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The compressive deformation of backfill materials is large due to the large mining depth of coal seams and high mining-induced stress during the deep backfill mining. Therefore, the controlling effect on strata movement significantly differs from that in shallow coal seams. The research aims to explore the influences of the compressive deformation of backfill materials on the strata movement and stress evolution in deep backfill mining. For this purpose, the backfill panel in Xinjulong Coal Mine, Shandong Province, China was taken as an engineering case study; the changes in displacement, structural evolution, and stress distribution of overlying strata in the panel under compression ratios of backfill materials of 70%, 40%, and 20% were investigated. In addition, the influences of different compressive deformations of the backfill materials on the controlling effect on overlying strata were compared and investigated. The results showed that the displacement of overlying strata in the backfill panel decreases with the decreasing compression ratio: the maximum displacement of overlying strata decreases from 24.32 to 13.74 and 6.83 mm as the compression ratio is reduced from 70 to 40%, and 20%, respectively. Relative to the overlying strata at a compression ratio of 70%, the vertical displacements at compression ratios of 40 and 20% separately decrease by 43.5 and 71.9%. The lower the compression ratio of backfill materials, the better the control of overlying strata. The results provide theoretical support for optimizing the performance of backfill materials in deep backfill mines and controlling the ground pressure in the stope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]