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The legalization of abortion, in some countries, has allowed the female sex to reproductive autonomy and lower risk of death. This article point out those countries that restrict abortion have high mortality rates among women compared to those who legalize abortion. This is because in these places there are awareness measures, investments in contraceptive methods, in public health and in education. The study aimed to evaluate the legalization of abortion as a public health issue, presenting socio-cultural, ethical and economics situations, highlighting the negative consequences resulting from illegal abortion, such as health complications, and exposing the relation between legal abortion and public health. Therefore, was used a bibliographic review in data articles. Hence, this deeping allowed to the conclusion that countries where abortion is strictly or partially legalized need to revise their health and education programs to clarify for people that an illegal abortion can be dangerous for woman's health. Furthermore, they must analyze abortion beyond the criminal sphere, which is a public health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]