47 results
Search Results
2. ‘Distancers’ and ‘non-distancers’? The potential social psychological impact of moralizing COVID-19 mitigating practices on sustained behaviour change
- Author
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Madeline Judge, Annayah M.B. Prosser, Tim Kurz, Leda Blackwood, Jan Willem Bolderdijk, Environmental Psychology, and Research Programme Marketing
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Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Editors: Laura G. E. Smith and Stephen Gibson ,Persuasive Communication ,Physical Distancing ,Pneumonia, Viral ,050109 social psychology ,Morals ,behaviour change ,social identities ,050105 experimental psychology ,Betacoronavirus ,COVID‐19 ,Humans ,shaming ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,CORE ,Social Change ,Social identity theory ,Pandemics ,Health policy ,media_common ,Derogation ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Social distance ,Special Section Paper ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,Social change ,Polarization (politics) ,Special Section Papers ,Administrative Personnel ,social distancing ,COVID-19 ,Ambiguity ,NORMS ,Harm ,moralization ,Psychology ,Coronavirus Infections ,Covidiots ,Social psychology ,Risk Reduction Behavior - Abstract
COVID-19 mitigating practices such as 'hand-washing', 'social distancing', or 'social isolating' are constructed as 'moral imperatives', required to avert harm to oneself and others. Adherence to COVID-19 mitigating practices is presently high among the general public, and stringent lockdown measures supported by legal and policy intervention have facilitated this. In the coming months, however, as rules are being relaxed and individuals become less strict, and thus, the ambiguity in policy increases, the maintenance of recommended social distancing norms will rely on more informal social interactional processes. We argue that the moralization of these practices, twinned with relaxations of policy, may likely cause interactional tension between those individuals who do vs. those who do not uphold social distancing in the coming months: that is, derogation of those who adhere strictly to COVID-19 mitigating practices and group polarization between 'distancers' and 'non-distancers'. In this paper, we explore how and why these processes might come to pass, their impact on an overall societal response to COVID-19, and the need to factor such processes into decisions regarding how to lift restrictions.
- Published
- 2020
3. The polarizing effects of group discussion in a negative normative context
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Koudenburg, Namkje, Greijdanus, Hedy, Scheepers, D.T., Leerstoel Ellemers, Social identity: Morality and diversity, Leerstoel Ellemers, Social identity: Morality and diversity, and Social Psychology
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Adult ,Male ,EXPRESSION ,MORALITY ,SELF-CATEGORIZATION ,POLARIZATION ,Social Psychology ,Adolescent ,Universities ,050109 social psychology ,COMMUNICATION ,Social issues ,group polarization ,050105 experimental psychology ,Young Adult ,STEREOTYPES ,pro‐social norms ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,SOCIAL IDENTITY ,Social Change ,Social identity theory ,Social Behavior ,Students ,Minority Groups ,CONFLICT ,group processes ,Special Section Paper ,05 social sciences ,Polarization (politics) ,Group conflict ,Social change ,Special Section Papers ,multilevel integration ,social interaction ,Social relation ,hostile norms ,rapid social change ,intergroup conflict ,NORMS ,Social Perception ,Adolescent Behavior ,DISCRIMINATION ,Normative ,Female ,Norm (social) ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Prejudice - Abstract
In this research, we examine polarization as a form of rapid social change resulting from the interplay between small group processes and perceptions of society at large. Specifically, we investigate how a negative (or hostile) norm regarding minoritiesy groups at the societal level can fuel polarization between majority subgroups at the local level. By employing a novel analytic approach that uses variances to capture polarization processes, we were able to study non-linear societal change. In three studies among high school and university students (N = 347), we manipulated the societal norm about a minority outgroup category (positive vs. negative). Subsequently, participants read about a minority member’s ambiguous behavior and evaluated this target. All studies used a similar paradigm, but they varied in whether or not the ambiguous behavior was discussed within local groups. Results showed that the societal norm only affected perceptions of the minority member’s behavior when people discussed this behavior in a local group, but not when they reflected on it individually. Specifically, group discussions led to between-group polarization between local groups within a broader social category, but only in the context of a negative societal norm. It appeared that the negative climate of the societal debate increased polarization between local groups, which was influenced by the a priori perception of the local group norm. Results are discussed in terms of the integration of societal level and group level processes when studying the development of intergroup attitudes, and practical implications for the coarsening climate of the debate about current societal issues.
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- 2019
4. A search for commonalities in defining the common good: Using folk theories to unlock shared conceptions.
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Wheeler, Melissa A., Wilson, Samuel G., Baes, Naomi, and Demsar, Vlad
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RESEARCH funding , *CULTURAL values , *PSYCHOLOGY , *ETHICAL decision making , *ETHICS , *SOCIAL skills , *SOCIAL values , *THEORY , *STAKEHOLDER analysis , *POLITICAL participation - Abstract
Throughout the course of scholarly history, some concepts have been notoriously hard to define. The 'common good' is one such concept. While the common good has a long and contested scholarly history, social psychology research on folk theories – lay beliefs that represent an individual's informal and subjective understanding of the world – may provide a key for unlocking this nebulous concept. In the current paper, we analysed lay definitions of the common good using the linguistic inquiry and word count's meaning extraction method. From a nationally representative Australian sample of open‐ended text responses (n = 14,303), we uncovered a consistent conceptual structure, with nine themes corresponding to three core aspects: (i) outcomes and objects, (ii) principles and processes and (iii) stakeholders and beneficiaries. From this, we developed a working definition of the folk concept of the common good: 'achieving the best possible outcome for the largest number of people, which is underpinned by decision‐making that is ethically and morally sound and varies by the context in which the decisions are made'. A working definition benefits the academic community and society more broadly, particularly when diverse stakeholders come together to act for the common good to address shared challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Reopening the dialogue between the theory of social representations and discursive psychology for examining the construction and transformation of meaning in discourse and communication.
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Batel, Susana and Castro, Paula
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COMMUNICATION ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,CULTURE ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,LANGUAGE & languages ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL change ,SOCIAL psychology ,THEORY - Abstract
The theory of social representations (TSR) and discursive psychology (DP) originated as different social psychological approaches and have at times been presented as incompatible. However, along the years convergence has also been acknowledged, and, lately, most of all, practised. With this paper, we discuss how versions of TSR focusing on self–other relations for examining cultural meaning systems in/through communication, and versions of DP focusing on discourse at cultural, ideological, and interactional levels, can come together. The goal is to help forge a stronger social–psychological exploration of how meaning is constructed and transformed in and through language, discourse, and communication, thus extending current understanding of social change. After presenting a theoretical proposal for integrating those versions of TSR and DP, we offer also an integrated analytical strategy. We suggest that together these proposals can, on one hand, help TSR systematize analyses of social change that are both more critical and better grounded in theorizations of language use, and, on the other, provide DP with analytical tools able to better examine both the relational contexts where the construction and transformation of meaning are performed and their effects on discourse. Finally, we give some illustrations of the use of this analytical strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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6. On the precariousness of address: What narratives of being called White can tell us about researching and re/producing social categories in research.
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Lukate, Johanna M.
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RACISM ,TRAVEL ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,UNCERTAINTY ,PSYCHOLOGY ,GROUP identity ,THEORY ,WHITE people ,SOCIAL psychology - Abstract
Social categories hold a steadfast place within social psychological research and theory. Reflecting on the use of social categories in everyday life as well as social psychological research and theory, this article critically interrogates the privileging of hegemonic Western ways of categorizing, addressing and locating people over how they are read and categorized in other socio‐cultural contexts. This article draws on four excerpts of women narrating experiences of being called White, Oborɔnyi or mzungu (engl. foreigner, wanderer, White person) during their travels to the African continent. The article first excavates, phenomenologically, the precariousness of being addressed as White, Oborɔnyi or mzungu. Next, a reflexive account is presented to contemplate how racialization happens in and through the research process. By bringing together phenomenological interpretation and reflexivity, the article explores the limits of researcher and researched positionality in making sense of White as a precarious address, and argues for a view that the meaning of White is established in a four‐way conversation between interviewee, African Other, interviewer and our own culture‐specific inner eyes. The article thus advocates for scholars to give more attention to how our inner eyes limit how we name, describe and theorize our research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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7. Obedience without orders: Expanding social psychology's conception of 'obedience'.
- Author
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Gibson, Stephen
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CONCEPTUAL structures ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL psychology ,THEORY ,BEHAVIORAL research - Abstract
Psychologists have typically defined obedience as a form of social influence elicited in response to direct orders from an authority figure. In the most influential set of studies of obedience, conducted by Stanley Milgram in the early 1960s, the orders at the disposal of the authority figure were a series of verbal prods. However, recent research has suggested that Milgram's experiments do not show people following orders. It has therefore been suggested that the experiments are not demonstrations of obedience. However, in the present paper, it is argued that rather than abandoning the idea that Milgram's work is a demonstration of obedience, it is in fact our conceptualization of obedience that is wrong. Obedience should not be understood as requiring direct orders from an authority figure. This argument is developed with reference to an extended case example from one of Milgram's experimental conditions in which a participant completed the experiment in the absence of direct orders. It is argued that such participants can still be understood as obedient if we consider the implicit demands of the system in which participants find themselves. The study concludes by presenting a new definition of obedience that omits the need for direct orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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8. Stereotype content and morality: How competence and warmth arise from morally significant interactions.
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Oldmeadow, Julian A.
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ETHICS ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,INTENTION ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,MOTION pictures ,PATIENCE ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL skills ,STEREOTYPES ,THEORY - Abstract
Stereotypes about many groups fall along two dimensions, one relating to agency/competence and the other morality/warmth. This paper integrates research and theory on stereotype contents and mind perception to explore how stereotypes of competence and warmth are linked to perceptions of moral agency and patiency. Competence identifies the moral agent, and warmth both identifies the moral patient and describes the moral valence of the interaction. In two experimental tests, a simple animated film showing circles and squares interacting in various ways elicited predicted competence and warmth stereotypes that tracked perceived moral valence. Integrating stereotype contents and mind perception literatures offers new ways to think about the origins, functions, and dynamics between dimensions of stereotype content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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9. Bystander intervention among secondary school pupils: Testing an augmented Prototype Willingness Model.
- Author
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Pagani, Stefania, Hunter, Simon C., and Elliott, Mark A.
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HIGH schools ,PLANNED behavior theory ,SELF-evaluation ,PSYCHOLOGY ,VIOLENCE ,GENDER ,SELF-efficacy ,CONCEPTUAL models ,DECISION making ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,TEACHERS ,PATH analysis (Statistics) ,INTENTION ,CONTROL (Psychology) - Abstract
This study augmented the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) to assess reactive and deliberative decision‐making underpinning bystander intervention in gender‐based violence contexts. There were 2079 participants (50% male, 49% female, and 1% unreported), aged 11–15 years old (M = 12.32, SD = 0.91), attending 19 secondary schools across Scotland. Participants self‐reported the augmented PWM variables, then their intervention behaviour approximately 1 month later. Path analyses mostly supported the predicted relationships between positive and negative bidimensional attitudes, subjective norms, prototype perceptions, perceived behavioural control, and self‐efficacy on intentions and willingness. Willingness predicted positive (speaking with a teacher) and negative (doing nothing) intervention in less serious violence. Self‐efficacy predicted negative intervention in more serious violence. Subjective norms positively moderated the attitudes–intentions relationship. Overall, the results suggested that reactive (willingness) more so than deliberative (intention) decision‐making account for intervention when young people witness gender‐based violence. Additionally, the findings highlight the complexity of bystander intervention decision‐making, where adding control perceptions, bidimensional attitudes, and moderators have independent contributions. Furthermore, self‐comparison to the typical bystander who positively intervenes (prototype perceptions) was the strongest predictor of intentions and willingness, highlighting in a novel way the importance of image and group membership on decision‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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10. Authority, conformity and obedience: Applying Friedrich's theory of authority to the classics.
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Spillane, Robert and Joullié, Jean‐Etienne
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AUTHORITY ,SOCIAL theory ,PSYCHOLOGY ,CONFORMITY ,THEORY ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,SOCIAL skills ,POWER (Social sciences) ,SOCIAL psychology - Abstract
In the conformity and obedience studies of Asch and Milgram, legitimate authority is defined as a form of power to which subjects submit irrationally. This view assumes a causative process which the subjects' behaviour is said to manifest. Furthermore, this view assumes that there is illegitimate (or malevolent) authority. Carl J. Friedrich's theory of authority as reasoned elaboration offers an alternative perspective, which reveals conceptual differences between authority and such related constructs as power and legitimacy. When these concepts are properly distinguished, a re‐interpretation of the classical studies of conformity and obedience is called forth. Such an exercise produces insights into some of the discipline's most controversial, if not disturbing, results. Specifically, it leads to an understanding of laboratory conformity and obedience in rational terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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11. 'Look not at what is contrary to propriety': A meta‐analytic exploration of the association between religiosity and sensitivity to disgust.
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Yu, Zhaoliang, Bali, Persefoni, Tsikandilakis, Myron, and Tong, Eddie M. W.
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AVERSION ,SOCIAL dominance ,RACISM ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,ONLINE information services ,MANUSCRIPTS ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,PSYCHOLOGY ,THEORY ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,MEDLINE ,RELIGION - Abstract
Previous research has suggested that disgust sensitivity contributes to moral self‐regulation. The relationship between religiosity and disgust sensitivity is frequently explored as a moderator of moral‐regulating ideologies, such as conservative and traditional ideologies. However, religiosity is suggested to differ from these in moral attitudes against social dominance and racial prejudice. Psychological theories, such as the societal moral intuition and the evolved hazard‐perception models, have proposed that there could be reasons to support a distinct relationship between religiosity and disgust sensitivity. These reasons relate to the intuitive pursuit of spiritual purity and the non‐secular transcendental emotional‐reward value of moral behaviour for religious individuals. In the present manuscript, we conducted the first dedicated meta‐analytic review between religiosity and disgust sensitivity. We analysed a summary of forty‐seven experimental outcomes, including 48,971 participants. Our analysis revealed a significant positive association (r =.25) between religiosity and disgust sensitivity. This outcome suggests that sensitivity to disgust could have distinct spiritual purity and moral self‐regulatory response value for religious individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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12. Were we stressed or was it just me – and does it even matter? Efforts to disentangle individual and collective resilience within real and imagined stressors.
- Author
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Molenaar, Carin, Blessin, Manpreet, Erfurth, Luise M., and Imhoff, Roland
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THOUGHT & thinking ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SELF-efficacy ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,HYPOTHESIS ,CHI-squared test ,DATA analysis software ,STATISTICAL sampling ,PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience ,PSYCHOLOGICAL stress - Abstract
Although resilience is a multi‐level process, research largely focuses on the individual and little is known about how resilience may distinctly present at the group level. Even less is known about subjective conceptualizations of resilience at either level. Therefore, two studies sought to better understand how individuals conceptualize resilience both as an individual and as a group. Study 1 (N = 123) experimentally manipulated whether participants reported on either individual or group‐based responses to real stressors and analysed their qualitative responses. For individual responses, subjective resilience featured active coping most prominently, whereas social support was the focus for group‐based responses. As these differences might be attributable to the different stressors people remembered in either condition, Study 2 (N = 171) held a hypothetical stressor (i.e., natural disaster) constant. As expected, resilience at the group level emphasized maintaining group cohesion. Surprisingly, the group condition also reported increased likelihood to engage in blame, denial, and behavioural disengagement. Contrary to expectations, participants in the individual condition reported stronger desire to seek out new groups. The combined findings are discussed within the framework of resilience and social identity and highlight the necessity of accounting for multiple levels and subjective conceptualizations of resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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13. Identity enactment as collective accomplishment: Religious identity enactment at home and at a festival.
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Reicher, Stephen, Hopkins, Nick, Stevenson, Clifford, Pandey, Kavita, Shankar, Shail, and Tewari, Shruti
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ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,GROUP identity ,INTERVIEWING ,PSYCHOLOGY ,RELIGION ,HOLIDAYS - Abstract
Much research addresses the proposition that identifying with a group shapes individuals' behaviour. Typically, such research employs experimental or survey methods, measuring or manipulating social identification and relating this to various outcome variables. Although shedding much light on the processes involved in the identity–behaviour relationship, such research tends to overlook the various constraints that limit individuals' abilities to act in accordance with their identities. Using interview data gathered in north India, we explore the factors affecting the enactment of a religious identity. More specifically, using data gathered at a religious mass gathering, we compare and contrast participants' reports of identity enactment when they are at the event and when they are in their home villages. These two contexts differ in terms of their social organization, especially the degree to which they are marked by the presence of a shared identity. Exploring participants' accounts of such differences in social organization, we consider the social processes that constrain or facilitate identity enactment. In so doing, our analysis contributes to a richer analysis of the identity–behaviour relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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14. The Queen Bee phenomenon in Academia 15 years after: Does it still exist, and if so, why?
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Faniko, Klea, Ellemers, Naomi, and Derks, Belle
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WORK environment & psychology ,MASCULINITY ,VOCATIONAL guidance ,MATHEMATICAL models ,FEMININITY ,COLLEGE teacher attitudes ,PSYCHOLOGY ,STEREOTYPES ,FEMINIST criticism ,SEX distribution ,SOCIAL psychology - Abstract
Fifteen years ago, the British Journal of Social Psychology published a set of studies on male and female academics, documenting that female faculty members were more likely than male faculty members to express stereotyped views of women at the beginning of their academic careers (PhD candidates; Ellemers et al., 2004, Br. J. Soc. Psychol., 43, 3). At the same time, the self‐descriptions of female faculty members were just as masculine as those of their male colleagues. Ellemers and colleagues (2004, Br. J. Soc. Psychol., 43, 3) referred to this combination of results as indicating the existence of a 'Queen Bee (QB) phenomenon' in academia. The present contribution investigates whether the QB phenomenon is also found among current generations of academics, investigating this in two recent samples of academic professionals (N = 462; N = 339). Our findings demonstrate that the phenomenon first documented in 2004 still exists: Advanced career female academics are more likely than their male counterparts to underestimate the career commitment of women at the beginning of their academic careers. At the same time, both male and female academics at advanced career stages describe themselves in more masculine terms than those at early career stages. We argue this indicates a response pattern in which successful women emulate the masculinity of the work environment. To indicate this, the term 'self‐group distancing' might be more appropriate than 'Queen Bee effect'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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15. To be or not to be tolerant? A Terror Management perspective exploring the ideological dilemma of tolerance and prejudice.
- Author
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Fairlamb, Samuel and Cinnirella, Marco
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ISLAM ,TERRORISM ,FEAR ,PSYCHOLOGY ,DEFENSE mechanisms (Psychology) ,THEORY ,ATTITUDES toward death - Abstract
Tolerance has been identified as a way to reduce prejudice. However, tolerance has also been posited as an ideological dilemma and may have its limits. The present research explores this idea, utilizing insights from Terror Management Theory. Three studies were conducted using online samples. Study 1 found that a tolerance prime led to less discrimination towards Muslims after being reminded of death, but increased discrimination when reminded of terrorism. Additionally, tolerance did not affect levels of affective prejudice. Study 2 found that reading an essay that threatened the norm of tolerance led to increased levels of death‐thought accessibility and worldview defence, particularly amongst liberal participants. Study 3 found that a tolerance prime attenuated mortality salience decreasing support for author rights, but not if the worldview critic was intolerant. Taken together, the present findings suggest that using tolerance to reduce prejudice and foster more positive intergroup relations has its boundaries. If others are perceived to not be tolerant themselves, then people may be more motivated to defend, rather than uphold the norm of tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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16. Mobilizing IDEAS in the Scottish Referendum: Predicting voting intention and well‐being with the Identity‐Deprivation‐Efficacy‐Action‐Subjective well‐being model.
- Author
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Abrams, Dominic, Travaglino, Giovanni A., Grant, Peter R., Templeton, Anne, Bennett, Mark, and Lalot, Fanny
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ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,DEPRIVATION (Psychology) ,GROUP identity ,INTENTION ,LIBERTY ,MATHEMATICAL models ,POLITICAL participation ,PRACTICAL politics ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SELF-efficacy ,SOCIAL change ,VOTING ,WELL-being ,STRUCTURAL equation modeling ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
In the month approaching the 2014 Scottish Independence referendum, we tested the Identity‐Deprivation‐Efficacy‐Action‐Subjective Well‐Being model using an electorally representative survey of Scottish adults (N = 1,156) to predict voting for independence and subjective well‐being. Based on social identity theory, we hypothesized for voting intention that the effects of collective relative deprivation, group identification, and collective efficacy, but not personal relative deprivation (PRD), should be fully mediated by social change ideology. Well‐being was predicted to be associated with PRD (negatively) and group identification (positively and, indirectly, negatively). Unaffected by demographic variables and differences in political interest, nested structural equation model tests supported the model, accounting for 82% of the variance in voting intention and 31% of the variance in subjective well‐being. However, effects involving efficacy depended on its temporal framing. We consider different ways that social identification can simultaneously enhance and diminish well‐being and we discuss ramifications of the model for collective mobilization and separatist nationalism. Findings also suggest new directions for research on social identity, collective efficacy, and collective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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17. The social identity approach: Appraising the Tajfellian legacy.
- Author
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Brown, Rupert
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ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,GROUP identity ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,PSYCHOLOGY ,THEORY - Abstract
Since its original formulation, Tajfel's Social Identity Theory (SIT) has broadened considerably from its original focus on intergroup relations and is now applied to a wide range of phenomena. Indeed, the 'social identity approach' has become one of the most widely used perspectives in contemporary social psychology. In this article, I examine the popularity of Tajfel's writings on social identity and intergroup relations, especially over the last thirty years when they started to become more generally used. I offer a critical appraisal of the original SIT, both as a theory of intergroup relations and as a theory of identity, concluding that its real value lies in its success in offering an over‐arching perspective on the importance of groups in social life and its ability to stimulate new areas of research. I then widen the discussion to consider how the social identity perspective has been used in a number of other fields of enquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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18. The Social Interaction Model of Objectification: A process model of goal‐based objectifying exchanges between men and women.
- Author
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Gervais, Sarah J., Sáez, Gemma, Riemer, Abigail R., and Klein, Olivier
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INTERPERSONAL relations ,MATHEMATICAL models ,PSYCHOLOGY of men ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SERIAL publications ,HUMAN sexuality ,PSYCHOLOGY of women ,THEORY - Abstract
People perceive and treat women as sex objects in social exchanges. The interaction processes through which women are objectified, however, have rarely been considered. To address this gap in the literature, we propose the Social Interaction Model of Objectification (SIMO). Rooted in social exchange and objectification theories, the SIMO predicts objectifying behaviours stemming from sexual goals between men and women. We propose that the behavioural dynamics of objectification can be understood through a series of goal‐based exchange processes that are shaped by patriarchy. Articulating the SIMO and its predictions for behaviour in social interactions, we describe the scant social psychological studies in this area. Not only is the SIMO useful for understanding objectifying interaction processes, but it can be used to understand why women sometimes evaluate objectification positively as well as instances of sexual violence. Finally, we discuss critical directions for future research and provide promising methodological approaches for testing the SIMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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19. Explaining different orientations to the 2013 Gezi Park demonstrations in Istanbul, Turkey.
- Author
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Stewart, Andrew L., Leach, Colin Wayne, Bilali, Rezarta, Çelik, Ayşe Betül, and Cidam, Atilla
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PRACTICAL politics -- Law & legislation ,ANGER ,EMOTIONS ,MATHEMATICAL models ,MENTAL orientation ,PERSONALITY ,POLICE ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SELF-efficacy ,SOCIAL psychology ,SOCIAL skills ,VIOLENCE ,SOCIAL support - Abstract
Although a notable minority orient to real‐world demonstrations by actively participating, other less involved, safer, orientations are more frequent. Thus, in the context of anti‐government demonstrations in Gezi Park/Taksim Square in Istanbul, Turkey, in 2013, we distinguished between the orientations of participating, visiting, and watching. Study 1 (N = 359) and Study 2 (N = 327) confirmed that participating was characterized by greater experience of police violence and feelings of collective empowerment (Drury & Reicher, European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 2005, 35) than visiting and watching the demonstrations. Expanding upon and replicating the findings from Study 1, Study 2 examined identification with protestors and left‐wing ideology, along with constructs (social support, anger at the government, protestor's efficacy, endorsement of protestors) from the dynamic dual pathway model (van Zomeren et al., Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 2012, 180) as predictors of the three different orientations to the demonstrations. As expected, the dynamic dual pathway model predicted reported participation via endorsement of protestors, independent of identification with protestors and left‐wing ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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20. The experience of deprivation: Does relative more than absolute status predict hostility?
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Greitemeyer, Tobias and Sagioglou, Christina
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AFFECT (Psychology) ,AGGRESSION (Psychology) ,DEPRIVATION (Psychology) ,EMOTIONS ,EXPERIENCE ,INCOME ,PESSIMISM ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL skills ,THEORY - Abstract
The present research examined the causal effects of absolute and relative status on experienced deprivation and hostility. On the basis of the theory of relative deprivation, we reasoned that the subjective experience of being worse off than others is a better predictor for hostility than is the absolute level of how well‐off people are. Indeed, three experiments showed that relative more than absolute status has an impact on aggressive affect. That is, even when objective resources were high, people were more hostile when their resources compared negatively to others' resources. Although no consistent direct effects were found for a measure of aggressive behaviour, mediation analyses suggest that relative but not absolute deprivation ultimately impacts aggressive behaviour via increased feelings of disadvantage and aggressive affect. The results emphasize the drastic consequences of the rising income inequality, irrespective of a nation's absolute wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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21. Social psychological research on prejudice as collective action supporting emergent ingroup members.
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Ferguson, Mark A., Branscombe, Nyla R., and Reynolds, Katherine J.
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MATHEMATICAL models ,PREJUDICES ,PSYCHOLOGY ,RISK assessment ,SOCIAL change ,TECHNOLOGY ,MEMBERSHIP ,SOCIAL attitudes ,SOCIAL support ,BEHAVIORAL research ,RESEARCH personnel - Abstract
Why does social psychological research on prejudice change across time? We argue that scientific change is not simply a result of empirical evidence, technological developments, or social controversies, but rather emerges out of social change‐driven shifts in how researchers categorize themselves and others within their larger societies. As mainstream researchers increasingly recategorize former outgroup members as part of a novel ingroup, prejudice research shifts in support of emergent ingroup members against their emergent outgroup opponents. Although social change‐driven science results in valuable opportunities for researchers, it also results in significant risks for research – collective, scientific biases in the inclusion and exclusion of social groups in prejudice research that are not readily detected or managed by traditional controls. We present the Emergent Ingroup Model (EIM) to encourage reflection on shared biases, as well as to spark a broader conversation on how to strengthen our field for a rapidly changing and increasingly global world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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22. The triple‐filter bubble: Using agent‐based modelling to test a meta‐theoretical framework for the emergence of filter bubbles and echo chambers.
- Author
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Geschke, Daniel, Lorenz, Jan, and Holtz, Peter
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ALGORITHMS ,COGNITION ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,INFORMATION technology ,MATHEMATICAL models ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL change ,SOCIAL psychology ,ACCESS to information ,SOCIAL media - Abstract
Filter bubbles and echo chambers have both been linked recently by commentators to rapid societal changes such as Brexit and the polarization of the US American society in the course of Donald Trump's election campaign. We hypothesize that information filtering processes take place on the individual, the social, and the technological levels (triple‐filter‐bubble framework). We constructed an agent‐based modelling (ABM) and analysed twelve different information filtering scenarios to answer the question under which circumstances social media and recommender algorithms contribute to fragmentation of modern society into distinct echo chambers. Simulations show that, even without any social or technological filters, echo chambers emerge as a consequence of cognitive mechanisms, such as confirmation bias, under conditions of central information propagation through channels reaching a large part of the population. When social and technological filtering mechanisms are added to the model, polarization of society into even more distinct and less interconnected echo chambers is observed. Merits and limits of the theoretical framework, and more generally of studying complex social phenomena using ABM, are discussed. Directions for future research such as ways of comparing our simulations with actual empirical data and possible measures against societal fragmentation on the three different levels are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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23. 'We fight for a better future for our country': Understanding the Ukrainian Euromaidan movement as the emergence of a social competition strategy.
- Author
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Chayinska, Maria, Minescu, Anca, and McGarty, Craig
- Subjects
PUBLIC administration ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,COMPETITION (Psychology) ,DECISION making ,GROUP identity ,INTENTION ,INVESTMENTS ,MATHEMATICAL models ,SENSORY perception ,PERSONAL space ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SELF-perception ,SOCIAL control ,SOCIAL psychology ,SOCIAL skills ,SURVEYS ,STRUCTURAL equation modeling - Abstract
The current research seeks to develop an analysis of Ukraine's Euromaidan social movement in psychological terms. Building on the classic understanding of social competition strategies, we argue that Euromaidan protests can be conceived as an attempt of pro‐European Union (EU) Ukrainians to realign the boundaries of the Ukrainian national identity by defeating the alternative pro‐Russia integration project championed by the government. In particular, building on the encapsulated model of social identity in collective action, we suggest that Euromaidan is an emergent opinion‐based group identity, formed in response to injustice through two self‐categorical processes – group‐level self‐investment into the shared entity (i.e., Ukrainian national category) and disidentification from the alternative Russia‐led Customs Union. Using a sample of 3,096 participants surveyed during the protests, we tested our hypotheses with structural equation modelling, where the model accounting for the direct and indirect paths of the self‐categorical processes was expected to explain collective action intentions to a great extent than models applying the social identity and encapsulation models of collective action. We found evidence consistent with the proposal that Euromaidan was a pro‐EU opinion‐based group, formed in response to the government's decision to suspend the EU–Ukraine agreement and around individuals' general perception of unfair government authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The transformative and informative nature of elections: Representation, schism, and exit.
- Author
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Gaffney, Amber M., Sherburne, Bryan, Hackett, Justin D., Rast, David E., and Hohman, Zachary P.
- Subjects
UNITED States elections ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,GROUP identity ,LEADERSHIP ,SENSORY perception ,LEADERS ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
In democratic elections, constituents may view unconventional or non‐prototypical candidates as attempting to reshape their national identity in the wrong direction. When a non‐prototypical candidate actually steps into a leadership role, the group's consensual view of their prototype may shift to position this new leader as prototypical. This process should be bound in member consensus, evidenced by the leader's successful election. The current work examines American Republicans (N = 297) and Democrats (N = 322) before and after the 2016 US election. We focus on Republicans' interpretations of their candidate Donald Trump's prototypicality and ability to bolster or subvert their party identity pre‐election. Post‐election, we examine changes to these processes, related in part to Republicans' homogenized view of Trump's prototypicality. In comparison, we examine these processes in the Democratic Party. Results suggest that whereas Democrats increased in their desire to leave their party, Republicans decreased in their desire to leave their party, an effect that is related to increasing perceptions of Trump's prototypicality and representation of the Republican Party. These findings have important implications for how the contexts of elections rapidly shape party identity through the election of leaders such as Trump. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Rethinking current models in social psychology: A Bayesian framework to understand dramatic social change.
- Author
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Sablonnière, Roxane, Lina, Jean‐Marc, and Cárdenas, Diana
- Subjects
CONCEPTUAL structures ,DECISION trees ,GOAL (Psychology) ,MATHEMATICAL models ,POLICY sciences ,PROBABILITY theory ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL change ,SOCIAL psychology ,STATISTICAL reliability - Abstract
Dramatic social change (DSC) is the new normal, affecting millions of people around the world. However, not all events plunge societies into DSC. According to de la Sablonnière (2017, Front. Psychol., 8, 1), events that have a rapid pace of change, that rupture an entire group's social and normative structures, and that threaten the group's cultural identity will result in DSC. This perspective provokes important unanswered questions: What is the chance that a DSC will occur if an event takes place? And, when will other societal states arise from such events? Addressing these questions is pivotal for a genuine psychology of social change to emerge. The goal of this article was to describe a methodology that attempts to answer these questions via a probabilistic decision tree within a Bayesian framework. According to our analysis, a DSC should occur 6.25% of the time that an event takes place in a stable society (68.75% of the time for incremental social change, 12.5% for inertia, and 12.5% for stability). The Bayesian probabilistic decision tree could be applied to specific event and thus serve as a guide for a programmatic study of social change and ultimately inform policymakers who need to plan and prepare for events that lead to DSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Feeling for and as a group member: Understanding LGBT victimization via group‐based empathy and intergroup emotions.
- Author
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Paterson, Jenny L., Brown, Rupert, and Walters, Mark A.
- Subjects
ANGER ,ANXIETY ,AVOIDANCE (Psychology) ,EMOTIONS ,EMPATHY ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,INTENTION ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,SENSORY perception ,PSYCHOLOGY ,LEGAL status of crime victims ,THEORY ,MEMBERSHIP ,EMPIRICAL research ,SOCIAL support ,INDEPENDENT living ,PSYCHOLOGY of LGBTQ+ people - Abstract
In two experimental studies (N = 120; N = 102), we apply intergroup emotions theory (IET) to examine the effects of hate crime on other community members. With participants from an oft‐targeted group – Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Trans people, we are the first to show empirically that hate crimes elicit more pronounced emotional and behavioural responses in other members of the victims' community than comparable non‐hate crimes. The findings also reveal the psychological processes behind these effects. Consistent with IET, hate crimes were seen to pose more of a group‐based threat and so led to heightened emotional reactions (anger and anxiety) and, subsequently, to behavioural intentions (avoidance and pro‐action). Importantly, we also show that hate crime victims, due to increased perceptions of similarity, received more empathy than non‐hate crime victims. Such empathy, although neglected in previous research, was shown to be a potential mediator in understanding the indirect effects of hate crime. Results are discussed in terms of their contribution to psychological theory and their potential to support the argument for the utility and appropriateness of hate crime legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Work, love, and death‐thought accessibility: A terror management investigation.
- Author
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McCabe, Simon and Daly, Michael
- Subjects
COGNITION ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,EMPLOYMENT ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,LABOR market ,LOVE ,PSYCHOLOGY ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,THEORY ,CULTURAL values ,ATTITUDES toward death - Abstract
Terror management theory suggests that following culturally derived scripts for valued behaviour protects people from death concerns, and conversely, not meeting standards for cultural value can weaken this protection, heightening mortality concerns. Using this conceptual framework, we examine (1) how considerations of loss of employment, a source of cultural value for many, relates to the accessibility of death‐related cognition, and (2) the moderating role of job market health, and (3) involvement in close relationships. Study 1 found that writing about being unemployed (vs. a control topic) led to greater mortality‐related cognition. Study 2 found that considering unemployment heightened death cognition, but only when participants were led to perceive the job market as unhealthy. Finally, Study 3 found that considering unemployment led to greater death cognition, but not for those involved in a close relationship. Findings offer insight into a previously overlooked consequence of unemployment, and factors that may serve a protective function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Commemoration in crisis: A discursive analysis of who ‘we’ and ‘they’ have been or become in ceremonial political speeches before and during the Greek financial downturn.
- Author
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Gkinopoulos, Theofilos and Hegarty, Peter
- Subjects
HYPOTHESIS ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,CELEBRITIES ,COALITIONS ,DISCOURSE analysis ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,GROUP identity ,PRACTICAL politics ,RITES & ceremonies ,NET losses ,LEADERS ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
This study analyses the discourse of statements of the leaders of two Greek political parties commemorating the restoration of Greek democracy on 24 July 1974; the ruling party New Democracy and the opposition, Coalition of the Radical Left. We focus on how these leaders act as entrepreneurs of their identities by constructing their ingroups in broad or narrow terms and their outgroups in vague or specific terms. These constructions were ventured during a period of relative political stability (2008) and instability (2012), and we focus on how ingroup prototypes and group boundaries are narrated across Greece's past, present and future in ambiguous or concrete terms. The study aligns the social identity approach to political leadership with studies on political discourse and ‘the rhetoric of we’. We view commemorative statements as historical charters and respond to calls for discourse analysis to take greater account of historical context. The findings suggest concrete hypotheses about how leaders with different amounts of political support might define, as identity entrepreneurs, who ‘we’ are, and who ‘we’ are not in democratic contexts marked by stability or crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. How trust and emotions influence policy acceptance: The case of the Irish water charges.
- Author
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Rodriguez‐Sanchez, Carla, Schuitema, Geertje, Claudy, Marius, and Sancho‐Esper, Franco
- Subjects
GOVERNMENT policy ,PUBLIC opinion ,ANGER ,WATER supply ,COST effectiveness ,DECISION making ,EMOTIONS ,MATHEMATICAL models ,OPTIMISM ,PESSIMISM ,TAXATION ,TRUST ,THEORY ,EMPIRICAL research ,PSYCHOLOGY ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
The introduction of new policies can evoke strong emotional reactions by the public. Yet, social‐psychological research has paid little attention to affective determinants of individual‐level policy acceptance. Building on recent theoretical and empirical advances around emotions and decision‐making, we evaluate how people's trust and integral emotions function as important antecedents of cognitive evaluations, and subsequent acceptance of policies. We test our hypotheses within a sample of Irish citizens (n = 505), who were subject to the introduction of water charges in 2015. In line with our hypotheses, results show that general trust in government shapes emotions regarding water charges, which in turn, directly and via expected costs and benefits, influence policy acceptance. Additionally, we find that negative emotions have a larger direct effect on policy acceptance than positive emotions. Specifically, ‘anger’ was the main negative emotion that influenced the acceptance of the water charge. We conclude by discussing directions for future research around emotions and policy acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Immigration, political trust, and Brexit – Testing an aversion amplification hypothesis.
- Author
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Abrams, Dominic and Travaglino, Giovanni A.
- Subjects
EMIGRATION & immigration & psychology ,POLITICAL psychology ,POLICY sciences ,POLITICAL participation ,SOCIAL psychology ,TRUST ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
A few weeks prior to the EU referendum (23rd June 2016) two broadly representative samples of the electorate were drawn in Kent (the south‐east of England,
N =N =- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. The promise of a better group future: Cognitive alternatives increase students' self-efficacy and academic performance.
- Author
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Iyer, Aarti, Zhang, Airong, Jetten, Jolanda, Hao, Zhen, and Cui, Lijuan
- Subjects
ACADEMIC achievement ,ATTENTION ,COGNITION ,COMPARATIVE studies ,MATHEMATICS ,NOMADS ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SELF-efficacy ,STUDENTS ,THEORY ,TASK performance ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Drawing on classic social identity theorizing (Tajfel, Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations, London, UK, Academic Press, 1978), we propose that low-status minority group members' self-efficacy and performance on intellectual tasks can be enhanced by prompting them to believe in a better future for their group (i.e., increasing awareness of cognitive alternatives to the existing low-status position). Study 1 manipulated cognitive alternatives among 157 migrant workers' children in China, showing that self-efficacy was enhanced in the high compared to the low cognitive alternative condition. Study 2 extended this experimental finding among 114 migrant workers' children: Participants in the high cognitive alternative condition performed better on mathematics and attention tasks than did participants in the low cognitive alternative condition. Results highlight the power of believing in a better future for the collective as a means of enhancing self-efficacy and educational outcomes among members of disadvantaged groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Translation strategies, contradiction, and the theory of social representations: Why discussing needles may improve blood donor retention.
- Author
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Moloney, Gail, Hayman, Jane, Gamble, Marguerite, Smith, Geoff, and Hall, Rob
- Subjects
BLOOD collection ,FACTOR analysis ,HEALTH attitudes ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,SURVEYS ,BLOOD donors ,LABELING theory ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Retaining blood donors is a cost-effective way of ensuring a safe blood supply, yet despite the plethora of research, only 5.1% of the eligible population in Australia donate blood and 40% of these do not make a second donation. We offer an alternative to traditional approaches by conceptualizing blood donation within social representations theory as socially derived symbolic knowledge with a specific focus on cognitive polyphasia and Guimelli's (1998) normative and functional dimensions. An online survey, completed by 703 residents from NSW Australia, comprised a blood donation word association task, Likert-style questions constructed from previous word association data and contextualized blood donation statements. Individual difference scaling analysis revealed all donor groups (including non-donors) associated blood donation with a few central, albeit contradictory ideas/beliefs. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis performed on a split data set of the Likert-style items reiterated this finding. Interpreted through Guimelli's dichotomy, all donor groups were aware of these contradictory normative and functional ideas/beliefs but when explicitly asked, it was the functional aspect that differentiated the groups. We argue the key to retaining donors is understanding the interdependence between how blood donation is socially understood at the societal level of discourse and donor behaviour. Translational strategies for recruitment and retention are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Observing real-world groups in the virtual field: The analysis of online discussion.
- Author
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Giles, David C.
- Subjects
ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,COMMUNICATION ,CONVERSATION ,GROUP identity ,INTERNET ,PARENTING ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL psychology ,VIRTUAL reality ,WRITING ,THEORY - Abstract
This article sets out to establish the naturalistic study of online social communication as a substantive topic in social psychology and to discuss the challenges of developing methods for a formal analysis of the structural and interactional features of message threads on discussion forums. I begin by outlining the essential features of online communication and specifically discussion forum data, and the important ways in which they depart from spoken conversation. I describe the handful of attempts to devise systematic analytic techniques for adapting methods such as conversation and discourse analysis to the study of online discussion. I then present a case study of a thread from the popular UK parenting forum Mumsnet which presents a number of challenges for existing methods, and examine some of the interactive phenomena typical of forums. Finally, I consider ways in which membership categorization analysis and social identity theory can complement one another in the exploration of both group processes and the rhetorical deployment of identities as dynamic phenomena in online discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Unfreezing cognitions during an intractable conflict: Does an external incentive for negotiating peace and (low levels of) collective angst increase information seeking?
- Author
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Wohl, Michael J. A., Porat, Roni, and Halperin, Eran
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations -- Psychological aspects ,PSYCHOLOGY ,WAR ,AFFECT (Psychology) ,ANALYSIS of variance ,ANXIETY ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,CHI-squared test ,COGNITION ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,CONFLICT (Psychology) ,STATISTICAL correlation ,GROUP identity ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,MOTIVATION (Psychology) ,PROBABILITY theory ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,ETHNOLOGY research ,CULTURAL prejudices - Abstract
A core feature of intractable conflicts is the tendency to cognitively freeze on existing, pro-ingroup beliefs. In three experiments, conducted in the context of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, we tested the idea that an external incentive for negotiating peace helps unfreeze cognitions. In Experiment 1, making salient that peace with the Palestinians would reduce the Iranian nuclear threat (an external incentive) led to a process of unfreezing. In Experiment 2, we examined whether collective angst as an emotional sentiment (i.e., concern for the ingroup's future vitality as a temporally stable emotional disposition) moderated the aforementioned external incentive-cognitive unfreezing link. As predicted, external incentive salience promoted cognitive unfreezing, but only among people low in collective angst (i.e., people who are not concerned for the ingroup's future). In Experiment 3, we sought to replicate the results of Experiment 2. However, socio-political forces (i.e., a significant upswing in tensions between Palestinians and Israelis) likely served to freeze cognitions to such an extent that thawing was not possible by the means demonstrated in Experiments 1 and 2. The importance of confidence in a peace process is discussed in the context of efforts to unfreeze cognitions during an intractable conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Looking back on the London Olympics: Independent outcome and hindsight effects in decision evaluation.
- Author
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Blank, Hartmut, Diedenhofen, Birk, and Musch, Jochen
- Subjects
SPORTS events ,COGNITION ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,STATISTICAL correlation ,DECISION making ,FACTOR analysis ,SENSORY perception ,PROBABILITY theory ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,DATA analysis software ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Outcome bias and hindsight bias are related, but how exactly? To remedy theoretical ambiguity and non-existent directly relevant empirical research, we contrast an older idea (Baron & Hershey, 1988, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 54, 569) that sees outcome bias as partly mediated through hindsight bias with the idea that the two biases independently affect decision evaluations. In an Internet study of retrospections on the 2012 London Olympics, evaluations of the Games' success and its foreseeability had independent effects on evaluations of the International Olympic Committee's decision to award the Olympics to London; there was no evidence of mediation. Further theoretical discussion emphasizes the need to distinguish between a holistic assessment of decisions and a more specific assessment of the decision-making process in future outcome bias research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Marginal and happy? The need for uniqueness predicts the adjustment of marginal immigrants.
- Author
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Debrosse, Régine, Sablonnière, Roxane, and Rossignac‐Milon, Maya
- Subjects
ACCULTURATION ,ADAPTABILITY (Personality) ,PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation ,SOCIAL alienation ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,GROUP identity ,HAPPINESS ,PSYCHOLOGY of immigrants ,INDIVIDUALITY ,LIFE ,PROBABILITY theory ,RESEARCH funding ,SATISFACTION ,SELF-esteem testing ,SELF-perception ,T-test (Statistics) ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,WELL-being ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Marginalization is often presented as the strategy associated with the worst adjustment for immigrants. This study identifies a critical variable that buffers marginal immigrants from the negative effects of marginalization on adjustment: The need for uniqueness. In three studies, we surveyed immigrants recruited on university campuses (n = 119, n = 116) and in the field (n = 61). Among marginal immigrants, a higher need for uniqueness predicted higher self-esteem (Study 1), affect (Study 2), and life satisfaction (Study 3), and marginally higher happiness (Study 2) and self-esteem (Study 3). No relationship between the need for uniqueness and adjustment was found among nonmarginal immigrants. The adaptive value of the need for uniqueness for marginal immigrants is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The 'warm' side of coldness: Cold promotes interpersonal warmth in negative contexts.
- Author
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Wei, Wenqi, Ma, Jingjing, and Wang, Lei
- Subjects
COLD (Temperature) ,HEAT ,ANALYSIS of covariance ,ANALYSIS of variance ,STATISTICAL correlation ,HONESTY ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,SENSORY perception ,PROBABILITY theory ,RESEARCH funding ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
The concrete experience of physical warmth has been demonstrated to promote interpersonal warmth. This well-documented link, however, tells only half of the story. In the current study, we thus examined whether physical coldness can also increase interpersonal warmth under certain circumstances.Weconducted three experiments to demonstrate that the relationship between the experience of physical temperature and interpersonal outcomes is context dependent. Experiment 1 showed that participants touching cold (vs.warm)objectsweremorewilling to forgive a peer's dishonest behaviour. Experiment 2 demonstrated the fully interactive effect of temperature and context on interpersonal warmth: Participants touching cold (vs. warm) objects were less likely to assist an individual who had provided them with good service (positive social context), but morelikely to assist an individualwhohad providedthem with poor service (negative social context). Experiment 3 replicated the results of Experiment 2 using the likelihood to complain, a hostility-related indicator, as the dependent variable: In a pleasant queue (positive social context), participants touching cold objects were more likely to complain and those touching warm objects were less likely to complain compared with the control group. This pattern was reversed in an annoying queue (negative social context). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. When votes depend on who's listening: Voters' intragroup status and voting procedure predict representative endorsement in intergroup contexts.
- Author
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Teixeira, Catia P., Demoulin, Stephanie, and Yzerbyt, Vincent
- Subjects
VOTING ,ANALYSIS of variance ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,CHI-squared test ,DECISION making ,GROUP identity ,POLITICAL participation ,PROBABILITY theory ,SOCIAL norms ,SOCIAL psychology ,GROUP process ,DATA analysis software ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Three experiments investigated whether the selection of a representative in intergroup interdependence settings can reflect group members' strategic behaviour. Wetested the impact of an individual's intragroup status (normative vs. pro-out-group deviant, Experiments 1-3) and of voting procedure (Experiments 2 and 3) on the choice of an in-group representative. Experiment 1 shows that normative members prefer normative representatives, whereas pro-out-group deviant members equally like normative and pro-out-group deviant representatives. Experiment 2 extends these results and shows that voting procedure (private vs. in-group audience) moderates this effect. Proout- group deviant members' preferences and behaviours appear more strategic and context-sensitive than normative ones. Specifically, pro-out-group deviants vote more for normative representatives than for pro-out-group deviants when facing an in-group audience, whereas the reverse pattern emerges in private. Experiment 3 shows that this moderation effect is specific to in-group audiences compared to out-group ones, reinforcing the idea that normative members 'stick to their guns'. Implications of these findings for leader endorsement and intergroup relations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Where did inaction go? Towards a broader and more refined perspective on collective actions
- Author
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Tom Postmes, Carla Anne Roos, Katherine Stroebe, and Social Psychology
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,DYNAMICS ,collective action ,Coping (psychology) ,Social Psychology ,EMOTIONAL CLIMATE ,PARTICIPATION ,ingroup‐oriented action ,050109 social psychology ,Collective action ,inaction ,050105 experimental psychology ,Injustice ,PSYCHOLOGY ,Social support ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,SOCIAL IDENTITY ,ATTITUDES ,Social Behavior ,Social identity theory ,Aged ,Social Identification ,IDENTIFICATION ,05 social sciences ,Social change ,social change ,Original Articles ,Middle Aged ,Ingroups and outgroups ,Solidarity ,Group Processes ,coping ,LIFE ,SOLIDARITY ,Female ,Original Article ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,BEHAVIOR - Abstract
While injustice is widespread, collective action against it appears to be rare. This paper argues that this may be because research often focuses on a narrow range of outgroup‐oriented actions, such as demonstrating, signing petitions, that are symbolic of a collective response to injustice. The present work takes a bottom‐up approach to study a broad range of collective and individual actions that people undertake in response to collective injustice. Participants indicated actions they felt they could take (Study 1) and, via interviews, actually had taken (Study 2) in response to human‐induced earthquakes. These studies revealed a broad range of actions, many of which are collective but ingroup‐ (e.g., helping ingroup members) rather than outgroup‐oriented. Study 3 further conceptualized these collective and individual actions by including quantitative measures thereof in an assessment of responses to stressful life events that were collective or individual. Results revealed that, while traditional forms of collective action are rare, ingroup‐oriented and individual level (e.g., social support) responses form distinct dimensions in response to both individual and collective events. This work extends our understanding of responses to collective injustice and suggests the need to broaden the scope of collective action research.
- Published
- 2019
40. Hostile sexism (de)motivates women's social competition intentions: The contradictory role of emotions.
- Author
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Lemonaki, Elena, Manstead, Antony S. R., and Maio, Gregory R.
- Subjects
SEXISM ,ANGER ,EMOTIONS ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,FRUSTRATION ,INTENTION ,MOTIVATION (Psychology) ,PROBABILITY theory ,SEX distribution ,SOCIAL skills ,STATISTICS ,T-test (Statistics) ,PSYCHOLOGY of women ,DATA analysis ,UNDERGRADUATES ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
In the present research, we examine the ways in which exposure to hostile sexism influences women's competitive collective action intentions. Prior to testing our main model, our first study experimentally induced high versus low levels of security-comfort with the aim of providing experimental evidence for the proposed causal link between these emotions and intentions to engage in social competition. Results showed that lower levels of security-comfort reduced women's readiness to compete socially with men. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of hostile sexism on women's emotional reactions and readiness to engage in social competition. Consistent with the proposed model, results showed that exposure to hostile beliefs about women (1) increased anger-frustration and (2) decreased security-comfort. More specifically, exposure to hostile sexism had a positive indirect effect on social competition intentions through anger-frustration, and a negative indirect effect through security-comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Embodied effects are moderated by situational cues: Warmth, threat, and the desire for affiliation.
- Author
-
Fay, Adam J. and Maner, Jon K.
- Subjects
SOCIAL context ,HEATING ,ANALYSIS of variance ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,GROUP identity ,MEMBERSHIP ,PROMPTS (Psychology) ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Recent research demonstrates fundamental links between low-level bodily states and higher order psychological processes. How those links interact with the surrounding social context, however, is not well-understood. Findings from two experiments indicate that the psychological link between physical warmth and social affiliation depends on the situation in which the warmth is experienced. Participants who had been primed with physical threat (as compared with control conditions) responded to warmth with stronger increases in affiliative motivation. This effect replicated across different threat and warmth primes. These findings support a view in which physical sensations interact dynamically with aspects of the immediate situation to influence the activation and application of higher order social processes. This view implies that many embodied psychological processes could function to help people respond adaptively to situational threats and opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. 'More than skin-deep': Biological essentialism in response to a distinctiveness threat in a stigmatized fan community.
- Author
-
Plante, Courtney N., Roberts, Sharon E., Snider, Jamie S., Schroy, Catherine, Reysen, Stephen, and Gerbasi, Kathleen
- Subjects
RACE relations ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,REGRESSION analysis ,SOCIAL stigma ,GROUP process ,SOCIAL attitudes ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
We investigated how group distinctiveness threats affect essentialist beliefs about group membership in a stigmatized fan community. An experiment conducted on 817 members of the fan community revealed that highly identified fans who perceived significant stigmatization were the most likely to endorse essentialist beliefs about group membership when exposed to a distinctiveness threat via comparison to a highly similar (vs. dissimilar) outgroup. These results bridge essentialism research and research on distinctiveness threat by demonstrating the mutability of group essentialism beliefs as a defensive response to distinctiveness threats. Implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Compensation in intergroup relations: An investigation of its structural and strategic foundations.
- Author
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Cambon, Laurent, Yzerbyt, Vincent, and Yakimova, Sonya
- Subjects
ANALYSIS of variance ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,STATISTICAL correlation ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,GROUP identity ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,PSYCHOLOGY ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,REPLICATION (Experimental design) ,REWARD (Psychology) ,STATISTICS ,STUDENT attitudes ,THEORY ,DATA analysis ,LABELING theory ,PRE-tests & post-tests - Abstract
Recent work in intergroup relations stresses the role of two fundamental dimensions, competence and warmth, which organize the perception of social groups. A pattern often encountered in people's ratings is one of compensation in that a group that is evaluated higher than another group on one of the two fundamental dimensions is also judged lower on the other fundamental dimension. Based on Social Identity Theory, the present work extends previous research on compensation by examining boundary conditions as well as underlying psychological processes. Two studies involving experimental and correlational evidence, minimal and real groups, and different kinds of conflict, reveal that compensation is more likely when the groups are in asymmetrical relation and share a cooperative view of the intergroup setting. Our data also suggest that, among members of low status groups, compensation is associated with social creativity. In contrast, and in line with the 'noblesse oblige' effect, members of the high status group would seem to rely on compensation as a means to appear non-discriminatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. When idols look into the future: Fair treatment modulates the affective forecasting error in talent show candidates.
- Author
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Feys, Marjolein and Anseel, Frederik
- Subjects
GAMES & psychology ,CELEBRITIES ,COMPETITION (Psychology) ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,EMOTIONS ,FORECASTING ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,PHENOMENOLOGY ,PSYCHOLOGY ,RESEARCH ,SELF-evaluation ,SINGING ,SUICIDE ,TELEVISION ,THEORY ,FIELD research ,PRE-tests & post-tests ,PREDICTIVE tests ,INTER-observer reliability ,RESEARCH bias ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
People's affective forecasts are often inaccurate because they tend to overestimate how they will feel after an event. As life decisions are often based on affective forecasts, it is crucial to find ways to manage forecasting errors. We examined the impact of a fair treatment on forecasting errors in candidates in a Belgian reality TV talent show. We found that perceptions of fair treatment increased the forecasting error for losers (a negative audition decision) but decreased it for winners (a positive audition decision). For winners, this effect was even more pronounced when candidates were highly invested in their self-view as a future pop idol whereas for losers, the effect was more pronounced when importance was low. The results in this study point to a potential paradox between maximizing happiness and decreasing forecasting errors. A fair treatment increased the forecasting error for losers, but actually made them happier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Organizational respect dampens the impact of group-based relative deprivation on willingness to protest pay cuts.
- Author
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Osborne, Danny, Huo, Yuen J., and Smith, Heather J.
- Subjects
WORK environment & psychology ,COLLECTIVE bargaining ,COLLEGE teachers ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,CORPORATE culture ,STATISTICAL correlation ,INTENTION ,PHENOMENOLOGY ,PAY equity ,PSYCHOLOGY ,RESEARCH ,RESPECT ,UNIVERSITIES & colleges ,THEORY ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,COLLEGE teacher attitudes ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Although group-based relative deprivation predicts people's willingness to protest unfair outcomes, perceiving that one's subgroup is respected increases employees' support for organizations. An integration of these perspectives suggests that subgroup respect will dampen the impact of group-based relative deprivation on workers' responses to unfair organizational outcomes. We examined this hypothesis among university faculty ( N = 804) who underwent a system-wide pay cut. As expected, group-based relative deprivation predicted protest intentions. This relationship was, however, muted among those who believed university administrators treated their area of expertise (i.e., their subgroup) with a high (vs. low) level of respect. Moderated mediation analyses confirmed that group-based relative deprivation had a conditional indirect effect on protest intentions via participants' (dis)identification with their university at low to moderate, but not high, levels of subgroup respect. Our finding that satisfying relational needs can attenuate responses to group-based relative deprivation demonstrates the benefits of integrating insights from distinct research traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Social power, product conspicuousness, and the demand for luxury brand counterfeit products.
- Author
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Bian, Xuemei, Haque, Sadia, and Smith, Andrew
- Subjects
LABELS ,SHOPPING ,ANALYSIS of variance ,CLOTHING & dress ,COLLEGE students ,CUSTOMER satisfaction ,CONSUMER attitudes ,FRAUD ,PHENOMENOLOGY ,REPLICATION (Experimental design) ,SELF-efficacy ,SOCIAL norms ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
The aim of this article is twofold: (1) to achieve a better understanding of the psychological determinants of the demand for luxury brand counterfeit products ( LBCP) through exploring the effects of social power; (2) to extend power literature by identifying boundary conditions of the relationship between social power and compensatory consumption identified by Rucker and Galinsky (, J. Consum. Res., 35, 257-267) and Rucker and Galinsky (, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 45, 549-555). Findings from three experiments demonstrate that social power holds key insights into understanding consumers' purchase propensity for LBCP; product conspicuousness moderates the effects of social power on purchase propensity for status products; these moderation effects are only observed when the status products are LBCP but not genuine products. This article, therefore, contributes to the literature regarding the demand for counterfeits as well as the social power and compensatory consumption literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Transitivity analysis: A framework for the study of social values in the context of points of view.
- Author
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Tsirogianni, Stavroula and Sammut, Gordon
- Subjects
CONCEPTUAL structures ,IMMIGRANTS ,INTERVIEWING ,RESEARCH methodology ,PSYCHOLOGY ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SOCIAL psychology ,SOCIAL values ,THEORY ,DATA analysis ,DATA analysis software ,MEDICAL coding - Abstract
Since its inception, psychology has struggled with issues of conceptualization and operationalization of social-psychological phenomena. The study of social values and points of view has been prone to such difficulties, despite a predominant concern of qualitative distinctions in the variability of both of these phenomena across different individuals and social groups. And while interest in both traces a common origin in Rokeach's studies of narrow mindedness, the study of both phenomena has since proceeded apace. In this study, we posit a renewed reconciliation between the two that is best served through a social-psychological model of points of view in terms of the values that inspire them. We draw on critical linguistics to propose a theoretical and methodological framework that can aid a systematic study of value structures as they take different forms and meanings through particular types of points of view. In five stages of qualitative analysis, the model deconstructs utterances into distinct terms that reveal a predominant perspective-taking style that can be utilized towards the categorization of different points of view, in terms of values that imbue them and that serve to provide them with a coherent angle of constructing a particular narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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