public policy to shorten the gap between the science and market in order to make it easier for all kinds of social capital to support innovation. The main challenge for policy makers is to determine the priority of innovation and to reduce the risks, and it is of great essence to construct a supportive system for social investment funding scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to build "new standards" after breaking "Siwei" is a hot and difficult issue in the current reform of research evaluation, which urgently needs good theoretical and methodological support. In this context, this study puts forward the BRIDGE theory of research evaluation of scientific researchers' achievements, which is to integrate the reasonable elements in the quantitative evaluation based on SCI papers into the "new standard" based on peer review, so as to build a bridge between quantitative analysis and qualitative evaluation. The practical application of BRIDGE theory is expressed as "Six Steps", in which the second step "Recode" and the third step "Insight" are two key steps to achieve hierarchical expert evaluation based on quantitative analysis. BRIDGE theory is an important development of the evaluation method combining quantitative and qualitative analysis, and has a wide application prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space science is a large-scale activity by using space vehicles to explore the universe and natural laws and carry out special experiments, which has made great contributions to the development of contemporary science. This paper outlines the major breakthroughs in international space science, analyzes the context and new trends of space science and manned exploration activities, reviews the development achievements of space science in China in the past 20 years, puts forward existing problems and gaps, and emphasizes the strategic position of space science and its importance to China's science and technology, aerospace and the national long-term development. It is proposed that increasing investment on space science, formulating national space science plans and establishing a stable budget system are the guarantee for the long-term and stable development of space science in China. It is suggested that in order to form an innovative path of space science development with Chinese characteristics, we shall make full use of scientific balloons, sounding rockets and other ways to consolidate the research foundation, strengthen the combination of theory, experiment and technology, cultivate a large number of high-quality scientists, promote international cooperation, and improve scientific program management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous progress of ocean observation technology, more and more technical means have been provided for marine environmental safety technology. The marine environmental security technology plays an indispensable role in the national Belt and Road Initiatives. Meanwhile, it not only plays a crucial role in the achievement of building a maritime power and the maintenance of national maritime security, but also plays a positive role in promoting the construction of a "community with a shared future for the oceans" and implementing the goal of marine sustainable development. Based on the practical problems, this study introduces the system composition of marine environmental security technology, namely marine environment parameter perception technology, data integrated and analysis technology and application security technology. This paper expounds the current situation of the marine environmental security technology as well as its developmental trends in the future from four perspectives: (1) full-time, global and multidimensional monitoring and detection capability; (2) efficient, safe, stable and reliable information transmission capability; (3) real-time, accurate, objective and quantitative prediction capability; and (4) the capability of accurate tactic selection, efficient and convenient auxiliary decision-making and precise technical support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine area is a strategic area of China. To build China into a strong maritime country, we should enhance the capacity for exploiting marine resources, develop the maritime economy, protect the marine ecological environment, and resolutely safeguard national maritime rights and interests. Promoting marine science and technology to achieve high-level scientific and technological self-reliance is an inevitable requirement for accelerating the construction of maritime country. The marine scientific observation and exploration is the basic means of understanding the ocean, and is also an important basis for the marine resources development, environmental protection and rights and interests protection. This paper reviews the important progresses of global and national ocean observation and exploration program and network, with a view to highlight the practice of ocean scientific observation and exploration technology system construction in Chinese Academy of Sciences, and puts forward thoughts and suggestions on next steps. To build up China's strength in ocean scientific observation and exploration technology system, we should further strengthen the top-level design to drive the "twin engines" of national strategic needs and frontier trends in science and technology, redouble efforts on developing scientific and technological breakthroughs to make continued efforts to solve the most urgent key problems, and innovate improve institutions and mechanisms to make full use of China's strategic science and technology capabilities in the marine field, so as to provide strong scientific and technological support for the construction of China as a maritime power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public opinion governance research is a typical think tank research driven by big data, which should deal with the "five major challenges" faced by China's economic transformation, social transformation, and reform challenges, namely, risk intertwined challenges, modeling complexity challenges, interdisciplinary challenges, social impact challenges, and scenario uncertainty challenges. The Think Tank Double Helix Methodology provides an effective research paradigm to guide the whole process of public opinion governance and think tank research. Based on this methodology, opinion research could effectively respond to the five significant challenges and serve the demands of national governance. This paper demonstrates a deep understanding of the relationship between the risk and value of the public opinion. It is also explained how to use the Think Tank Double Helix Methodology to promote the interdisciplinary integration of theoretical methods of public opinion academic research, improve the scientific and professional level of the logical framework of think tank research, and break down the cognitive barriers of the transformation from academic research to think tank research. This methodology provides thinking, process, operation, and organizational guidance. Under this guidance, we adhere to the problem-oriented, evidence-oriented, and scientific-oriented to conduct opinion think tank research. We establish a full-chain risk response mechanism, including public opinion collection, judgment, disposal, and response. We improve the risk rating system, including public opinion monitoring, early warning, prevention, and resolution, build a value shaping system including public opinion dissemination, guidance, influence, and credibility. This methodology promotes the research of public opinion think tanks from empirical to scientific research, from discrete to systematic approach, from a single discipline basis to comprehensive and consistent research from pure academic-oriented to integrative studies fitting both academic and practical requirements. These research transitions improve the quality and effectiveness of public opinion governance and think tank research for servicing decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting the deep integration of Party building and scientific research endeavors in research institutes is an important measure to strengthen the Party's overall leadership over the development of science and technology, implement the requirement of full and strict governance of the Party, improve the effectiveness of Party building in research institutes, and advance the modernization of the governance system and capacity of research institutes. This study adopts the perspective of innovation management and discusses the theoretical basis for promoting the deep integration of Party building and scientific research endeavors in research institutes. On the basis of studying and reviewing the important speeches and statements of General Secretary Xi Jinping on promoting the integration of Party building and scientific research endeavors in research institutes since the 18th CPC National Congress, this paper presents the summaries and analyses on the practices and achievements of promoting the integration of Party building and scientific research in research institutes in recent years, and also presents understandings and reflections from the aspects of strengthening primary-level Party organizations and Party building personnel in research institutes, advancing the modernization of governance capacity for scientific and technological innovation, improving the Party's organizational structures when addressing major scientific and technological tasks and strengthening institutionalized basic research, upholding the spirit of scientists and improving the styles and standards of work and study, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High Risk-High Reward (HRHR) research refers to scientific research with high risk of failure but characterized by breakthrough, innovation and originality. It truly reflects the original innovation ability of science and technology, is committed to bringing major scientific discoveries and technological breakthroughs, and is conducive to accelerating the improvement of national competitiveness in original science and technology. The theoretical and methodological research in this area will help improve science and technology policies. On the basis of clarifying its development background, conceptual connotation and characteristics, this paper discusses the construction of a "decision-fundingimplementation" model of HRHR research and management system. By taking the HRHR projects of typical international scientific research institutions as case studies, it systematically analyzes, compares and summarizes the basic principles, review processes, advantages and disadvantages of representative academic review mechanisms such as peer-review model, project-manager model, and de-review model. Based on the innovation experience of foreign HRHR research projects, some suggestions are put forward: formulate HRHR research funding policies to promote original innovation; improve the academic review mechanism for selecting HRHR research; and create an excellent academic ecology that stimulates HRHR research development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to development key technologies requires understanding the principles of technology evolution. This study proposes that the development process of key technologies follows the Metcalf's Law. Furthermore, this paper presents two principles of the development of key technologies from different angles. Finally, several suggestions are raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic research is the source of the entire scientific system and the overall engine of all technical issues. Guided by the remarks made by Gerneral Secretary Xi Jinping, this paper elaborates the development rules and trends of basic research. It systematically summarizes the achievements in the development of China's basic research after the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Based on the thorough analysis on opportunities and challenges currently faced by China's basic research, it proposes the idea of continuously strengthening basic research and accelerating the process of achieving sci-tech self-reliance and self-strengthening at higher level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern engineering embodies the characteristics of multi-disciplinary integration and is the engine for the development of basic science and engineering technology. Engineering science comes from engineering and serves engineering. Engineering science and natural science both belong to the category of basic research and are the basis of jointly supporting the development and progress of engineering technology. To this end, this paper reviews the development process of engineering science, and on the basis of fully grasping the and the connotation, development stage and modern characteristics of engineering science, draws on the experience and practices of major countries in the development of engineering science, and proposes policy recommendations for resolving the outstanding problems and deficiencies in the current development of engineering science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryospheric Science, as an emerging interdisciplinary research field combining natural science and humanity, aims to understand nature's law, serve human society and promote sustainable development. In recent years, by deepening the understanding of the cryosphere elements and the whole sphere, and by expanding the application research of cryospheric science, the Chinese community of cryospheric science has developed by leaps and bounds and realized the crossover from the traditional basic research to serving the major national needs, which marks the increasing maturity of the discipline. The Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games is a major landmark event at an important historical time in China. The special need of using snow and ice as the sports interface has led China's cryosphere scientific team to focus on tackling key technical links of icy snow physics since 2016, and promoted the development of China's cryosphere scientific application research in the past five years. In view of the key technology of snow service for the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games and the national needs of ice and snow economic development, a research team was formed by the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, in cooperation with scientific institutions (such as Beijing Normal University, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, and Harbin Sport University) and first-class enterprises in the domestic ice and snow industry (such as Yabuli Sports Training Base, National Alpine Skiing Centre, and Genting Snow Park). The team has solved many technical problems, including snow making, icy snow track making, snow quality prediction and snow storage. The team studied the impact of climate change on China's ski tourism and how ice and snow tourism can help with the sustainable development of mountainous regions economy. It also trained the first batch of graduate students and core technicians of ski resorts in China. This paper summarizes the key snow-making technology of the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games, and projects the development path of China's ice and snow industry. It expounds the application and expansion of cryospheric science from the perspective of strategic thinking, knowledge building and practical innovation, and puts forward relevant thoughts and suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Original basic research is a key driving force for the development of science and technology, as well as the source of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. To further encourage and support originality and innovation, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) implemented the original exploratory program as one of its priorities for deepening reform. In this paper, the concept and characteristics of original basic research are analyzed, and the funding orientation of foreign major science funding agencies on original basic research projects is investigated. This study further discusses the connotation and positioning of the original basic research, and puts forward specific suggestions for promoting the discovery and identification of original ideas and optimizing the application and review management of the original exploratory program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]